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<document id="EC6CE8FC6F3FF102C12FB1C097BD7570" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157485" ID-GBIF-Dataset="26fb866c-b32a-4456-8e5f-be782446d355" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157485" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461019016317" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pawson, David L. &amp; Vance, Doris J." docDate="2004" docId="956687E14C2BFFD8FEC6FE9EFE1AF739" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00534.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 534" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Chiridota heheva Pawson &amp; Vance, 2004, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="695FFF994C29FFD1FFCEFF82FF98F45C" masterDocTitle="Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deep­sea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698569654659" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="1150FEFDB19A05AB5161929F9679276F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="FA3DC0992E6378C7A4D0A4BA364AE1B9">
<mods:title id="5D5337578FDEF5F6299E1AA478485CAF">Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deep­sea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="D4EBAEC90E34B4CFBDDABCBCF43934E1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E2249EDC2E534C3860F3AB3244802414">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="2C61A873ADAE37C9EE4FFE5C4A0E3057">Pawson, David L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="210F716AF02068FABC15E3F84DF36273" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B6DD477E27A43E44C8C96A6A4510B1CE">
<mods:roleTerm id="38660CEF34D775DE587E10A7CB836809">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F9D9A9222A89004BEF1F4E8060C777FD">Vance, Doris J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="3018018FDA88DB9F118EC058EAE2175E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="FB300D70A107FAD68B6C396CD2D7D3E7" type="host">
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<mods:title id="847A817552E46DFAA80B9B980CDEF426">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="36364E1E99825C8BCFBB7150D85B2EB0">
<mods:date id="64227B2F6BE5D2412AB21517C160B3C3">2004</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="D625CFB8B51D28570104734BB5D82985" type="volume">
<mods:number id="5E6D985EB5C085780AC1B0E5390614D9">534</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="5F2C305001ACE3F8E529391EDCD82131">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5F78B370657078543747001E37ED8B9B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.157485</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="781D1F7CC567D5FF302A72EC70D77C3D" type="GBIF-Dataset">26fb866c-b32a-4456-8e5f-be782446d355</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="65D9125CF14987D4B42981BAAB3BCC86" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="526A1CDFE6BC92B854EDEC37C4698FF0" type="Zenodo-Dep">157485</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3E7C6AFC962B0FCFE534282A5AF1CAA3" type="ZooBank">8E07749E-CD47-4B1B-85C3-B8D9B8D54DAF</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="956687E14C2BFFD8FEC6FE9EFE1AF739" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6270262" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119602082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6270262" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:956687E14C2BFFD8FEC6FE9EFE1AF739" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/956687E14C2BFFD8FEC6FE9EFE1AF739" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="55D5657C4C2BFFD3FEC6FE9EFE01F505" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEC6FE9EFDE8F569" blockId="2.[264,624,283,345]" box="[264,624,283,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="4638819B4C2BFFD3FEC6FE9EFDE8F569" bold="true" box="[264,624,283,310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FEC6FE9EFDE8F569" bold="true" box="[264,624,283,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2BFFD3FEC6FE9EFE40F56A" ID-CoL="5Y5B9" box="[264,472,284,310]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FEC6FE9EFE40F56A" bold="true" box="[264,472,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Chiridota heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3488579E4C2BFFD3FE2EFE99FDE8F569" box="[480,624,283,309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEC6FEBDFE01F505" blockId="2.[264,624,283,345]" box="[264,409,319,345]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2BFFD3FEC6FEBDFE0CF505" box="[264,404,319,345]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J" captionStartId-0="4.[264,368,1173,1197]" captionStartId-1="5.[264,367,1447,1471]" captionStartId-2="6.[264,368,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox-0="[471,1111,489,1162]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1323,321,1432]" captionTargetBox-2="[264,1322,313,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[471,1111,489,1165]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[264,1323,321,1433]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[264,1323,312,1487]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Chiridota heheva new species. Approximately 4 individuals in situ near whitish bacterial mats (?) at Florida Escarpment seep site, eastern Gulf of Mexico, 3,270 meters. Alvin Dive 1343. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Photo, S. Golubic." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, close­up view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note finger­like digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Close­up view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/169036/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/169037/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/169038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 1–3</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55D5657C4C2BFFD3FEC6FE0CFEE3F615" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEC6FE0CFEE3F615" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FEC6FE0CFE12F5F4" bold="true" box="[264,394,398,424]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Inhabitant of bathyal/abyssal cold seeps and anthropogenic (wood) habitats. Tentacles with terminal discs carrying approximately 20 discrete, finger­like digits, which are free and extended during feeding. Tentacles equally spaces; no ventral gap. Color in life blue to bluish­purple, with numerous conspicuous whitish spots (wheel papillae) in all interradii.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55D5657C4C2BFFD2FEF6FDD4FE6EF62A" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FDD4FB6DF6C5" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FEF6FDD4FDA3F62C" bold="true" box="[312,571,598,624]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Material Examined:</emphasis>
Nineteen specimens, and one fragment, all deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC,
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FB7CFDFDFB69F6C5" box="[1202,1265,639,665]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FD25FB28F74D" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectionCode id="7BDEAE324C2BFFD3FEF6FD25FE4EF69D" box="[312,470,679,705]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus id="C27488554C2BFFD3FEF6FD25FE4EF69D" box="[312,470,679,705]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="7BDEAE324C2BFFD3FE2FFD25FDAEF69D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[481,566,679,705]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="029CAB144C2BFFD3FDF3FD25FD02F69D" box="[573,666,679,705]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E51169" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="EnaNcbi">E51169</accessionNumber>
, R/V
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FD20FD25FC24F69C" box="[750,956,679,704]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arctic Discoverer</emphasis>
, approximately 395 kilometers east of Savannah,
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FE28FD4DFDDFF6B5" box="[486,583,719,745]" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, wreck of S.S.
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FCCDFD4DFC51F6B4" box="[771,969,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FCA8FD4DFC51F6B4" box="[870,969,719,744]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 32° N, 77°W, 2,200 meters, September, 1991,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2BFFD3FE12FD75FE73F74D" box="[476,491,759,785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">1</specimenCount>
specimen, collected by E. Herdendorf. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FB98FD75FB34F74D" box="[1110,1196,759,785]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FC9DFE7AF765" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" box="[312,482,799,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus id="C27488554C2BFFD3FEF6FC9DFE47F765" box="[312,479,799,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FCC5FEA5F785" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
1.
<collectionCode id="7BDEAE324C2BFFD3FEA8FCC5FE23F73D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[358,443,839,865]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="029CAB144C2BFFD3FE09FCC5FDBCF73D" box="[455,548,839,865]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E51168" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="EnaNcbi">E51168</accessionNumber>
, R/V
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FDB3FCC5FCC8F73C" box="[637,848,839,864]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arctic Discoverer</emphasis>
, approximately 395 kilometers east of Savannah,
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FE47FCEDFE72F7D5" box="[393,490,879,905]" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, wreck of S.S.
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FD55FCEDFCC7F7D4" box="[667,863,879,904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FD32FCEDFCC7F7D4" box="[764,863,879,904]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 32° N, 77° W, 2,200 meters, September, 1991,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2BFFD3FE5AFC15FE3AF7ED" box="[404,418,919,945]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">3</specimenCount>
specimens, collected by E. Herdendorf. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FBFCFC15FB0FF7ED" box="[1074,1175,919,945]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="113.0">113 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FB68FC15FB67F7ED" box="[1190,1279,919,945]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="64.0">64 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FAC3FC15FEA1F785" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FC65FB71F00D" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
2.
<collectionCode id="7BDEAE324C2BFFD3FEA8FC65FE23F05D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[358,443,999,1025]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="029CAB144C2BFFD3FE09FC65FDBCF05D" box="[455,548,999,1025]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E51170" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="EnaNcbi">E51170</accessionNumber>
, R/V
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FDB3FC65FCC8F05C" box="[637,848,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arctic Discoverer</emphasis>
, approximately 395 kilometers east of Savannah,
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FE47FB8DFE72F075" box="[393,490,1039,1065]" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, wreck of S.S.
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FD50FB8DFCFAF074" box="[670,866,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FD31FB8DFCFAF074" box="[767,866,1039,1064]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 32° N, 77° W, 2,200 meters, September, 1991,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2BFFD3FE4AFBB5FE0BF00D" box="[388,403,1079,1105]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">2</specimenCount>
specimens, collected by E. Herdendorf. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FBC4FBB5FBEDF00D" box="[1034,1141,1079,1105]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FB4EFBB5FB7DF00D" box="[1152,1253,1079,1105]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="132.0">132 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FBDDFBC0F095" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
3.
<collectionCode id="7BDEAE324C2BFFD3FEA8FBDDFE23F025" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[358,443,1119,1145]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="029CAB144C2BFFD3FE09FBDDFDBBF025" box="[455,547,1119,1145]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E51171" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="EnaNcbi">E51171</accessionNumber>
, R/V
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FDB3FBDDFCC8F024" box="[637,848,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arctic Discoverer</emphasis>
, approximately 395 kilometers east of Savannah,
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FE47FB05FE72F0FD" box="[393,490,1159,1185]" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, wreck of S.S.
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FD50FB05FCFAF0FC" box="[670,866,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FD31FB05FCFAF0FC" box="[767,866,1159,1184]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 32° N, 77° W, 2,200 meters, September, 1991,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2BFFD3FE4AFB2DFE0BF095" box="[388,403,1199,1225]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">1</specimenCount>
specimen, collected by E. Herdendorf. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FC30FB2DFBCBF095" box="[1022,1107,1199,1225]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FB55FB5DF11D" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
4.
<collectionCode id="7BDEAE324C2BFFD3FEA8FB55FE23F0AD" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[358,443,1239,1265]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="029CAB144C2BFFD3FE09FB55FDBCF0AD" box="[455,548,1239,1265]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E51172" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="EnaNcbi">E51172</accessionNumber>
, R/V
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FDB3FB55FCC8F0AC" box="[637,848,1239,1264]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arctic Discoverer</emphasis>
, approximately 395 kilometers east of Savannah,
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FE47FB7DFE72F145" box="[393,490,1279,1305]" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, wreck of S.S.
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2BFFD3FD50FB7DFCFAF144" box="[670,866,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FD31FB7DFCFAF144" box="[767,866,1279,1304]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 32° N, 77° W, 2,200 meters, September, 1991,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2BFFD3FE4AFAA5FE0BF11D" box="[388,403,1319,1345]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">2</specimenCount>
specimens, collected by E. Herdendorf. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FBC4FAA5FBC7F11D" box="[1034,1119,1319,1345]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FBA5FAA5FB59F11D" box="[1131,1217,1319,1345]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="83.0">83 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FACDFB77F1E5" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
5.
<collectionCode id="7BDEAE324C2BFFD3FE91FACDFE2CF135" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[351,436,1359,1385]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">USNM</collectionCode>
1014686, Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory, eastern Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FB25FACDFEB6F1CD" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Florida Escarpment, Sta: 1343,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2BFFD3FD7AFAF5FD4BF1CD" box="[692,723,1399,1425]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="26.05">26</geoCoordinate>
° 03' N,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2BFFD3FCF7FAF5FC37F1CD" box="[825,943,1399,1425]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="-84.9">84° 54' W</geoCoordinate>
, 3,270 meters,
<date id="697110374C2BFFD3FBAFFAF5FA97F1CD" box="[1121,1295,1399,1425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1984-03-09">March 9, 1984</date>
,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2BFFD3FAD2FAF5FE1DF1E5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
, collected by B. Hecker. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FC8BFA1DFC02F1E5" box="[837,922,1439,1465]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FC68FA1DFC63F1E5" box="[934,1019,1439,1465]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="95.0">95 mm</quantity>
; 1 fragment,
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FB58FA1DFB79F1E5" box="[1174,1249,1439,1465]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="85.0">85mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FA45FD0AF1BD" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" box="[312,658,1479,1505]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ADDITIONAL MATERIAL:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6FA6DFD10F205" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
1. Alvin Dive 3635, Pot 3, eastern Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FC9AFA6DFC28F255" box="[852,944,1519,1545]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Florida Escarpment, seep site,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2BFFD3FEC6F995FE02F26D" box="[264,410,1559,1585]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="9" value="26.0295">26°01.77' N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2BFFD3FE67F995FDA7F26D" box="[425,575,1559,1585]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="9" value="-84.91717">84°55.03' W</geoCoordinate>
, 3,293 meters,
<date id="697110374C2BFFD3FD37F995FC56F26D" box="[761,974,1559,1585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2000-10-28">October 28, 2000</date>
,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2BFFD3FC12F995FBFEF26D" box="[988,1126,1559,1585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
, collected by C. Van Dover. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FDE0F9BDFD1CF205" box="[558,644,1599,1625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6F9E5FB7FF2F5" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
2. Alvin Dive 3709, Blake Ridge, east of Savannah,
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FC55F9E5FC64F2DD" box="[923,1020,1639,1665]" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Georgia</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2BFFD3FBC9F9E5FB17F2DD" box="[1031,1167,1639,1665]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="9" value="32.490166">32°29.41'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2BFFD3FB55F9E5FABEF2DD" box="[1179,1318,1639,1665]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="9" value="-76.18483">76°11.09'W</geoCoordinate>
, 2,178 metres,
<date id="697110374C2BFFD3FE60F90DFD03F2F5" box="[430,667,1679,1705]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2001-09-25">September 25, 2001</date>
,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2BFFD3FD66F90DFCB7F2F5" box="[680,815,1679,1705]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
, collected by C. Van Dover.
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FB43F90DFB7AF2F5" box="[1165,1250,1679,1705]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="64.0">64 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2BFFD3FEF6F935FDC5F37D" blockId="2.[264,1323,398,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
3. Alvin Dive 1343, eastern Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2BFFD3FCF7F935FC0EF28D" box="[825,918,1719,1745]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Florida Escarpment, seep site,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2BFFD3FEC6F95DFE19F2A5" box="[264,385,1759,1785]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="92" value="26.036667">26°02.2'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2BFFD3FE43F95DFD89F2A5" box="[397,529,1759,1785]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="92" value="-84.915">84° 54.9'W</geoCoordinate>
, 3,266 meters,
<date id="697110374C2BFFD3FD0CF95DFCF7F2A5" box="[706,879,1759,1785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1984-03-09">March 9, 1984</date>
,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2BFFD3FCB5F95DFB96F2A5" box="[891,1038,1759,1785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
, collected by B, Hecker. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FE55F885FE69F37D" box="[411,497,1799,1825]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="48.0">48 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="DA379B124C2BFFD3FE32F885FDC1F37D" box="[508,601,1799,1825]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="82.0">82 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2AFFD2FEF6FE9EFDE0F5DA" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
4. Alvin Dive 3635, eastern Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2AFFD2FCF7FE9EFC0EF56A" box="[825,918,284,310]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Florida Escarpment, seep site,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2AFFD2FEC6FEC6FE08F502" box="[264,400,324,350]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="9" value="26.0295">26°01.77'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2AFFD2FE53FEC6FDAAF502" box="[413,562,324,350]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="9" value="-84.91717">84°55.03' W</geoCoordinate>
, 3,293 meters,
<date id="697110374C2AFFD2FD29FEC6FC21F502" box="[743,953,324,350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2000-10-28">October 28, 2000</date>
,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2AFFD2FC08FEC6FBC2F502" box="[966,1114,324,350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
, collected C. Van Dover. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FE37FEEEFDECF5DA" box="[505,628,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="31.7">31,70 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2AFFD2FEF6FE16FDCBF5A2" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
5. Alvin Dive 3636, eastern Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2AFFD2FCFCFE16FC17F5F2" box="[818,911,404,430]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Florida Escarpment, seep site,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2AFFD2FEC6FE3EFE08F58A" box="[264,400,444,470]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="9" value="26.037167">26°02.23'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="78FB50304C2AFFD2FE51FE3EFDB3F58A" box="[415,555,444,470]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="9" value="-84.91717">84°55.03'W</geoCoordinate>
, 3,291 meters,
<date id="697110374C2AFFD2FD28FE3EFC23F58A" box="[742,955,444,470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2000-10-29">October 29, 2000</date>
,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2AFFD2FC04FE3EFBCDF58A" box="[970,1109,444,470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
, collected C. Van Dover. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FE37FE66FDD7F5A2" box="[505,591,484,510]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="59.0">59 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2AFFD2FEF6FD8EFE6EF62A" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
6 Alvin Dive 876, southeast of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2AFFD2FD76FD8EFCD0F67A" box="[696,840,524,550]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, Deep Ocean Station No. 3, 17E57.6'N, 64E48.5'W,
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FE55FDB6FE68F612" box="[411,496,564,590]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.998" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="3998.0">3998m</quantity>
, 20
<date id="697110374C2AFFD2FDE6FDB6FC90F612" box="[552,776,564,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1978-12-01">
December 1978,
<specimenCount id="0BC9FD7E4C2AFFD2FD37FDB6FC90F612" box="[761,776,564,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="generic">1</specimenCount>
</date>
specimen, collected R. Turner &amp; F. Grassle. Total length
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FE55FDDEFE69F62A" box="[411,497,604,630]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55D5657C4C2AFFD9FEF6FD06FCF8F072" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2AFFD2FEF6FD06FE3AF00A" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2AFFD2FEF6FD06FE4AF6C2" bold="true" box="[312,466,644,670]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description:</emphasis>
Body cylindrical (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2AFFD2FD7DFD06FC82F6C2" box="[691,794,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1173,1197]" captionTargetBox="[471,1111,489,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[471,1111,489,1165]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chiridota heheva new species. Approximately 4 individuals in situ near whitish bacterial mats (?) at Florida Escarpment seep site, eastern Gulf of Mexico, 3,270 meters. Alvin Dive 1343. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Photo, S. Golubic." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169036/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2AFFD2FCE5FD06FCA3F6C2" box="[811,827,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,321,1432]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,321,1433]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, close­up view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note finger­like digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Close­up view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169037/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
B), greatest length in alcohol
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FB51FD06FA9DF6C2" box="[1183,1285,644,670]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="132.0">132 mm</quantity>
; in life, fully expanded individuals probably exceed
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FC89FD2EFC31F69A" box="[839,937,684,710]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
in length. Diameter almost constant along length of body, approximately 5% of total length. Mouth and anus terminal. Oral disc with 12 tentacles, conspicuous, supported by well­developed calcareous ring. In a specimen
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FE5BFCA6FE71F762" box="[405,489,804,830]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
in length, oral disc is
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FD3BFCA6FCD0F762" box="[757,840,804,830]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Smooth dark­colored body wall carries few to very numerous whitish to grayish wheel papillae in all interradii (Figure 1, 2A–B). Wheel papillae, which contain numerous wheel ossicles, range from circular to elongate oval and may average approximately
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FC82FC1EFC08F7EA" box="[844,912,924,950]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Some specimens with few such papillae; in others a 20 mm­long area of the mid­dorsal body wall may carry 35 papillae. Largest papillae surround the anus, often forming a ring of 5 papillae up to
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FB29FC6EFAB3F05A" box="[1255,1323,1004,1030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter. These terminal papillae superficially resemble “anal teeth” of non­apodid holothurians.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2AFFD2FEF6FBE6FB55F092" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Color in alcohol mostly dark purplish. In life this species is blue to bluish­grey, with papillae conspicuous as white spots (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2AFFD2FD78FB0EFC81F0FA" box="[694,793,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,321,1432]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,321,1433]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, close­up view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note finger­like digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Close­up view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169037/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2</figureCitation>
A–D).
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2AFFD2FCBFFB0EFB0CF0FA" box="[881,1172,1164,1190]" pageId="3" pageNumber="11" refString="Herdendorf, E., Thompson T. G., &amp; Evans R. D. (1995) Science on a deep-ocean shipwreck. Ohio Journal of Science 95 (1), 1 - 224." type="journal article">Herdendorf et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
note that the color is “purple to bluish­gray”. Tentacles lighter­colored than remainder of body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2AFFD2FEF6FB5EFC7DF1E2" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The 12 tentacles are equally spaced, with no ventral gap, and no bilateral symmetry in their arrangement (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2AFFD2FE29FA86FDD5F142" box="[487,589,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,321,1432]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,321,1433]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, close­up view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note finger­like digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Close­up view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169037/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2</figureCitation>
E). Cylindrical tentacle stalks terminate in a disc or pad which carries up to 20 discrete, finger­like digits (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2AFFD2FCDBFAAEFCE4F11A" box="[789,892,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,321,1432]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,321,1433]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, close­up view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note finger­like digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Close­up view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169037/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2</figureCitation>
G), each approximately 1.0–1.5 mm long in a partially contracted state. In contracted tentacle, digits remain distinguishable as discrete structures (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2AFFD2FE39FAFEFDF8F1CA" box="[503,608,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,321,1432]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,321,1433]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, close­up view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note finger­like digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Close­up view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169037/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2</figureCitation>
F, 2G).
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2AFFD2FD0BFAFEFC8EF1C9" box="[709,790,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">In situ</emphasis>
photographs show that the digits are fully extended when the animal is actively feeding (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2AFFD2FCE6FA26FC15F1E2" box="[808,909,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,321,1432]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,321,1433]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, close­up view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note finger­like digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Close­up view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169037/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2</figureCitation>
A, 2D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2AFFD5FEF6FA4EFBCBF5F2" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,284,430]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Internal anatomy similar to that in
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2AFFD2FD2EFA4EFC28F1B9" box="[736,944,1484,1509]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hydrothermica">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2AFFD2FD2EFA4EFC28F1B9" box="[736,944,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. hydrothermica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Calcareous ring conspicuous, strong, rigid, composed of ten pieces, of which the left and right dorsal radial pieces are double (bipartite) (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2AFFD2FE26F99EFDFDF26A" box="[488,613,1564,1590]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,312,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169038/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
). Radial pieces not perforated for passage of radial nerve. Polian vesicles numerous, of varying length, usually more than 20 vesicles present. Short, tightly coiled stone canal in mid­dorsal interradius tightly coiled, terminating at conspicuous whitish madreporite attached to body wall. Gonad a bunch of short vesicles, extending
<quantity id="DA379B124C2AFFD2FEF6F93EFE0AF28A" box="[312,402,1724,1750]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
posteriorly in the dorsal area. Gonad of one female specimen collected in
<date id="697110374C2AFFD2FEC6F966FE36F2A2" box="[264,430,1764,1790]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2000-10">October 2000</date>
contains numerous eggs 97–125µm in diameter (mean 110µm, standard deviation 7.14); in another female collected in
<date id="697110374C2AFFD2FCF8F88EFC50F37A" box="[822,968,1804,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1984-03">March 1984</date>
, numerous apparently mature eggs present. No ciliated urns (funnels) found. Intestines of specimens from seep sites (Blake Ridge) usually contain mixture of sand grains and indeterminate flocculent material. In some specimens from
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2DFFD5FDB9FEC6FCA6F501" box="[631,830,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2DFFD5FD14FEC6FCA6F501" box="[730,830,324,349]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
wreck (
<typeStatus id="C27488554C2DFFD5FC6EFEC6FB91F502" box="[928,1033,324,350]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
lots 2–6), intestine contained numerous small fragments of wood from the vessel. The specimen from Alvin Dive 876 contained flocculent material and numerous small wood fragments.
</paragraph>
<caption id="49B0667F4C2DFFD5FEC6FB17FC32F0AE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169036/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[471,1111,489,1162]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2DFFD5FEC6FB17FC32F0AE" blockId="4.[264,1322,1173,1266]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2DFFD5FEC6FB17FE12F0F1" bold="true" box="[264,394,1173,1197]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2DFFD5FE57FB14FDCBF0F1" box="[409,595,1174,1197]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2DFFD5FE57FB14FDCBF0F1" box="[409,595,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chiridota heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3488579E4C2DFFD5FD94FB17FD46F0F0" box="[602,734,1173,1196]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
. Approximately 4 individuals
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2DFFD5FBE7FB14FBF3F0F1" box="[1065,1131,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">in situ</emphasis>
near whitish bacterial mats (?) at Florida Escarpment seep site, eastern Gulf of Mexico, 3,270 meters. Alvin Dive 1343. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Photo, S. Golubic.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2DFFD5FEF6FACCFDEBF2DC" blockId="4.[264,1325,1358,1824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
An average­sized wheel papilla from mid­body contained almost 400 wheels of typical chiridotid
<typeStatus id="C27488554C2DFFD5FE65FAF4FE78F1CC" box="[427,480,1398,1424]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
, with six spokes (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2DFFD5FD61FAF4FC85F1CC" box="[687,797,1398,1424]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,312,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figures 3</figureCitation>
F–I), and with inner edge of the rim carrying numerous teeth (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2DFFD5FE07FA1CFDB5F1E4" box="[457,557,1438,1464]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,312,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3</figureCitation>
G). Wheels lie in papillae with toothed rim uppermost. At center of inner surface of wheel is the typical “star” structure (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2DFFD5FC53FA44FB99F1BC" box="[925,1025,1478,1504]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,312,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3</figureCitation>
F) described by
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2DFFD5FB0DFA44FEC2F254" author="Smirnov" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" refString="Smirnov, A. V. (1998) On the classification of the apodid holothurians. In Mooi R. &amp; Telford M. (Ed) Echinoderms: San Francisco. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 517 - 522." type="book chapter" year="1998">Smirnov (1998)</bibRefCitation>
. At Florida Escarpment, wheels 126–200µm in diameter (mean 177µm, standard deviation 32.70); at Blake Ridge wheels 145–207µm in diameter (mean 175µm, standard deviation 20.24). Number of teeth on rim ranges from 96 to 126; Teeth increase in number as wheels increase in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2DFFD5FEF6F90CFDFDF37C" blockId="4.[264,1325,1358,1824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Tentacle stalks and terminal branches contain flattened rods very variable in size, 100– 202µm in length, with slightly spinous ends and usually with slightly widened central region (
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2DFFD5FEACF95CFE5DF2A4" box="[354,453,1758,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,312,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3</figureCitation>
E). Rods usually straight, sometimes branched, varying in length, average length approximately 160µm.
</paragraph>
<caption id="49B0667F4C2CFFD4FEC6FA25FB2BF302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169037/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[264,1323,321,1432]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2CFFD4FEC6FA25FB2BF302" blockId="5.[264,1323,1447,1886]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2CFFD4FEC6FA25FE15F1E3" bold="true" box="[264,397,1447,1471]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2CFFD4FE6FFA2AFDC5F1E3" box="[417,605,1448,1471]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2CFFD4FE6FFA2AFDC5F1E3" box="[417,605,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chiridota heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3488579E4C2CFFD4FDA9FA25FD75F1E2" box="[615,749,1447,1470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
. A, At
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2CFFD4FC98FA2AFBD6F1E3" box="[854,1102,1448,1471]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Bathymodiolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="heckeri">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2CFFD4FC98FA2AFBD6F1E3" box="[854,1102,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bathymodiolus heckeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mussel beds, Blake Ridge, close­up view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note finger­like digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2CFFD4FEC6F9AAFE67F263" box="[264,511,1576,1599]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Bathymodiolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="heckeri">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2CFFD4FEC6F9AAFE67F263" box="[264,511,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bathymodiolus heckeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2CFFD4FE6FF9EAFD84F223" box="[417,540,1640,1663]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alvinocarididae" genus="Alvinocaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2CFFD4FE6FF9EAFD84F223" box="[417,540,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Alvinocaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2CFFD4FB5EF9EAFEB1F2C3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Central America</emphasis>
wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2CFFD4FEC6F94AFE22F283" box="[264,442,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Central America</emphasis>
wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ventral gap” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Close­up view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="49B0667F4C2FFFD7FEC6FA54FEC3F336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169038/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[264,1322,313,1483]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2FFFD7FEC6FA54FEC3F336" blockId="6.[264,1327,1494,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2FFFD7FEC6FA54FE15F1B2" bold="true" box="[264,397,1494,1518]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
A–C, E–J,
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2FFFD7FDD7FA54FD4DF1B1" box="[537,725,1494,1517]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2FFFD7FDD7FA54FD4DF1B1" box="[537,725,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chiridota heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3488579E4C2FFFD7FD11FA54FCFDF1B1" box="[735,869,1494,1517]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
; D,
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2FFFD7FC5BFA54FB5DF1B1" authority="(Fabricius)" authorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" box="[917,1221,1494,1517]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2FFFD7FC5BFA54FBDCF1B1" box="[917,1092,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chiridota laevis</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
. A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1.9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1.6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2.7 mm. D,
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2FFFD7FD82F9E3FCE3F224" authority="(Fabricius)" authorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" box="[588,891,1633,1656]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2FFFD7FD82F9E3FD63F224" box="[588,763,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chiridota laevis</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
, bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm.1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2EFFD6FEF6FE99FBE3F74A" blockId="7.[264,1325,283,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FEF6FE99FE2BF569" bold="true" box="[312,435,283,309]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Behavior:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2EFFD6FE0CFE9EFD17F569" box="[450,655,284,309]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FE0CFE9EFD17F569" box="[450,655,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chiridota heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is active, moving about in its varied habitats. The tentacles appear to be in constant motion in the
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FCDFFEC6FC4EF501" box="[785,982,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2EFFD6FCBDFEC6FC4EF501" box="[883,982,324,349]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
videotapes, their cylindrical stalks extended, and their discoidal terminal pads, fringed with extended finger­like digits, waving slowly in the water. This species apparently feeds on a mixture of sediment, wood fragments when available, and suspended material, suggesting that the species may derive its nutriment from a variety of sources.
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FD2EFE66FC24F5A2" author="Herdendorf" box="[736,956,484,510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Herdendorf, E., Thompson T. G., &amp; Evans R. D. (1995) Science on a deep-ocean shipwreck. Ohio Journal of Science 95 (1), 1 - 224." type="journal article" year="1995">Herdendorf (1995)</bibRefCitation>
described the feeding behavior of this species at the
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FDCEFD8EFD5EF679" box="[512,710,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2EFFD6FDACFD8EFD5EF679" box="[610,710,524,549]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
shipwreck, noting that “Detritus on the timbers and organic matter in the sediment ooze were major food items. One at a time the tentacles were stuffed into the pharynx and the adhering food particles were wiped off as the tentacles were pulled out of the mouth. The animals were observed placing rather sizable particles (up to
<quantity id="DA379B124C2EFFD6FE46FD2EFE56F69A" box="[392,462,684,710]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
) in their mouths, some of which were rejected and fell to the ocean floor” (P.122). The specimen from Alvin Dive 876 was apparently recovered from Dr. Ruth Turner’s wood blocks, for it had ingested numerous small wood fragments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2EFFD6FEF6FCA6FECCF0FA" blockId="7.[264,1325,283,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FEF6FCA6FE76F762" bold="true" box="[312,494,804,830]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Reproduction:</emphasis>
The mean egg diameter of 110µm is small when compared to some other deep­sea holothurians (
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FDAAFCCEFD67F73A" author="Billett" box="[612,767,844,870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" refString="Billett, D. S. M. (1991) Deep-sea holothurians. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 29, 259 - 317." type="journal article" year="1991">Billett, 1991</bibRefCitation>
), whose egg diameters tend to range upwards from approximately 200µm (
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FD91FCF6FD0CF7D1" box="[607,660,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ibid.</emphasis>
, p.287). Billett suggests that egg diameters in the range of 200–450 µm suggest that probably lecithotrophic larvae are involved. The
<typeStatus id="C27488554C2EFFD6FB59FC1EFB52F7EA" box="[1175,1226,924,950]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
of larva in
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2EFFD6FEE8FC46FE02F781" box="[294,410,964,989]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FEE8FC46FE02F781" box="[294,410,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown, but the egg size points to the possibility of a planktotrophic larva (
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FEDEFC6EFE33F05A" author="Pearse" box="[272,427,1004,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Pearse, J. S. (1994) Cold-water echinoderms break &quot; Thorson's Rule &quot;. In: Young C. M. &amp; Eckelbarger K. J. (Ed) Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 26 - 39." type="book chapter" year="1994">Pearse, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Further, the rapid colonization of Dr. Turner’s wood blocks (
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FB46FC6EFAB9F05A" author="Turner" box="[1160,1313,1004,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Turner, R. D. (1977) Wood, mollusks, and deep-sea food chains. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. 1977, 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1977">Turner, 1977</bibRefCitation>
) by this holothurian suggests that its larval stages are demersal, at least for the later part of larval life.
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2EFFD6FE5AFBBEFE2CF00A" box="[404,436,1084,1110]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">As</collectingCountry>
apparently mature eggs were present in gonads of individuals collected in
<date id="697110374C2EFFD6FEC6FBE6FE35F022" box="[264,429,1124,1150]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2000-10">October 2000</date>
and
<date id="697110374C2EFFD6FE20FBE6FD1AF022" box="[494,642,1124,1150]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1984-03">March 1984</date>
, it seems possible that this species can reproduce yearround.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2EFFD6FEF6FB36FA8DF2DA" blockId="7.[264,1325,283,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FEF6FB36FD93F092" bold="true" box="[312,523,1204,1230]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ecological notes:</emphasis>
This new species is apparently common at cold seeps in the Western Atlantic.
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FE78FB5EFD0CF0AA" box="[438,660,1244,1270]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Paull, C. K., Hecker B., Commeau R., Freeman-Lynde R. P., Neumann C., Corso W. P., Golubic S., Hook J. E., Sikes E., &amp; Curray J. (1984) Biological communities at the Florida Escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa. Science, 226, 965 - 967." type="journal article">Paull et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
noted that “slender purple holothurians” (P.965) were “numerous” (P. 966) at the base of the Florida Escarpment in the eastern Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2EFFD6FB04FA86FAB0F142" box="[1226,1320,1284,1310]" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. Here, sulfide rich hypersaline waters seep from the seabed at near ambient temperatures. In a more detailed discussion of the fauna of the Florida Escarpment,
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FBF6FAD6FB7AF132" author="Hecker" box="[1080,1250,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Hecker, B. (1985) Fauna from a cold sulfur-seep in the Gulf of Mexico: comparison with hydrothermal vent communities and evolutionary implications. Biological Society of Washington Bulletin, 6, 465 - 473." type="journal article" year="1985">Hecker (1985)</bibRefCitation>
noted that that
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2EFFD6FEA0FAFEFE78F1C9" box="[366,480,1404,1429]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FEA0FAFEFE78F1C9" box="[366,480,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chiridota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. “appears to be an opportunist in that it colonizes ephemeral areas of nutrient enrichment”, for it had been found not only at the cold seeps, but also on Dr. Ruth Turner’s experimental deep­sea “wood islands” (
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FC9CFA4EFC68F1BA" author="Turner" box="[850,1008,1484,1510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Turner, R. D. (1977) Wood, mollusks, and deep-sea food chains. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. 1977, 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1977">Turner, 1977</bibRefCitation>
; personal communication, D. Pawson to
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FE60FA76FDEBF252" author="Hecker" box="[430,627,1524,1550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Paull, C. K., Hecker B., Commeau R., Freeman-Lynde R. P., Neumann C., Corso W. P., Golubic S., Hook J. E., Sikes E., &amp; Curray J. (1984) Biological communities at the Florida Escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa. Science, 226, 965 - 967." type="journal article" year="1984">B. Hecker, 1984</bibRefCitation>
). Hecker’s suggestion was amply borne out by the discovery of this holothurian species at the wreck of the ship
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FC42F99EFBC8F269" box="[908,1104,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C2EFFD6FC23F99EFBC8F269" box="[1005,1104,1564,1589]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FB91F99EFEDCF202" author="Herdendorf" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Herdendorf, E., Thompson T. G., &amp; Evans R. D. (1995) Science on a deep-ocean shipwreck. Ohio Journal of Science 95 (1), 1 - 224." type="journal article" year="1995">
Herdendorf
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FB3EF99EFABCF269" box="[1264,1316,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
, 1995
</bibRefCitation>
), where it was videotaped and photographed on, and collected from, a variety of substrates, especially wood and soft sediments (see
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FCF2F9EEFBC8F2DA" author="Herdendorf" box="[828,1104,1644,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Herdendorf, E., Thompson T. G., &amp; Evans R. D. (1995) Science on a deep-ocean shipwreck. Ohio Journal of Science 95 (1), 1 - 224." type="journal article" year="1995">
Herdendorf
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FC05F9EEFB9DF2D9" box="[971,1029,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 1995
</bibRefCitation>
, Figures 47, 60).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C2EFFD9FEF6F916FE55F5DA" blockId="7.[264,1325,283,1870]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
At the Blake Ridge Diapir,
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FDB3F916FC0DF2F2" box="[637,917,1684,1710]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Van Dover, C. L., Aharon P., Bernhard J. M., Caylor E., Doerries M., Flickinger W., Gilhooly, W., Goffredi SK., Knick K. E., Macko S. A., Rapoport S., Raulfs E. C., Ruppel C., Salerno J. L., Seitz R. D., sen Gupta B. K., Shank T., Turnipseed, M. &amp; Vrijenhoek R. (2003) Blake Ridge methane seeps: characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem. Deep-Sea Research I, 50, 281 - 300." type="journal article">Van Dover et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
found this holothurian in association with mussels (
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2EFFD6FE20F93EFC89F289" box="[494,785,1724,1749]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Bathymodiolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="heckerae">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FE20F93EFC89F289" box="[494,785,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bathymodiolus heckerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in a community of animals associated with methane seeps. One figure (6e, reproduced here as
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C2EFFD6FCA0F966FC4AF2A2" box="[878,978,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,321,1432]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,321,1433]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, close­up view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note finger­like digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Close­up view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169037/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 2</figureCitation>
B) shows a
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C2EFFD6FB93F966FAB3F2A1" box="[1117,1323,1764,1789]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C2EFFD6FB93F966FAB3F2A1" box="[1117,1323,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chiridota heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with its anterior and posterior extremities embedded among the mussels.
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C2EFFD6FBA5F88EFECEF312" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="11" refString="Van Dover, C. L., Aharon P., Bernhard J. M., Caylor E., Doerries M., Flickinger W., Gilhooly, W., Goffredi SK., Knick K. E., Macko S. A., Rapoport S., Raulfs E. C., Ruppel C., Salerno J. L., Seitz R. D., sen Gupta B. K., Shank T., Turnipseed, M. &amp; Vrijenhoek R. (2003) Blake Ridge methane seeps: characterization of a soft-sediment, chemosynthetically based ecosystem. Deep-Sea Research I, 50, 281 - 300." type="journal article">Van Dover et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
noted that this holothurian was known from the Florida Escarpment (Turnipseed &amp; Van Dover, unpublished), but not recorded from the
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C21FFD9FC5BFE9EFB9CF56A" box="[917,1028,284,310]" name="Barbados" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Barbados</collectingCountry>
seeps by
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FB4BFE9EFEC2F502" author="Sibuet" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Sibuet, M. &amp; Olu K. (1998) Biogeography, biodiversity and fluid dependence of deep-sea coldseep communities at active and passive margins. Deep-Sea Research II, 45, 517 - 567." type="journal article" year="1998">Sibuet &amp; Olu (1998)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FEA0FEC6FD80F502" author="Carney" box="[366,536,324,350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" refString="Carney, R. S. (1994) Consideration of the oasis analogy for chemosynthetic communities at Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon vents. Geo-Marine Letters 14, 149 - 159." type="journal article" year="1994">Carney (1994)</bibRefCitation>
did not find
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FD7DFEC6FCBDF501" box="[691,805,324,349]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FD7DFEC6FCBDF501" box="[691,805,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chiridota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at the chemosynthetic Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C21FFD9FB5BFEC6FB77F502" box="[1173,1263,324,350]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
sites that he explored.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C21FFD9FEF6FE16FCF8F072" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
In their review of cold seep biodiversity and biogeography,
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FC35FE16FB68F5F2" author="Sibuet" box="[1019,1264,404,430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Sibuet, M. &amp; Olu K. (1998) Biogeography, biodiversity and fluid dependence of deep-sea coldseep communities at active and passive margins. Deep-Sea Research II, 45, 517 - 567." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sibuet
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FB80FE16FBFDF5F1" box="[1102,1125,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">&amp;</emphasis>
Olu (1998)
</bibRefCitation>
note that of the 211 species then known from cold seeps, only one, the pogonophoran
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FB09FE3EFE56F5A1" class="Polychaeta" family="Siboglinidae" genus="Lamellibrachia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="barhami">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FB09FE3EFE56F5A1" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lamellibrachia barhami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was common to cold seeps and shipwrecks.
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FC3CFE66FB26F5A1" box="[1010,1214,484,509]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FC3CFE66FB26F5A1" box="[1010,1214,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chiridota heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can now be added to this list, and
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FDF2FD8EFCFBF67A" box="[572,867,524,550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Herdendorf, E., Thompson T. G., &amp; Evans R. D. (1995) Science on a deep-ocean shipwreck. Ohio Journal of Science 95 (1), 1 - 224." type="journal article">
Herdendorf
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FD00FD8EFC93F679" box="[718,779,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(1995)
</bibRefCitation>
list at least six genera (sponge,
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FB22FD8EFED1F611" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FB22FD8EFED1F611" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haliclona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; pogonophoran
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FDF7FDB6FD5DF611" box="[569,709,564,589]" class="Polychaeta" family="Siboglinidae" genus="Sclerolinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FDF7FDB6FD5DF611" box="[569,709,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sclerolinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; cephalopod
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FC5AFDB6FBACF611" box="[916,1076,564,589]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Octopodidae" genus="Benthoctopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Octopoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FC5AFDB6FBACF611" box="[916,1076,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Benthoctopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; barnacle
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FB13FDB6FEE3F629" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Arcoscalpellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pedunculata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FB13FDB6FEE3F629" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arcoscalpellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; crustaceans
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FD9AFDDEFD37F629" box="[596,687,604,629]" class="Malacostraca" family="Galatheidae" genus="Munida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FD9AFDDEFD37F629" box="[596,687,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Munida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp and
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FCD5FDDEFC3CF629" box="[795,932,604,629]" class="Malacostraca" family="Galatheidae" genus="Munidopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FCD5FDDEFC3CF629" box="[795,932,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Munidopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.) from the
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FBAEFDDEFAB2F629" box="[1120,1322,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C21FFD9FB09FDDEFAB2F629" box="[1223,1322,604,629]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
shipwreck that are also known from cold seep sites. The role of whale carcasses on the seabed as “islands” where chemosynthetic communities flourish, was discovered very recently (
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FEB9FD56FDC8F6B2" author="Smith" box="[375,592,724,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Smith, C. R., Kukert H., Wheatcroft R. A., Jumars P. A. &amp; Deming J. W. (1998) Vent fauna on whale remains. Nature, 341, 27 - 28." type="journal article" year="1998">Smith et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FD93FD56FCAEF6B2" author="Smith" box="[605,822,724,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Smith, C. R. &amp; Baco A. R. (2003) The ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 41, 311 - 354." type="journal article" year="2003">Smith et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Dead whales can apparently function as “stepping stones”, enabling the broad dispersal of certain chemosynthetic invertebrates to widely separated vents and seeps. The importance of anthropogenic substrates, such as wood blocks and the wooden wreckage of sunken vessels, as “stepping stones”, aiding in dispersal of cold seep animals, has yet to be accurately assessed for deep­sea invertebrates. The pioneering studies of
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FD8CFC1EFD78F7EA" author="Turner" box="[578,736,924,950]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Turner, R. D. (1973) Wood-boring bivalves, opportunistic species in the deep-sea. Science 180, 1377 - 1379." type="journal article" year="1973">Turner (1973</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FD20FC1EFCB3F7EA" author="Turner" box="[750,811,924,950]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Turner, R. D. (1977) Wood, mollusks, and deep-sea food chains. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. 1977, 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FCF4FC1EFCEEF7EA" author="Turner" box="[826,886,924,950]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Turner, R. D. (1981) &quot; Wood islands &quot; and &quot; thermal vents &quot; as centers of diverse communities in the deep-sea. Biologiya Morya, 7 (1), 3 - 10." type="journal article" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FC75FC1EFB3EF7EA" box="[955,1190,924,950]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Turner, R. D., Lutz R. A., Jablonski D. (1985) Modes of lolluscan larval development at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 6, 167 - 184." type="journal article">Turner et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
need to be followed by further investigations in the western Atlantic using wood blocks at ecologically important sites, such as immediately to the north of the Blake Ridge seep sites, in the Straits of Florida, and off the west coast of Florida.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55D5657C4C21FFD9FEF6FBBEFC9AF092" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C21FFD9FEF6FBBEFC9AF092" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FEF6FBBEFE42F00A" bold="true" box="[312,474,1084,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution:</emphasis>
Known from cold seeps on the Florida Escarpment in the eastern Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C21FFD9FEE6FBE6FE1DF022" box="[296,389,1124,1150]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
; cold seeps at the Blake Ridge, east of Savannah,
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C21FFD9FC1DFBE6FBADF022" box="[979,1077,1124,1150]" name="Georgia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Georgia</collectingCountry>
; wood blocks immediately south­east of
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C21FFD9FE33FB0EFD15F0FA" box="[509,653,1164,1190]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
; the wreck of the ship
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FC59FB0EFBC4F0F9" box="[919,1116,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Central
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C21FFD9FC37FB0EFBC4F0F9" box="[1017,1116,1164,1189]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">America</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
east of Savannah
<collectingCountry id="65D876674C21FFD9FEC6FB36FEF2F092" box="[264,362,1204,1230]" name="Georgia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Georgia</collectingCountry>
. Depth range 2,178–3,998 metres.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55D5657C4C21FFD9FEF6FB5EFC6EF1E2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C21FFD9FEF6FB5EFC6EF1E2" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FEF6FB5EFE27F0AA" bold="true" box="[312,447,1244,1270]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Etymology</emphasis>
: The species name,
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FD7CFB5EFC94F0A9" box="[690,780,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FD7CFB5EFC90F0A9" box="[690,776,1244,1269]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">heheva</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
is derived from the names of colleagues who kindly sent us material for study. The first syllable of the species name, “
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FBA8FA86FB05F141" box="[1126,1181,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">he­”</emphasis>
, is from Dr. Hecker. The second syllable, “
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FDB0FAAEFD01F119" box="[638,665,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">he</emphasis>
”, is from Dr. Herdendorf. The third syllable, “
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FB10FAAEFB62F119" box="[1246,1274,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">va</emphasis>
”, is from Dr. Van Dover. Coincidentally, the Polynesian (Tahitian) word “
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FB82FAD6FB07F131" box="[1100,1183,1364,1389]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FB82FAD6FB07F131" box="[1100,1183,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” refers to a dance. The slow and rhythmic movements of the feeding tentacles in this new species are strongly reminiscent of a Polynesian dancer’s hand movements.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55D5657C4C21FFD8FEF6FA4EFE1AF739" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C21FFD9FEF6FA4EFBE3F312" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FEF6FA4EFE2BF1BA" bold="true" box="[312,435,1484,1510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FE0BFA4EFD05F1B9" box="[453,669,1484,1509]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FE0BFA4EFD05F1B9" box="[453,669,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chiridota heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar in some respects to
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FB85FA4EFABBF1B9" box="[1099,1315,1484,1509]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hydrothermica">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FB85FA4EFABBF1B9" box="[1099,1315,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. hydrothermica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described by
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FE62FA76FD2BF252" box="[428,691,1524,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Smirnov, A. V., Gebruk A. V., Galkin S. V., &amp; Shank T. (2000) New species of holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from hydrothermal vent habitats. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 321 - 328." type="journal article">Smirnov et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
from hydrothermal vents in West and Southeastern Pacific. It agrees with
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FDEEF99EFD77F269" box="[544,751,1564,1589]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hydrothermica">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FDEEF99EFD77F269" box="[544,751,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. hydrothermica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the general characteristics of the wheel ossicles, in the morphology of the calcareous ring, and in the presence of numerous Polian vesicles. The two species differ consistently in color and, most importantly, in the structure of the tentacles. In life,
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FD9BF916FD51F2F1" box="[597,713,1684,1709]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FD9BF916FD51F2F1" box="[597,713,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is purplish or bluish, and the dark color is preserved in alcohol in the substantial body wall; also, the wheel papillae are very conspicuous as white spots against this dark­colored background, in living and preserved material. In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C21FFD9FEBBF88EFDDBF379" box="[373,579,1804,1829]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hydrothermica">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C21FFD9FEBBF88EFDDBF379" box="[373,579,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. hydrothermica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is “semi­transparent, grey­brownish.... The papillae are inconspicuous, their color is the same as the body” (
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C21FFD9FCE6F8B6FB83F312" author="Smirnov" box="[808,1051,1844,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" refString="Smirnov, A. V., Gebruk A. V., Galkin S. V., &amp; Shank T. (2000) New species of holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from hydrothermal vent habitats. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 321 - 328." type="journal article" year="2000">Smirnov et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
, p.322).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C20FFD8FEF6FE9EFD3CF58A" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Both species differ in the structure of the tentacles. The “ventral gap” between two ventral tentacles noted for
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FD8EFEC6FC95F501" box="[576,781,324,349]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hydrothermica">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FD8EFEC6FC95F501" box="[576,781,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. hydrothermica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not exist in
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FC14FEC6FBD7F501" box="[986,1103,324,349]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FC14FEC6FBD7F501" box="[986,1103,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FB45FEC6FA98F501" box="[1163,1280,324,349]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FB45FEC6FA98F501" box="[1163,1280,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the digits are always distinct and conspicuous, while in
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FCB1FEEEFBD7F5D9" box="[895,1103,364,389]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hydrothermica">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FCB1FEEEFBD7F5D9" box="[895,1103,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. hydrothermica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the “tentacle processes are fused along their length, giving the tentacles a lobe­like shape with a wavy margin” (
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C20FFD8FE84FE3EFDA6F58A" author="Smirnov" box="[330,574,444,470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11" refString="Smirnov, A. V., Gebruk A. V., Galkin S. V., &amp; Shank T. (2000) New species of holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from hydrothermal vent habitats. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 321 - 328." type="journal article" year="2000">Smirnov et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
, p. 322).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C20FFD8FEF6FE66FE09F69A" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Another abyssal species,
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FDAEFE66FC31F5A2" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[608,937,484,510]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FDAEFE66FC86F5A1" box="[608,798,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chiridota laevis</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
, is known from the North Atlantic and North Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C20FFD8FDC3FD8EFD07F67A" author="Clark" box="[525,671,524,550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Clark, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 35, 1 - 231." type="journal article" year="1908">Clark, 1908</bibRefCitation>
). It differs from
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FCA4FD8EFC78F679" box="[874,992,524,549]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FCA4FD8EFC78F679" box="[874,992,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in color, being described as “pinkish, pinkish brown, greyish or yellowish (
<bibRefCitation id="795E4B064C20FFD8FCE0FDB6FC2EF612" author="Clark" box="[814,950,564,590]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Clark, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 35, 1 - 231." type="journal article" year="1908">Clark,1908</bibRefCitation>
), and in its preferred habitat. In addition, as is typical in most
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FD4BFDDEFD6FF629" box="[645,759,604,629]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FD4BFDDEFD6FF629" box="[645,759,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chiridota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, the anterior projections of the radial pieces of the calcareous ring in
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FDB5FD06FD79F6C1" box="[635,737,644,669]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FDB5FD06FD79F6C1" box="[635,737,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are perforated for passage of the radial nerve (see
<figureCitation id="85F42A724C20FFD8FEC6FD2EFEF2F69A" box="[264,362,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,312,1487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169038/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D7036F74C20FFD8FEF6FD56FE1AF739" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In light of the unique structure of the calcareous ring and tentacles, it might be desirable to erect a new genus for
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FDADFD7EFCAAF749" box="[611,818,764,789]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hydrothermica">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FDADFD7EFCAAF749" box="[611,818,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. hydrothermica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FCA4FD7EFC78F749" box="[874,992,764,789]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="heheva">
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FCA4FD7EFC78F749" box="[874,992,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. heheva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This should be considered only after a comprehensive review of all deep­sea species currently referred to the genus
<emphasis id="2FBBEAE54C20FFD8FEC6FCCEFE1AF739" box="[264,386,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="DACF4D744C20FFD8FEC6FCCEFEE6F739" box="[264,382,844,869]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Chiridotidae" genus="Chiridota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Chiridota</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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