595 lines
57 KiB
XML
595 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.976.53930" ID-GBIF-Dataset="13a76772-569c-41db-8dde-1afa9d447ff6" ID-PMC="PMC7591547" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-976-131" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0AEF4429BFF95EBBA7410122B05CC54C" ID-PubMed="33173398" ID-ZooBank="4357466EE7894AE49231821A8E056F65" ModsDocID="1313-2970-976-131" checkinTime="1603239883844" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jiang, Chunyan, Caldara, Roberto, Skuhrovec, Jiri & Zhang, Runzhi" docDate="2020" docId="FF429B5502FC52DC8FBBA8C9F246892B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 976: 131-145" docOrigin="ZooKeys 976" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.976.53930" docTitle="Cionus olivieri Rosenschoeld 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="0AEF4429BFF95EBBA7410122B05CC54C" lastPageNumber="131" masterDocId="0AEF4429BFF95EBBA7410122B05CC54C" masterDocTitle="Description and biological notes of the larva of Cionus olivieri Rosenschoeld, 1838 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), with a comparison with other species of the tribe Cionini" masterLastPageNumber="145" masterPageNumber="131" pageNumber="131" updateTime="1668169623558" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Description and biological notes of the larva of Cionus olivieri Rosenschoeld, 1838 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), with a comparison with other species of the tribe Cionini</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jiang, Chunyan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, CZ- 161 06 Praha 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-5990</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Runzhi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9001-0154</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">zhangrz@ioz.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>976</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>131</mods:start>
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<mods:end>145</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.976.53930</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.976.53930</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-976-131</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4357466EE7894AE49231821A8E056F65</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">0AEF4429BFF95EBBA7410122B05CC54C</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168504560" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FF429B5502FC52DC8FBBA8C9F246892B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF429B5502FC52DC8FBBA8C9F246892B" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="131" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<taxonomicName LSID="FF429B55-02FC-52DC-8FBB-A8C9F246892B" authority="Rosenschoeld, 1838" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">Cionus olivieri Rosenschoeld, 1838</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="131" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">Cionus olivieri</taxonomicName>
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Rosenschoeld, 1838: 725.
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<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, A" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" refId="B10" refString="Hoffmann, A, 1958. Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209-1839." title="Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209 - 1839." year="1958">Hoffmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 1222.
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<bibRefCitation author="Smreczynski, S" journalOrPublisher="Polski Towarzystwo Entomologiczen, Warszawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" refId="B27" refString="Smreczynski, S, 1976. Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski. Czcsc XIX. Chrzaszcze- Coleoptera. Zeszyt 98f. Ryjkowce-Curculionidae. Podrodzina-Curculioninae. Plemiona: Nanophyini, Mecinini, Cionini, Anoplini, Rhynchaenini. Polski Towarzystwo Entomologiczen, Warszawa" title="Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski. Czcsc XIX. Chrzaszcze- Coleoptera. Zeszyt 98 f. Ryjkowce-Curculionidae. Podrodzina-Curculioninae. Plemiona: Nanophyini, Mecinini, Cionini, Anoplini, Rhynchaenini." year="1976">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Smreczyński">Smreczynski</normalizedToken>
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1976
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 58.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4631.1.1" author="Kostal, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 144" refId="B12" refString="Kostal, M, Caldara, R, 2019. Revision of Palaearctic species of the genus Cionus Clairville (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cionini). Zootaxa 4631 (1): 1 - 144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4631.1.1" title="Revision of Palaearctic species of the genus Cionus Clairville (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cionini)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4631.1.1" volume="4631" year="2019">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Košťál">Kostal</normalizedToken>
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and Caldara 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 68.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="131" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Description of mature larva.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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Figures
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</figureCitation>
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-
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12. Cionus olivieri mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae: dms dorsal malar s., ligs ligular s., mbs basoventral s., mxps maxillary palps s., pfs palpiferal s., pms postmental s., prms premental s., stps stipital s., vms ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">12</figureCitation>
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.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Measurements</emphasis>
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(in mm). Body length: 9.00-9.75 (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">N</emphasis>
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= 18). Body width: 2.50-3.00 (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">N</emphasis>
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= 18, abdominal segment III-V). Head width (in front view): 0.68-0.74 (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">N</emphasis>
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= 10); length: 0.70-0.78 (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">N</emphasis>
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= 10).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">General.</emphasis>
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Body subcylindrical, C-shaped, weakly curved, extremely soft, declivous and attenuate posteriorly (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Coloration.</emphasis>
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Head dark brown, very strongly sclerotized (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</figureCitation>
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). All thoracic and abdominal segments yellow, pronotum partly pigmented and sclerotized (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Vestiture.</emphasis>
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Thoracic and abdominal segments with some minute and relatively long setae, cuticle minutely spiculate, pleural lobes distinct.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figures 1–4" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figures 1-4.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, mature larva:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</emphasis>
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habitus, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">2</emphasis>
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thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">3</emphasis>
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pedal area, ventral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">4</emphasis>
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anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ds</emphasis>
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dorsal s.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps</emphasis>
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epipleural s.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eus</emphasis>
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eusternal s.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds</emphasis>
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postdorsal s.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">prns</emphasis>
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pronotal s.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
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pleural s.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ss</emphasis>
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spiracular s.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">sts</emphasis>
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sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1, 2</emphasis>
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), 1 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">3, 4</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Head capsule</emphasis>
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(Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 5. Cionus olivieri, mature larva, head, frontal view (at antenna, st stemmata, cs cranial suture, ecl ecdysial line, fsu frontal suture. Setae: des dorsal epicranial, fs frontal epicranial, les lateral epicranial, pes posterio-epicranial). Scale bar: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464927" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">6</figureCitation>
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). Head suboval and slightly rounded laterally, cranial suture undivided, wide, half-length of head. Frontal suture distinct, not extending to mandibular membrane. Endocarinal line present, reaching to half of frons. Anterior and posterior stemmata (st) present, projecting, anterior one located below stripe at side, externally close to antenna, posterior one located laterally. Setae on head piliform, varying in length, from very long to minute. Dorsal epicranium with three
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des</emphasis>
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;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des1</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des4</emphasis>
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reduced to a basal sensillum;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des2</emphasis>
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approximately as long as one-third length of
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des3</emphasis>
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; very long
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des3</emphasis>
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located anteriorly on epicranium close to frontal suture;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des5</emphasis>
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located anterolaterally, as long as two-thirds length of
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des3</emphasis>
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. Frons only with one
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs</emphasis>
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;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs1</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs2</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs3,</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs5</emphasis>
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reduced to basal sensilla; long
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs4</emphasis>
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located near epistoma. Epicranium with only one
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">les</emphasis>
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as long as
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des1</emphasis>
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. Ventral epicranium with two, minute
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ves.</emphasis>
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Posterior epicranium with four, minute
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pes1</emphasis>
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-
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">4</emphasis>
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and one sensillum. Postoccipital condyles distinct, hypopharyngeal bracon distinct. Tentorial bridge narrow, membranous in middle and half base of sides, strongly sclerotized at sides, with two pairs of acute auricular anterior projections.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464927" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figure 5" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figure 5.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mature larva, head, frontal view (at antenna, st stemmata, cs cranial suture, ecl ecdysial line, fsu frontal suture. Setae:
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal epicranial,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs</emphasis>
|
||
frontal epicranial,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">les</emphasis>
|
||
lateral epicranial,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pes</emphasis>
|
||
posterio-epicranial). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">7</figureCitation>
|
||
) located at the end of the frontal suture on each side, with one segment; sensory appendage (sensorium) three times as long as wide, circular in cross section, contiguous with frontal suture, with four conical sensillae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Clypeus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">10</figureCitation>
|
||
) transverse-shaped, strongly sclerotized, with one sensillum and two
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">cls</emphasis>
|
||
of the same length, all in one line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figures 6–11" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figures 6-11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">6</emphasis>
|
||
head, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">7</emphasis>
|
||
antenna
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">8</emphasis>
|
||
spiracle
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">9</emphasis>
|
||
mandible
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">10</emphasis>
|
||
labrum and clypeus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">11</emphasis>
|
||
epipharynx (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">hp</emphasis>
|
||
hypopharyngeal bracon,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fsu</emphasis>
|
||
frontal suture,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">tb</emphasis>
|
||
tentorial bridge). Seta(e):
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">als</emphasis>
|
||
anterolateral s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ams</emphasis>
|
||
anteromedial s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">cls</emphasis>
|
||
clypeal s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms</emphasis>
|
||
labral s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">les</emphasis>
|
||
lateral epicranial s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mds</emphasis>
|
||
mandible dorsal s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ves</emphasis>
|
||
ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">6</emphasis>
|
||
), 0.25 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">10, 11</emphasis>
|
||
), 0.1 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">8, 9</emphasis>
|
||
), 0.025 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">7</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">9</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12. Cionus olivieri mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae: dms dorsal malar s., ligs ligular s., mbs basoventral s., mxps maxillary palps s., pfs palpiferal s., pms postmental s., prms premental s., stps stipital s., vms ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labrum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">10</figureCitation>
|
||
) transverse-shaped, strongly sclerotized, deeply concave in the middle at apex, with three
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms</emphasis>
|
||
, very short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms1</emphasis>
|
||
as long as
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms3</emphasis>
|
||
, and as long as half-length of short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms2</emphasis>
|
||
, all localized centrally. Epipharynx (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">11</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two small, stout, apically rounded
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ams</emphasis>
|
||
; two relatively long, stout, apically rounded
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">als</emphasis>
|
||
; two epipharyngeal sensilla;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mes</emphasis>
|
||
and labral rods absent. Mandibles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">9</figureCitation>
|
||
) symmetrical, incisor section with two apical teeth and moderately rounded flange posterior to dorsal tooth, with many small teeth on inner side of anterior tooth, with one acute projection at base; molar section with two
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mds</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mds2</emphasis>
|
||
moderately long,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mds1</emphasis>
|
||
minute. Maxillae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12. Cionus olivieri mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae: dms dorsal malar s., ligs ligular s., mbs basoventral s., mxps maxillary palps s., pfs palpiferal s., pms postmental s., prms premental s., stps stipital s., vms ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">12</figureCitation>
|
||
) with maxillary palpi (mxp) two-segmented, basal segment with one tiny
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mxps</emphasis>
|
||
, two clavate accessory appendages and one sensillum; distal segment sclerotized, with one sensillum, apex flattened with dense short irregular spiculate setae. Mala with four dorsal robust
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">dms</emphasis>
|
||
, gradually reducing in length; with three short, more acute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">vms.</emphasis>
|
||
Stipes with one
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">stps</emphasis>
|
||
, two
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
, one
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
and one sensillum, very long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">stps</emphasis>
|
||
located submedially on venter of base,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
minute, long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pfs1</emphasis>
|
||
three times longer than
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pfs2</emphasis>
|
||
. Labium (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12. Cionus olivieri mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae: dms dorsal malar s., ligs ligular s., mbs basoventral s., mxps maxillary palps s., pfs palpiferal s., pms postmental s., prms premental s., stps stipital s., vms ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">12</figureCitation>
|
||
) membranous excepting the premental sclerite; labial palpi with one segment, longer than wide, slightly globular at base, apex of palpi flattened with short, dense, irregular, spiculate setae, and one sensillum. Prelabium (prm) with sclerite distinctly dilated posteriorly and laterally, without posterior extension, cup-like, with one sensillum and one short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">prms</emphasis>
|
||
; ligula with one tiny
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ligs</emphasis>
|
||
. Postlabium (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plb</emphasis>
|
||
) with M-shaped sclerotization, with three
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plbs</emphasis>
|
||
on sclerotized area, all setae separated from each other by about the same distance; short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plbs1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plbs3</emphasis>
|
||
as long as one-third length of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plbs2</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figure 12" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae:
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">dms</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal malar s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ligs</emphasis>
|
||
ligular s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
basoventral s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mxps</emphasis>
|
||
maxillary palps s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
palpiferal s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pms</emphasis>
|
||
postmental s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">prms</emphasis>
|
||
premental s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">stps</emphasis>
|
||
stipital s.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">vms</emphasis>
|
||
ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prothorax with pronotal shield partly sclerotized on dark brown smooth plate; with nine
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">prns</emphasis>
|
||
: two short ones on sclerotized area, two long and two short ones placed anteriorly, and three placed more medially; bicameral spiracle intersegmental between pro- and mesothorax, air-tube subequal to diameter of circular peritreme; pleural lobe with two
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; pedal area without setae; eusternum with one
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eus.</emphasis>
|
||
Mesonotum with two folds, prodorsum without seta, postdorsum with two transversally aligned
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds</emphasis>
|
||
of the same length; epipleurum with one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps</emphasis>
|
||
; pleurum with one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; setae of pedal area and eusternum identical to that of prothorax. Chaetotaxy of metathorax identical to that of mesothorax.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">2-4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdominal segments I-VII of almost equal lengths, remaining abdominal segments gradually decreasing in width posteriad. Tergites on abdominal segments I-VII with three folds, prodorsum wide and flat, mesodorsum narrow, with soft protuberance, postdorsum with soft protuberance; tergite on abdominal segment VIII with two folds, and on abdominal segment IX with no folds. Abdominal segment X reduced to four anal lobes of unequal size. Anus located subterminally. Spiracles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">8</figureCitation>
|
||
) bicameral, the eight abdominal spiracles located more ventrally up to ventral side of epipleurum, close to the anterior margin of abdominal segments I-VIII, size similar, each with two annulated air-tubes, pointing posteriad, air-tube subequal to diameter of circular peritreme. Abdominal segments I-VIII with three
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds</emphasis>
|
||
, located in one line, long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds1</emphasis>
|
||
, two times longer than
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds2</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds2</emphasis>
|
||
as long as
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds3</emphasis>
|
||
; with two
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ss</emphasis>
|
||
, long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ss1</emphasis>
|
||
, short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ss2</emphasis>
|
||
, located in small indefinitely folds; with two
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps</emphasis>
|
||
, transversally aligned, long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps1</emphasis>
|
||
, short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps2</emphasis>
|
||
as long as one-third length of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps1</emphasis>
|
||
; with one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; and with one
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eus.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal segment IX with one short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ds</emphasis>
|
||
, one slight long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
|
||
and one, minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">sts.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal segment X without setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figures 13–20" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figures 13-20.</emphasis>
|
||
Biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kyrgyzstan
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</emphasis>
|
||
larva on flower
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">14</emphasis>
|
||
habitat
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">15</emphasis>
|
||
seeds of host plant
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">16</emphasis>
|
||
flowering host plant
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">17</emphasis>
|
||
larva on feeding
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">18</emphasis>
|
||
feeding holes
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">19</emphasis>
|
||
damage on host plant by larva
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">20</emphasis>
|
||
copulating adults.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="131" type="biological notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Biological notes</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
The biology of this species was studied on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum sinuatum" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinuatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Verbascum sinuatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in southern France by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, A" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" refId="B10" refString="Hoffmann, A, 1958. Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209-1839." title="Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209 - 1839." year="1958">Hoffmann (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, where it has two generations, in June and August. The ectophagous larva digs a deep groove on the underside surface of a leaf. When mature, it builds a cocoon, where pupation takes place, on the same plant. The adults of the second generation hibernate in the soil. The same behavior was reported in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Clairville & Schellenberg" authorityYear="1798" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding either on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Verbascum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grandi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="246 - 254" refId="B8" refString="Grandi, G, 1929. Nota sul Cionus hortulanus Geoffr. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna 2: 246 - 254" title="Nota sul Cionus hortulanus Geoffr." volume="2" year="1929">Grandi 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ruffo, S" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto reale di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="167 - 177" refId="B21" refString="Ruffo, S, 1937. Osservazioni sull'etologia di un Curculionide a larva "pseudominatrice" (Cionus olens F.). Bollettino dell'Istituto reale di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna 10: 167 - 177" title="Osservazioni sull'etologia di un Curculionide a larva " pseudominatrice " (Cionus olens F.)." volume="10" year="1937">Ruffo 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, A" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" refId="B10" refString="Hoffmann, A, 1958. Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209-1839." title="Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209 - 1839." year="1958">Hoffmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Scrophularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scrophularia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Scrophularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Read, RWJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Gazette" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="183 - 203" refId="B19" refString="Read, RWJ, 1977. Notes on the biology of Cionus scrophulariae (L.), together with preliminary observations on C. tuberculosus (Scopoli) and C. alauda (Herbst) (Col., Curculionidae). Entomologist's Gazette 28: 183 - 203" title="Notes on the biology of Cionus scrophulariae (L.), together with preliminary observations on C. tuberculosus (Scopoli) and C. alauda (Herbst) (Col., Curculionidae)." volume="28" year="1977">Read 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Raether, M" journalOrPublisher="Bonner Zoologische Beitraege" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="109 - 121" refId="B18" refString="Raether, M, 1989. Notes on four weevils in the tribe Cionini (Coleoptera: Curculionoide) associated with Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariae) Part I: Biology and ecology of the weevils. Bonner Zoologische Beitraege 40 (2): 109 - 121" title="Notes on four weevils in the tribe Cionini (Coleoptera: Curculionoide) associated with Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariae) Part I: Biology and ecology of the weevils." volume="40" year="1989">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Räther">Raether</normalizedToken>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
We collected larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</figureCitation>
|
||
) from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum songaricum" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="songaricum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Verbascum songaricum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schrenk in early July in mountain slopes at 1546 m altitude (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">14</figureCitation>
|
||
) in Kyrgyzstan. This plant, widely distributed in the temperate zone of Eurasia including the Caucasus, central Asia, and Tacheng, Xinjiang, China, was never previously reported as host of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Clairville & Schellenberg" authorityYear="1798" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Two-thirds of the host plants had already produced seeds (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">15</figureCitation>
|
||
), while the remaining parts were still blooming (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larvae were eating on the flower buds, with head, thorax, and part of the abdomen burrowed into the ovary and leaving red excrement, with a layer of clear mucus on the surface of the body (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">17</figureCitation>
|
||
). The feeding holes were regular circles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">18</figureCitation>
|
||
). The most serious damage by the larvae reached 90% of one branch (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">19</figureCitation>
|
||
), and most of the damaged buds could not bloom. We also observed many adults, more than 50% of which were mating (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">20</figureCitation>
|
||
) and most of them were in the middle part of the host plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
Later, we collected larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 21–22" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 21 - 22. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kazakhstan. 21 larva on bud 22 habitat." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures21-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464931" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">21</figureCitation>
|
||
) from the same host plant species in mid-August in mountain slopes at 1577 m altitude (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 21–22" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 21 - 22. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kazakhstan. 21 larva on bud 22 habitat." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures21-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464931" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">22</figureCitation>
|
||
) in Kazakhstan. Damage of the larvae were similar to those in Kyrgyzstan. However, we did not find adults mating. Bearing in mind
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hoffmann’s">Hoffmann's</normalizedToken>
|
||
observations, we can assume that we probably collected the first generation in Kyrgyzstan and the second generation in Kazakhstan. However, in both situations, we did not find any cocoons on the plants (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">15</figureCitation>
|
||
). This fact might be explained in two ways: both our observations were made before pupation or pupation happened in the soil. This second is unusual in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Clairville & Schellenberg" authorityYear="1798" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but has been observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus alauda" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alauda">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus alauda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Herbst, 1784) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Read, RWJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Gazette" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="183 - 203" refId="B19" refString="Read, RWJ, 1977. Notes on the biology of Cionus scrophulariae (L.), together with preliminary observations on C. tuberculosus (Scopoli) and C. alauda (Herbst) (Col., Curculionidae). Entomologist's Gazette 28: 183 - 203" title="Notes on the biology of Cionus scrophulariae (L.), together with preliminary observations on C. tuberculosus (Scopoli) and C. alauda (Herbst) (Col., Curculionidae)." volume="28" year="1977">Read (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cleopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cleopus pulchellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchellus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cleopus pulchellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Herbst, 1795) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Raether, M" journalOrPublisher="Bonner Zoologische Beitraege" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="109 - 121" refId="B18" refString="Raether, M, 1989. Notes on four weevils in the tribe Cionini (Coleoptera: Curculionoide) associated with Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariae) Part I: Biology and ecology of the weevils. Bonner Zoologische Beitraege 40 (2): 109 - 121" title="Notes on four weevils in the tribe Cionini (Coleoptera: Curculionoide) associated with Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariae) Part I: Biology and ecology of the weevils." volume="40" year="1989">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Räther">Raether</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1989)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures21-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464931" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figures 21–22" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figures 21-22.</emphasis>
|
||
Biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kazakhstan.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">21</emphasis>
|
||
larva on bud
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">22</emphasis>
|
||
habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |