200 lines
21 KiB
XML
200 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="8660A548FF9AE468CD969154C2B255C3" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFD0FFD1FF02F9C8EE31F72D" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Capreolus pygargus" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="428" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="428" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="D87AF140F55FF51F2891DA69BB86D525" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="7F71B5D38941CBAD4DDDA25B001FE22C">
|
||
<mods:title id="6D537DB8A369ABAE5DB22504675A82FC">Cervidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="38B9D6F8C3A1F0A92BD68E70CCF88C68" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="69CF3FB94A4A9AB4FA04B595AC41EDFA">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="20B96CA91A89C48884FE22C08CA6010C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="CC05D42EBD88EECE5902E1A31CF3F310">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="DA4EF56F18BEFE4E8AEBADD5DE381948" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="B8ADDB9139B915F57DB8659D73E7BB80">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="5DAA4ED5F1D6E8CEEE4A74632AC74A87">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="16B2FE4BFCD7BB64198513240CC7067B">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="4C5AAE6035540F317332D2BAE3C8D039">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="77E92179EA63DE010E45E0E5E1E54061" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="92F10156C20B5E7B8964DE4E41E525DA">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="DFF188FDB44686320CDEE90B16BB3CC2">2011</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="0952105B92BEE0F4A965B44EAD604626" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="3A2DE3E54177E02A313323425863A80B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="02AA03E03D0F78937784E25338EE6484">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="8FF080244B64BFA5BC75E74E9D2585EF">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="FDFC266D3BA33D55EDC09623D82115A1">
|
||
<mods:title id="4FBE22A56B25D2204EE085360BF3517B">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="E86401B25C9B648B0D9581843A511C48">
|
||
<mods:extent id="36BB40AA0F6C047C41D6800814FE93E2" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="A1F0337DED44D61ADAA79F2A73054F65">350</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="AD3B9784143AE11C0360382704420703">443</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="B62497727C0ED4B29F5945B0D8EC4E3F">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="A7785F9EF55DEB739413123897179896" type="CLB-Dataset">58517</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="791FA2A649D05DF7BC4335AEC44DF7E6" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5B6497DDD4AB3E09885C679B5DCDE319" type="GBIF-Dataset">58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="FA640E06C33E279D838B8FDC1603DAD9" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5CAC2650CD09EFEF2E29CD7AF246F16A" type="Zenodo-Dep">6514377</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03A087C4FFD0FFD1FF02F9C8EE31F72D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514549" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514549" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFD0FFD1FF02F9C8EE31F72D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFD0FFD1FF02F9C8EE31F72D" lastPageNumber="428" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FF02F9C8E73CF954" box="[201,257,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FF02F9C8E73CF954" blockId="21.[198,1057,1663,1787]" box="[201,257,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFD0FFD1FF02F9C8E73CF954" box="[201,257,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A57FFD0FFD1FF02F9C8E73CF954" box="[201,257,1663,1709]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="18.[143,175,3415,3436]" captionTargetBox="[12,2817,15,3634]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="On followmg pages 30 Barasıngha (Huoervus duvıuoelıı) 31 Chınose Water Deer (Hydroporos ınermısl 32 Western Roe Deer (Capreolus aıpmolus), 33 Eastern Roe Deer (Capraolus pyyaryus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6554882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6554882/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">33.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FED9F9C8E4BFF954" box="[274,642,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FED9F9C8E4BFF954" blockId="21.[198,1057,1663,1787]" box="[274,642,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFD0FFD1FED9F9C8E4BFF954" box="[274,642,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFD0FFD1FED9F9C8E4BFF954" box="[274,642,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Eastern Roe Deer</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FD01F9C8E21DF954" box="[714,1056,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FD01F9C8E21DF954" blockId="21.[198,1057,1663,1787]" box="[714,1056,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFD0FFD1FD01F9C8E21DF954" box="[714,1056,1663,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFD0FFD1FD01F9C8E21DF954" ID-CoL="QSF4" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[714,1056,1663,1709]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Capreolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygargus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FD01F9C8E21DF954" box="[714,1056,1663,1709]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Capreolus pygargus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FF03F908E441F902" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FF03F908E237F92D" blockId="21.[198,1057,1663,1787]" box="[200,1034,1727,1748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFD0FFD1FF03F908E237F92D" box="[200,1034,1727,1748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FF03F908E729F92D" bold="true" box="[200,276,1727,1748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFD0FFD1FED6F908E7D8F92D" box="[285,485,1727,1748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Chevreuil de Sibérie</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FE31F908E468F92D" bold="true" box="[506,597,1727,1748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFD0FFD1FD94F908E4CAF92D" box="[607,759,1727,1748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Sibirisches Reh</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FCC6F908E555F92D" bold="true" box="[781,872,1727,1748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFD0FFD1FCBAF908E237F92D" box="[881,1034,1727,1748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFD0FFD1FCBAF908E594F92D" box="[881,937,1727,1748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Corzo</vernacularName>
|
||
siberiano
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FF0CF951E441F902" blockId="21.[198,1057,1663,1787]" box="[199,636,1766,1787]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFD0FFD1FF0CF951E441F902" box="[199,636,1766,1787]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FF0CF951E780F902" bold="true" box="[199,445,1766,1787]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFD0FFD1FE0CF951E441F902" box="[455,636,1766,1787]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Siberian Roe Deer</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FF0DF89EE4D2F8B3" box="[198,751,1833,1866]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FF0DF89EE4D2F8B3" blockId="21.[197,1401,1833,2268]" box="[198,751,1833,1866]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FF0DF89EE75CF8B3" bold="true" box="[198,353,1833,1866]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFD0FFD1FEBBF89EE4D7F8B3" authority="Pallas, 1771" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1771" box="[368,746,1833,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygargus">Cervus pygargus Pallas, 1771</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FD30F89EE32FF8B3" box="[763,1298,1833,1866]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FD30F89EE32FF8B3" blockId="21.[197,1401,1833,2268]" box="[763,1298,1833,1866]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFD0FFD1FD30F89EE32FF8B3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196317" box="[763,1298,1833,1866]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
river Sok, Trans-Volga region (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD0FFD1FB6DF89EE338F8B3" box="[1190,1285,1833,1866]" name="Russia" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FF03F8E7E4FEF888" box="[200,707,1872,1905]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FF03F8E7E4FEF888" blockId="21.[197,1401,1833,2268]" box="[200,707,1872,1905]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Here two subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FF0CF8CBE7C0F7F6" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="DF76665AFFD0FFD1FF0CF8CBE7C0F7F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514505" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514505/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" targetBox="[1470,2063,268,684]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FF0CF8CBE46BF860" blockId="21.[197,1401,1833,2268]" box="[199,598,1916,1945]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FF0CF8CBE46BF860" bold="true" box="[199,598,1916,1945]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FF01F828E2DEF839" blockId="21.[197,1401,1833,2268]" box="[202,1251,1951,1984]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFD0FFD1FF01F828E2DEF839" authority="Pallas, 1771" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1771" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[202,1251,1951,1984]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Capreolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pygargus" subSpecies="pygargus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD0FFD1FF01F828E2DEF839" box="[202,1251,1951,1984]" name="Russia" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">C.p.pygargusPallas,1771—fromEuropeanRussiatoCSiberiaandYakutia.</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FF01F878E7C0F7F6" blockId="21.[197,1401,1833,2268]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFD0FFD1FF01F878E4BAF811" authority="Satunin, 1906" authorityName="Satunin" authorityYear="1906" box="[202,647,1999,2024]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Capreolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pygargus" subSpecies="tianschanicus">C. p. tianschanicus Satunin, 1906</taxonomicName>
|
||
— from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD0FFD1FD32F878E5ABF811" box="[761,918,1999,2024]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
to SE Siberia, C & NE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD0FFD1FB16F878E30FF811" box="[1245,1330,1999,2024]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the Korean Peninsula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FF0DF7AEE0B7FD2F" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FF0DF7AEE0B7FD2F" blockId="21.[197,1401,1833,2268]" lastBlockId="21.[1469,2673,701,2260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FF0DF7AEE7FEF7CF" bold="true" box="[198,451,2073,2102]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head body 125-145 cm, tail 2-4 cm, shoulder height 82-94 cm; weight 35-50 kg for males (adult bucks) and 32-47 kg for females (adult does). The heaviest animals are found in the Urals, Altai Mountains, and Yakutia (bucks up to 60-65 kg); the smallest possibly in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD0FFD1FD75F738E529F755" box="[702,788,2191,2220]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is a relatively large roe deer, with mostly uniform coat coloration. Facial markings are generally absent and the metatarsal glands are the same color as the legs. The antlers, which average 28-33 cm long on average in adult bucks, are well spread apart at the tips, but the pedicles are farther apart than in the Western Roe Deer (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFD0FFD1F7FEFE7EEEE7FE13" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2101,2266,457,490]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capreolus">C. capreolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The winter coat is gray or, in southern populations, graysh-brown, with a white rump patch. The summer coatis reddish. The molts occur in spring and autumn. Newborn fawns are spotted. The karyotype exhibits 1-14 additional Bchromosomes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FA74FD6BEFDDFC8A" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FA74FD6BEFDDFC8A" blockId="21.[1469,2673,701,2260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FA74FD6BE013FD04" bold="true" box="[1471,1582,732,765]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Eastern Roe Deerlive in forests with clearings and in treeless steppes with tall grass. They are particularly adapted to severe weather, tolerating temperatures from —60°C (Siberia) to more than 40°C (Central Asia). They occur up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFD0FFD1F6B6FC98EFDFFCB5" box="[2429,2530,815,844]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="3300.0">3300 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level on mountain ranges. Snow depth more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFD0FFD1F748FCE5EEEBFC8A" box="[2179,2262,850,883]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
is a limiting factor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FA74FCCEEF48FC3B" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FA74FCCEEF48FC3B" blockId="21.[1469,2673,701,2260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FA74FCCEE0FBFC63" bold="true" box="[1471,1734,889,922]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
As browsers, roe deer prefer herbaceous dycotyledons and woody species. In winter they feed on twigs, dry herbs, mosses, and lichens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FA74FC7FE11AFA38" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FA74FC7FE11AFA38" blockId="21.[1469,2673,701,2260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FA74FC7FE078FC10" bold="true" box="[1471,1605,968,1001]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Females attain puberty at about one year of age. Males tend to begin to reproduce by two or three years of age. Rut takes place in August and September. Females are described by Russian scientists as polyestrous, contrary to Western Roe Deer. They exhibit an embryonic diapause, with the implantation occurring in earlyJanuary. Around June, does typically give birth to two fawns weighing 1.8-2.
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFD0FFD1F65EFBD2EFE7FB7F" box="[2453,2522,1125,1158]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" unit="kg" value="2.0">2 kg</quantity>
|
||
. Newborn fawns suckle within 30 minutes after birth and walk within 40 minutes. For the first two days they remain hidden in vegetation and if disturbed they tend to freeze. Fawns begin to experiment eating plants when they are 5-10 days old, but continue to nurse for 4-5 months. Eastern Roe Deer live a maximum of 11-12 years. The main predators are Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) and Eurasian Lynxes (Lynx lynx); in some areas they are also preyed upon by Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) and Siberian Tigers (Panthera tigris). Natural mortality due to climatic factors (frigid temperature, snowy winters) may affect population dynamics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FA76FA70E12CF9CE" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FA76FA70E12CF9CE" blockId="21.[1469,2673,701,2260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FA76FA70E094FA11" bold="true" box="[1469,1705,1479,1512]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Eastern Roe Deer are active all day, alternating bouts of feeding, ruminating, resting, and moving, at least 4-7 times in 24 hours. Animals are particularly active at dusk and dawn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FA74F98AEFAAF860" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FA74F98AEFAAF860" blockId="21.[1469,2673,701,2260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FA74F98AEEB4F9A7" bold="true" box="[1471,2185,1597,1630]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
It is saltatorial and cursorial with low endurance. Annual home ranges can be 1-5 km?®, but in some less productive regions can reach 10-15 km?In the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFD0FFD1F80FF927EE44F954" box="[1988,2169,1680,1709]" country="Russia" name="Amur" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Amur region</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Siberian Far East, annual mass migrations of 100-300 km (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFD0FFD1F845F904E1C9F92D" box="[1934,2036,1715,1748]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" unit="km" value="500.0">500 km</quantity>
|
||
) occur to avoid deep snow and reach productive habitats. The migrations to winter quarters in September—October can take up to 40 days; the return usually takes place in March-April. Roe deer are solitary or weakly social, forming small matrilinear groups in autumn and winter with an adult doe as a leader. Mass migrations are conducted by family groups aggregated into large herds. Adult bucks are solitary and territorial during late spring and summer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FA74F828EF0AF77C" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FA74F828EF0AF77C" blockId="21.[1469,2673,701,2260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FA74F828E11EF839" bold="true" box="[1471,1827,1951,1984]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List but decreasing. Although it is still widespread,it is declining due to overhunting. Formerly its range extended to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD0FFD1F93AF859E165F7F6" box="[1777,1880,2030,2063]" name="Belarus" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Belarus</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD0FFD1F854F859EE2EF7F6" box="[1951,2067,2030,2063]" name="Ukraine" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
. During the 19" century it was subjected to particularly heavy hunting pressure in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD0FFD1F82BF7A2EE05F7CF" box="[2016,2104,2069,2102]" name="Russia" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and half a million were killed annually. Illegal hunting for meat and antlers is still frequent in Siberia. Logging and poaching are threatening the populations living in the Korean Peninsula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD0FFD1FA0BF724EE31F72D" pageId="21" pageNumber="428" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD0FFD1FA0BF724EE31F72D" blockId="21.[1469,2673,701,2260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD0FFD1FA0BF724E064F755" bold="true" box="[1472,1625,2195,2220]" pageId="21" pageNumber="428">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baskin & Danell (2003), Danilkin (1995, 1999), Danilkin & Hewison (1996), Randi et al. (1998), Sokolov & Gromov (1990), Xiao Chaoting et al. (2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |