363 lines
40 KiB
XML
363 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1119-181" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7BEC9D7178D25AB881401B2E2C58B1B1" ID-ZooBank="A258BC8E872546229FC9A0701B2EBA54" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1119-181" checkinTime="1662145656937" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Somrup, Supannee, Sangsawang, Akkarasiri, McMillan, Nichanun, Winitchai, Supanida, Inthoncharoen, Jitti, Liu, Shikai & Muangmai, Narongrit" docDate="2022" docId="276D0C71F257518E8D924712918FC7B7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1119: 181-195" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1119" docPubDate="2022-09-02" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724" docTitle="Pinctada phuketensis Somrup, Sangsawang, Liu & Muangmai 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="7B7B55A0-F42A-4067-8966-54F5B2A4ECD4" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="7BEC9D7178D25AB881401B2E2C58B1B1" lastPageNumber="181" masterDocId="7BEC9D7178D25AB881401B2E2C58B1B1" masterDocTitle="Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. (Bivalvia, Ostreida, Margaritidae), a new pearl oyster species from Phuket, western coast of Thailand" masterLastPageNumber="195" masterPageNumber="181" pageNumber="181" updateTime="1662145656937" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. (Bivalvia, Ostreida, Margaritidae), a new pearl oyster species from Phuket, western coast of Thailand</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Somrup, Supannee</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3217-098X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China & Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sangsawang, Akkarasiri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ffisais@ku.ac.th</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McMillan, Nichanun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Winitchai, Supanida</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Inthoncharoen, Jitti</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liu, Shikai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5777-489X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">liushk@ouc.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Muangmai, Narongrit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7954-7348</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand & Phuket Pearl Industry, Co. Ltd., Phuket 83000, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ffisnrm@ku.ac.th</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-09-02</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1119</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>181</mods:start>
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<mods:end>195</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1119-181</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A258BC8E872546229FC9A0701B2EBA54</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7BEC9D7178D25AB881401B2E2C58B1B1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7B7B55A0-F42A-4067-8966-54F5B2A4ECD4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/276D0C71F257518E8D924712918FC7B7" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="181" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/7B7B55A0-F42A-4067-8966-54F5B2A4ECD4" authority="Somrup, Sangsawang, Liu & Muangmai" authorityName="Somrup, Sangsawang, Liu & Muangmai" authorityYear="2022" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada phuketensis" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phuketensis" status="sp. nov.">Pinctada phuketensis Somrup, Sangsawang, Liu & Muangmai</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="181">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="181" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shell of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. from Dok Mai Island, Phuket, Thailand. External and internal views of left and right valves A paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1204 (NMR 077) (scale bar: 5 cm) B holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMRA 079) C paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1205 (NMR 078) (scale bar: 4 cm). Abbreviations: LV, left valve; RV, right valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738220" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Right valve of holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMR 079), of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad. m, adductor muscle scar; ant. a, anterior auricle; by. n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn. b, non-nacreous border; post. a, posterior auricle; um, umbo." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. External view of the soft body parts of adult Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. A and close-up view of overall of byssus B. Scale bars: 4 cm (A); 2 cm (B). Abbreviations: au, auricle; by, byssus; mm, mantle margin; pam, posterior adductor muscle; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; vm, visceral mass." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738222" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">, 3</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="181" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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Dok Mai Island, Phuket Province, Thailand,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="47.84" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="7.7973332">7°47.84'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="31.84" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="98.53067">98°31.84'E</geoCoordinate>
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, at 5-10 m depth.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="181" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: KUMF.MOLL.1206 (NMR079) (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shell of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. from Dok Mai Island, Phuket, Thailand. External and internal views of left and right valves A paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1204 (NMR 077) (scale bar: 5 cm) B holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMRA 079) C paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1205 (NMR 078) (scale bar: 4 cm). Abbreviations: LV, left valve; RV, right valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738220" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">1B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Right valve of holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMR 079), of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad. m, adductor muscle scar; ant. a, anterior auricle; by. n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn. b, non-nacreous border; post. a, posterior auricle; um, umbo." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">2</figureCitation>
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),
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<date value="2021-08-10">10 August 2021</date>
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, collected by SCUBA diving.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<specimenCount type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
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, KUMF.MOLL.1204 (NMR077) (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shell of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. from Dok Mai Island, Phuket, Thailand. External and internal views of left and right valves A paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1204 (NMR 077) (scale bar: 5 cm) B holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMRA 079) C paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1205 (NMR 078) (scale bar: 4 cm). Abbreviations: LV, left valve; RV, right valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738220" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">1A</figureCitation>
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) and KUMF.MOLL.1205 (NMR078) (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shell of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. from Dok Mai Island, Phuket, Thailand. External and internal views of left and right valves A paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1204 (NMR 077) (scale bar: 5 cm) B holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMRA 079) C paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1205 (NMR 078) (scale bar: 4 cm). Abbreviations: LV, left valve; RV, right valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738220" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">1C</figureCitation>
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),
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<date value="2021-08-10">10 August 2021</date>
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, collected by SCUBA diving.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Non-type material.</emphasis>
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KUMF.MOLL.1201-KUMF.MOLL.1203,
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<date value="2022-02-05">5 February 2022</date>
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, collected by SCUBA diving. All examined specimens were collected from the type locality by S. Somrup.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738220" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Shell of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Somrup, Sangsawang, Liu & Muangmai" authorityYear="2022" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada phuketensis" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phuketensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada phuketensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. from Dok Mai Island,
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Phuket">Phuket</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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. External and internal views of left and right valves
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">A</emphasis>
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<typeStatus>paratype</typeStatus>
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, KUMF.MOLL.1204 (NMR077) (scale bar:
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">B</emphasis>
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<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
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, KUMF.MOLL.1206 (NMRA079)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">C</emphasis>
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<typeStatus>paratype</typeStatus>
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, KUMF.MOLL.1205 (NMR078) (scale bar:
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
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). Abbreviations: LV, left valve; RV, right valve.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="181" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Shell is anteriorly oblique, inequilateral, laterally compressed, and subcircular to quadrate in outline. Byssal notch is small, narrow and slit-like. Hinge teeth are absent. Adductor muscle scar is kidney- or bean-shaped with the distal extremities of the posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle scar inserted into the concavity on its anterior border. The non-nacreous border is relatively pale to transparent, with few dark brown or black blotches.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="181" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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Holotype, KUMF.MOLL.1206 (NMR079), specimen is approximately 60.4 mm height, 53.1 mm length, 23.1 mm depth, and 22.9 mm width (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shell of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. from Dok Mai Island, Phuket, Thailand. External and internal views of left and right valves A paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1204 (NMR 077) (scale bar: 5 cm) B holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMRA 079) C paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1205 (NMR 078) (scale bar: 4 cm). Abbreviations: LV, left valve; RV, right valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738220" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">1B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Right valve of holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMR 079), of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad. m, adductor muscle scar; ant. a, anterior auricle; by. n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn. b, non-nacreous border; post. a, posterior auricle; um, umbo." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">2</figureCitation>
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). Paratypes, KUMF.MOLL.1204 (NMR077) and KUMF.MOLL.1205 (NMR078), 53 and 78 mm height, 46 and 75 length mm, 8.3 and 43.7 mm depth, and 38.5 and 54 mm width (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shell of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. from Dok Mai Island, Phuket, Thailand. External and internal views of left and right valves A paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1204 (NMR 077) (scale bar: 5 cm) B holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMRA 079) C paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1205 (NMR 078) (scale bar: 4 cm). Abbreviations: LV, left valve; RV, right valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738220" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">1A, C</figureCitation>
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), respectively.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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Right valve of holotype, KUMF.MOLL.1206 (NMR079), of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Somrup, Sangsawang, Liu & Muangmai" authorityYear="2022" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada phuketensis" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phuketensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada phuketensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad.m, adductor muscle scar; ant.a, anterior auricle; by.n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn.b, non-nacreous border; post.a, posterior auricle; um, umbo.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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The shell is rather thin and small. The shell height, which does not exceed 80 mm, is slightly greater than the length (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shell of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. from Dok Mai Island, Phuket, Thailand. External and internal views of left and right valves A paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1204 (NMR 077) (scale bar: 5 cm) B holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMRA 079) C paratype, KUMF. MOLL. 1205 (NMR 078) (scale bar: 4 cm). Abbreviations: LV, left valve; RV, right valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738220" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Right valve of holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMR 079), of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad. m, adductor muscle scar; ant. a, anterior auricle; by. n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn. b, non-nacreous border; post. a, posterior auricle; um, umbo." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">2</figureCitation>
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). The shell convexity is moderate, with the left valve more convex than the right valve. The exterior surface of the shell (both valves) is typically dark greyish brown or green, crossed radially by alternating brownish black and lighter colored stripes. The non-nacreous margin has white porcelaneous patches, generally alternating with irregular, dark brown or black blotches and corresponding to the external coloration pattern. Growth processes on the outer surface of valves are small, flattened and brittle imbricating concentric scales which bear slender spines projecting radially towards the edge of the shell (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Right valve of holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMR 079), of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad. m, adductor muscle scar; ant. a, anterior auricle; by. n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn. b, non-nacreous border; post. a, posterior auricle; um, umbo." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">2</figureCitation>
|
|
). The posterior border is either small or absent from the posterior auricle. The dorsal margin is slightly curved and the umbonal area is low. Ridges on the back are high and obtuse, running from the umbo to the back end, with two faint secondary ridges (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Right valve of holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMR 079), of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad. m, adductor muscle scar; ant. a, anterior auricle; by. n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn. b, non-nacreous border; post. a, posterior auricle; um, umbo." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">2</figureCitation>
|
|
). The dark ligament is strong on the hinge line. Ligament is narrow, about 3/4 of hinge and elongation. The hinge line is straight, long and slightly shorter than the antero-posterior axis of the shell, with a ratio of 1:1.35 (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Right valve of holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMR 079), of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad. m, adductor muscle scar; ant. a, anterior auricle; by. n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn. b, non-nacreous border; post. a, posterior auricle; um, umbo." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">2</figureCitation>
|
|
). Hinge teeth are absent in the left valve and right valve (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Right valve of holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMR 079), of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad. m, adductor muscle scar; ant. a, anterior auricle; by. n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn. b, non-nacreous border; post. a, posterior auricle; um, umbo." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">2</figureCitation>
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|
). The adductor muscle scar is kidney- or bean-shaped and clearly visible on the left valve. The right valve shows a larger attainment point scar on the shell. Scars on the back of the adductor muscle are very small. The anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle scars are asymmetrical (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Right valve of holotype, KUMF. MOLL. 1206 (NMR 079), of Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov., showing shell shape and structures. Abbreviations: ad. m, adductor muscle scar; ant. a, anterior auricle; by. n, byssal notch; hl, hinge line; lig, ligament; na, nacreous; nn. b, non-nacreous border; post. a, posterior auricle; um, umbo." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738221" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">2</figureCitation>
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). This structure is formed of individual byssal thread strands and extends ventrally and laterally from the base of the byssal groove to the short foot.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
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For the soft body, the foot is a tongue-shaped organ located in the dorsal-anterior region of body, between the mouth and the byssus (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. External view of the soft body parts of adult Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. A and close-up view of overall of byssus B. Scale bars: 4 cm (A); 2 cm (B). Abbreviations: au, auricle; by, byssus; mm, mantle margin; pam, posterior adductor muscle; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; vm, visceral mass." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738222" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">3A</figureCitation>
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|
). Byssus threads are dark green with thickened stalk (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. External view of the soft body parts of adult Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. A and close-up view of overall of byssus B. Scale bars: 4 cm (A); 2 cm (B). Abbreviations: au, auricle; by, byssus; mm, mantle margin; pam, posterior adductor muscle; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; vm, visceral mass." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738222" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">3B</figureCitation>
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). Visceral mass is yellow and roughly half the size of its shell. It is ventral to the hinge and connected to the posterior adductor. The visceral mass contains digestive glands and gonad tissue. The heart is located posterior to the visceral mass, and consists of ventricle and auricles. Mantle margin is translucent dark, occupying most of the area between valves and extending from the hinge line (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. External view of the soft body parts of adult Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. A and close-up view of overall of byssus B. Scale bars: 4 cm (A); 2 cm (B). Abbreviations: au, auricle; by, byssus; mm, mantle margin; pam, posterior adductor muscle; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; vm, visceral mass." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738222" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">3A</figureCitation>
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|
). The color of the mantle margin is dark, corresponding to the internal non-nacreous shell, which has blotches or streaks of dark pigment. The posterior adductor muscle is large, kidney- or bean-like in outline and located slightly posterior to the visceral mass and attached to each valve (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. External view of the soft body parts of adult Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. A and close-up view of overall of byssus B. Scale bars: 4 cm (A); 2 cm (B). Abbreviations: au, auricle; by, byssus; mm, mantle margin; pam, posterior adductor muscle; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; vm, visceral mass." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738222" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">3A</figureCitation>
|
|
). The posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles are adjacent to the posterior adductor muscle and frequently inserted into its concave anterior border (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. External view of the soft body parts of adult Pinctada phuketensis sp. nov. A and close-up view of overall of byssus B. Scale bars: 4 cm (A); 2 cm (B). Abbreviations: au, auricle; by, byssus; mm, mantle margin; pam, posterior adductor muscle; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; vm, visceral mass." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738222" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">3A</figureCitation>
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|
).
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</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738222" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
|
External view of the soft body parts of adult
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Somrup, Sangsawang, Liu & Muangmai" authorityYear="2022" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada phuketensis" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phuketensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada phuketensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov.
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">A</emphasis>
|
|
and close-up view of overall of byssus
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">B</emphasis>
|
|
. Scale bars: 4 cm (
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">A</emphasis>
|
|
); 2 cm (
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">B</emphasis>
|
|
). Abbreviations: au, auricle; by, byssus; mm, mantle margin; pam, posterior adductor muscle; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; vm, visceral mass.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="181" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">The specific epithet refers to the locality of Phuket Island, where this species was found.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="181" type="phylogenetic analyses">
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Phylogenetic analyses.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
|
|
Partial sequences of COI, 18S rDNA, ITS1, and ITS2 of recently collected
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
samples were successfully generated in this study. All sequences of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phuketensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="phuketensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. phuketensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
were identical for COI and 18S rDNA, and nearly identical for ITS1 (0.1-0.9% pairwise difference) and ITS2 (0.1-0.8% pairwise difference) but differed from sequences from other
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species by at least 7% for COI, 0.2% for 18S rDNA, 2% for ITS1 and 1% for ITS2.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
|
|
The COI-based phylogenetic trees obtained by ML and BI analyses were topologically similar, and only the ML tree is shown (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Maximum likelihood tree (- In L 4923.702) of partial COI sequences. Sequences of Pinctada specimens generated in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values are bootstrap / posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate bootstrap (ML) value of 100 % and posterior probability (BI) value of 1.00. Values <50 % ML bootstrap and <0.90 posterior probability are not shown. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses. After the registration number or species name. Results of three species delimitation methods, namely GMYC model (blue column), bPTP (red column) and ASAP (yellow column), are indicated at the right edge of the tree." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738223" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">4</figureCitation>
|
|
). The ML analyses indicated that all COI sequences of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phuketensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="phuketensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. phuketensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. formed a monophyletic group.
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Somrup, Sangsawang, Liu & Muangmai" authorityYear="2022" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada phuketensis" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phuketensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada phuketensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. was clearly phylogenetically distinguished from other species with high support (ML = 96%, BI = 1.00), and was sister to
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. albina" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="albina">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. albina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Japan (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Maximum likelihood tree (- In L 4923.702) of partial COI sequences. Sequences of Pinctada specimens generated in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values are bootstrap / posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate bootstrap (ML) value of 100 % and posterior probability (BI) value of 1.00. Values <50 % ML bootstrap and <0.90 posterior probability are not shown. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses. After the registration number or species name. Results of three species delimitation methods, namely GMYC model (blue column), bPTP (red column) and ASAP (yellow column), are indicated at the right edge of the tree." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738223" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">4</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738223" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
|
Maximum likelihood tree (-In L 4923.702) of partial COI sequences. Sequences of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimens generated in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values are bootstrap/posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate bootstrap (ML) value of 100% and posterior probability (BI) value of 1.00. Values <50% ML bootstrap and <0.90 posterior probability are not shown. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses. After the registration number or species name. Results of three species delimitation methods, namely GMYC model (blue column), bPTP (red column) and ASAP (yellow column), are indicated at the right edge of the tree.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
|
|
Additionally, phylogenetic analyses based on partial 18S rDNA sequences using ML and BI methods were highly congruent (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Maximum likelihood tree (- In L 3134.144) of 18 S rDNA sequences. Sequences of Pinctada specimens generated in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values are bootstrap / posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate bootstrap (ML) value of 100 % and posterior probability (BI) value of 1.00. Values <50 % ML bootstrap and <0.90 posterior probability are not shown. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses after the registration number or species name." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738224" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">5</figureCitation>
|
|
). The ML tree supported the monophyly of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phukentensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="phukentensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. phukentensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov., and a close relationship between
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phuketensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="phuketensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. phuketensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. and two other
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species, namely
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. albina" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="albina">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. albina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. nigra" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. nigra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, with high bootstrap value (ML = 100%, BI = 1.00) (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Maximum likelihood tree (- In L 3134.144) of 18 S rDNA sequences. Sequences of Pinctada specimens generated in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values are bootstrap / posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate bootstrap (ML) value of 100 % and posterior probability (BI) value of 1.00. Values <50 % ML bootstrap and <0.90 posterior probability are not shown. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses after the registration number or species name." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738224" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">5</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738224" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
|
Maximum likelihood tree (-In L 3134.144) of 18S rDNA sequences. Sequences of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimens generated in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values are bootstrap/posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate bootstrap (ML) value of 100% and posterior probability (BI) value of 1.00. Values <50% ML bootstrap and <0.90 posterior probability are not shown. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses after the registration number or species name.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
|
|
Similarly, the phylogenetic relationships constructed by ML and BI methods based on the concatenated ITS1 and ITS 2 data set showed very similar topologies (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Maximum likelihood tree (- In L 4787.958) of combined ITS 1 and ITS 2 sequences. Sequences of Pinctada specimens generated in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values are bootstrap / posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate bootstrap (ML) value of 100 % and posterior probability (BI) value of 1.00. Values <50 % ML bootstrap and <0.90 posterior probability are not shown." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738225" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">6</figureCitation>
|
|
). All sequences of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phukentensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="phukentensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. phukentensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. formed a well-supported clade, and this clade was grouped with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. albina" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="albina">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. albina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Australia and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. nigra" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">P. nigra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from China with high support (ML = 99%, BI = 1.00) (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Maximum likelihood tree (- In L 4787.958) of combined ITS 1 and ITS 2 sequences. Sequences of Pinctada specimens generated in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values are bootstrap / posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate bootstrap (ML) value of 100 % and posterior probability (BI) value of 1.00. Values <50 % ML bootstrap and <0.90 posterior probability are not shown." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738225" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">6</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.87724.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/738225" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="181">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
|
Maximum likelihood tree (-In L 4787.958) of combined ITS 1 and ITS 2 sequences. Sequences of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pinctada" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinctada" order="Pterioida" pageId="0" pageNumber="181" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="181">Pinctada</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimens generated in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values are bootstrap/posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate bootstrap (ML) value of 100% and posterior probability (BI) value of 1.00. Values <50% ML bootstrap and <0.90 posterior probability are not shown.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |