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<document id="2679CE19B46F809379D971D60AA7FFFE" ID-CLB-Dataset="8606" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4840.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8389bc68-68da-4a1e-b8ed-b2b65f252a5e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4405544" ID-ZooBank="56993BCA-1A3E-415E-A765-0D55AB3E7A97" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1609417657697" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bratt, Albertus D., Knutson, Lloyd V., Murphy, William L. &amp; Daniels, Anthony A." docDate="2020" docId="7170D74F6A15FFC0FF4FFE3A8DEADB8D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4840.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4840 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Colobaea deemingi Knutson &amp; Bratt 2020, n. sp." docType="treatment" docUuid="74A30FB6-7B02-45CE-B1C2-0A1C667AA670" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="8D49AF376A02FFD7FFD8FFA88E25DC18" masterDocTitle="Biology, immature stages, and systematics of snail-killing flies of the genus Colobaea (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), with overviews of aspects of the tribe Sciomyzini" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1698850318372" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A3920CCD20FA9178DBAC7405B97C2FF8">Biology, immature stages, and systematics of snail-killing flies of the genus Colobaea (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), with overviews of aspects of the tribe Sciomyzini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8DEB53D6E418BB14FF10FF92F3F13113">Bratt, Albertus D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="32BC69B0843EBEC72479EDFAF3FA0EED">Knutson, Lloyd V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D6F00116559B2E0812E04633E81E5CC0">Murphy, William L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B5FA66A7947324E3244B38773950DE2A">Daniels, Anthony A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7CBA2D4B3A307077F0EF1C43E6A2D0C4">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1F412216B0D39BD3FBFA0E128F334CB0">2020-08-31</mods:number>
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<treatment id="7170D74F6A15FFC0FF4FFE3A8DEADB8D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4405582" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177136972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4405582" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:74A30FB6-7B02-45CE-B1C2-0A1C667AA670" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7170D74F6A15FFC0FF4FFE3A8DEADB8D" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<subSubSection id="B1C335D26A15FFC0FF4FFE3A8EC5DDC9" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF4FFE3A8C88DDB5" blockId="23.[151,685,402,501]" box="[151,685,402,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="A22ED1356A15FFC0FF4FFE3A8C88DDB5" bold="true" box="[151,685,402,429]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="4">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FF4FFE3A8C88DDB5" bold="true" box="[151,685,402,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FF4FFE3A8C78DDB5" ID-CoL="9HY5W" authority="Knutson &amp; Bratt" authorityName="Knutson &amp; Bratt" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,605,402,429]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deemingi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FF4FFE3A8FA5DDB5" bold="true" box="[151,384,402,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Colobaea deemingi</emphasis>
Knutson &amp; Bratt
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D09E07306A15FFC0FDB3FE3B8C88DDB5" box="[619,685,403,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF4FFE1F8EC5DDC9" blockId="23.[151,685,402,501]" box="[151,224,439,465]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<figureCitation id="61E27ADC6A15FFC0FF4FFE1F8EC5DDC9" box="[151,224,439,465]" captionStart="MAP 6" captionStartId="49.[151,207,1062,1086]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1038]" captionTargetId="figure-19@49.[151,1436,181,1038]" captionText="MAP 6. Geographic range of Colobaea deemingi Knutson &amp; Bratt (this paper)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4478705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4478705/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Map 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B1C335D26A15FFC0FF4FFE738DEADB8D" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF4FFE738C21DDED" blockId="23.[151,685,402,501]" box="[151,516,474,501]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">(BNN 7105–07, 7317–18, 7343)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF4FFD8B8A99DE9D" blockId="23.[151,1437,547,1941]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
This species, from
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FEB7FD8B8FB9DE25" box="[367,412,547,573]" name="Iran" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Iran</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FE0DFD8B8C12DE25" box="[469,567,547,573]" name="Pakistan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, is similar in color pattern to the African
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FBD4FD8B8A90DE25" box="[1036,1205,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FBD4FD8B8A3ADE25" box="[1036,1055,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FBF6FD8B8A90DE25" box="[1070,1205,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, known from
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A15FFC0FA8FFD8B8BBCDE25" box="[1367,1433,547,573]" country="Nigeria" name="Niger" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Niger</collectingRegion>
, northern
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FF27FDEF8F73DE79" box="[255,342,583,609]" name="Nigeria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FE4EFDEF8FDDDE79" box="[406,504,583,609]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, and to
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FD8EFDEF8CFEDE78" baseAuthorityName="Lundbeck" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[598,731,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FD8EFDEF8C4CDE79" box="[598,617,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FDA1FDEF8CFEDE78" box="[633,731,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a widespread Palearctic species found from
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FB3EFDEF8B10DE79" box="[1254,1333,583,609]" name="Ireland" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ireland</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FA86FDEF8BB9DE79" box="[1374,1436,583,609]" name="Israel" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Israel</collectingCountry>
(northern Negev), northeastern
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FE20FDC38C00DE9D" box="[504,549,619,645]" name="Iran" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A15FFC0FDECFDC38CE0DE9E" box="[564,709,619,646]" country="Iran" name="Mazandaran" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mazanderan</collectingRegion>
), and east to
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FC8EFDC38DFCDE9D" box="[854,985,619,645]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
and eastern Siberia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF1FFD278FA3D82D" blockId="23.[151,1437,547,1941]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The biology and immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FD85FD278CC6DEB1" box="[605,739,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deemingi">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FD85FD278C55DEB1" box="[605,624,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FDA4FD278CC6DEB1" box="[636,739,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">deemingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known only from progeny reared from adult flies collected by LVK in southwestern
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FE6AFD1B8FFADED5" box="[434,479,691,717]" name="Iran" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Iran</collectingCountry>
(five localities near Dezful, one locality near Shooshtar) during
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FB6EFD1B8B4EDED5" box="[1206,1387,691,717]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1971-11">November 1971</date>
(FT 7110) and
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FED7FD7F8FAFDEE9" box="[271,394,727,753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1973-04">April 1973</date>
(FT 7320, 7334). During
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FD6CFD7F8D48DEE9" box="[692,877,727,753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1971-11">November 1971</date>
, adult flies were found at only two localities, but during
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FF30FD538F40DF0D" box="[232,357,763,789]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1973-04">April 1973</date>
they were found at six localities. Most adult flies were swept from hygrophilous grasses and
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FF4FFCB78EFFDF21" box="[151,218,799,825]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FF4FFCB78EFFDF21" box="[151,218,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Carex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emerging from a few inches of water at the margins of marshes near the Persian Gulf. The 0.5–20 hectare marshes were rimmed by extensive growths of
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FD7BFCEB8D56DF45" box="[675,883,835,861]" class="Liliopsida" family="Typhaceae" genus="Typha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FD7BFCEB8D56DF45" box="[675,883,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Typha angustifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. At Boneh Javaz,
<quantity id="3E21CBBC6A15FFC0FBE3FCEB8AA4DF45" box="[1083,1153,835,861]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="km" value="41.0">41 km</quantity>
SE of Dezful, in
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FA98FCEB8EDBDF99" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1971-11">November 1971</date>
, adult flies were swept from wet, grassy areas between patches of
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FC23FCCF8A1ADF99" box="[1019,1087,871,897]" class="Liliopsida" family="Typhaceae" genus="Typha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FC23FCCF8A1ADF99" box="[1019,1087,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Typha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
growing in unshaded, shallow depressions receiving water from a nearby irrigation channel. Adult flies were especially common at that location; in fact, during
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FEE2FC078F9DDFD1" box="[314,440,943,969]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1973-04">April 1973</date>
,
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FE1BFC078C6FDFD1" box="[451,586,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deemingi">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FE1BFC078FF3DFD1" box="[451,470,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FE3BFC078C6FDFD1" box="[483,586,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">deemingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was one of the most abundant species of flies at a site in Bayza,
<quantity id="3E21CBBC6A15FFC0FAF8FC078B50DFD1" box="[1312,1397,943,969]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="km" value="610.0">610 km</quantity>
SE of Dezful. No
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FEEEFC7B8F98DFF5" box="[310,445,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deemingi">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FEEEFC7B8F6CDFF5" box="[310,329,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FE8EFC7B8F98DFF5" box="[342,445,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">deemingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected in a Malaise trap placed where adult flies had been collected with a sweep net during
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FEC8FC5F8FE0D809" box="[272,453,1015,1041]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1971-11">November 1971</date>
at Boneh Sayyed Moosa,
<quantity id="3E21CBBC6A15FFC0FD31FC5F8D15D809" box="[745,816,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
W of Dezful. No larvae or puparia of
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FB02FC5F8B44D809" box="[1242,1377,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deemingi">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FB02FC5F8AC8D809" box="[1242,1261,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FB22FC5F8B44D809" box="[1274,1377,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">deemingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been found in nature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF1FFB978C76D866" blockId="23.[151,1437,547,1941]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
For detailed descriptions of typical aquatic habitats in southwestern
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FC04FB978A29D841" box="[988,1036,1087,1113]" name="Iran" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Iran</collectingCountry>
, with discussion of the ecology of freshwater snails, see
<bibRefCitation id="9D481BA86A15FFC0FE55FBCB8C75D866" author="Chu, K. Y. &amp; Massoud, J. &amp; Arfaa, F." box="[397,592,1123,1150]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="607 - 637" refId="ref43508" refString="Chu, K. Y., Massoud, J. &amp; Arfaa, F. (1968) Distribution and ecology of Bulinus truncatus in Khuzestan, Iran. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 39, 607 - 637." type="journal article" year="1968">
Chu
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FE1BFBCB8FD1D865" box="[451,500,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
. (1968)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF1FFB2F8CE3D929" blockId="23.[151,1437,547,1941]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Other species of
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FE55FB2F8C3BD8B9" box="[397,542,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName>
found with
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FD77FB2F8D1CD8B9" box="[687,825,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deemingi">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FD77FB2F8CE7D8B9" box="[687,706,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FD0AFB2F8D1CD8B9" box="[722,825,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">deemingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FCBBFB2F8DB5D8B9" box="[867,912,1159,1185]" name="Iran" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Iran</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FC14FB2F8A0ED8B9" box="[972,1067,1159,1185]" name="Pakistan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
included
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FB78FB2F8F27D8DE" authority="(Meigen)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Ditaeniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisescens">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FB78FB2F8BB8D8B8" box="[1184,1437,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ditaeniella grisescens</emphasis>
(Meigen)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FEC8FB038C4AD8DE" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[272,623,1195,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Hydromya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FEC8FB038FCDD8DD" box="[272,488,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hydromya dorsalis</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FDA4FB038DE5D8DE" authority="(Hendel)" baseAuthorityName="Hendel" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[636,960,1195,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Ilione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turcestanica">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FDA4FB038D75D8DC" box="[636,848,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ilione turcestanica</emphasis>
(Hendel)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FC15FB038B36D8DE" authority="(Fallen)" baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[973,1299,1195,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerella">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FC15FB038A8AD8DD" box="[973,1199,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pherbellia cinerella</emphasis>
(Fallén)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FAF9FB038F3DD8F1" authority="(Macquart)" baseAuthorityName="Macquart" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipes">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FAF9FB038B17D8DC" box="[1313,1330,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FA9AFB038BB9D8DD" box="[1346,1436,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fuscipes</emphasis>
(Macquart)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FEFDFB678C4AD8F2" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[293,623,1231,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphegea">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FEFDFB678FCCD8F1" box="[293,489,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sepedon sphegea</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FD76FB678DB9D8F2" authority="(Scopoli)" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[686,924,1231,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FD76FB678C99D8F1" box="[686,700,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FD14FB678D0DD8F0" box="[716,808,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">spinipes</emphasis>
(Scopoli)
</taxonomicName>
. Aquatic snails present at the collecting sites included
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FEDAFB5B8C6AD916" authority="(Audouin)" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[258,591,1267,1294]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Bulinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="truncatus">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FEDAFB5B8FE8D914" box="[258,461,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bulinus truncatus</emphasis>
(Audouin)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FD85FB5B8DF0D915" authority="(Mousson)" baseAuthorityName="Mousson" box="[605,981,1267,1293]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="intermixtus">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FD85FB5B8D6BD914" box="[605,846,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Gyraulus intermixtus</emphasis>
(Mousson)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FC3CFB5B8BBDD916" authority="(O. F. Muller)" baseAuthorityName="O. F. Muller" box="[996,1432,1267,1294]" class="Gastropoda" family="Thiaridae" genus="Melanoides" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FC3CFB5B8AD4D915" box="[996,1265,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Melanoides tuberculata</emphasis>
(O.F. Müller)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FF4FFABF8F5DD929" authority="planorbis" box="[151,376,1303,1329]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Planorbis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="planorbis">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FF4FFABF8F5DD929" box="[151,376,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Planorbis planorbis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FE6DFABF8CE7D929" authority="(Say)" baseAuthorityName="Say" box="[437,706,1303,1329]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gedrosiana">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FE6DFABF8C5ED929" box="[437,635,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Radix gedrosiana</emphasis>
(Say)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF1FFA938AF1DA11" blockId="23.[151,1437,547,1941]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Adult flies collected on
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FE0BFA938CB9D94D" box="[467,668,1339,1365]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1971-11-04">4 November 1971</date>
mated the same day and continued to mate until 14 November; adult flies collected on
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FE87FAF78FDED961" box="[351,507,1375,1401]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1973-04-16">16 April 1973</date>
were observed mating between 17 and 29 April; and a pair of adult flies were collected
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FF3AFA2B8F69D985" box="[226,332,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">in copula</emphasis>
on 25 April. In the laboratory, adult flies that emerged between 25 and 28 November first mated eight days later and produced viable eggs during
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FD1CFA0F8D52D9D9" box="[708,887,1447,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1971-12">December 1971</date>
and
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FC77FA0F8A6DD9D9" box="[943,1096,1447,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1972-01">January 1972</date>
. Adult flies collected
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FAE7FA0F8EEAD9FD" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1973-04-16">16 April 1973</date>
were first seen to oviposit on 21 April. Females scattered eggs over the damp moss or cotton in the bottom of the breeding jar and did not oviposit on a living snail. The incubation period was about 48 hours.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF1FF9BB8B2CDAA5" blockId="23.[151,1437,547,1941]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Larvae killed and consumed
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FDD6F9BB8C8ADA34" box="[526,687,1555,1581]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="intermixtus">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FDD6F9BB8C8ADA34" box="[526,687,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">G. intermixtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<quantity id="3E21CBBC6A15FFC0FD0FF9BA8D7ADA35" box="[727,863,1554,1581]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–6.5 mm</quantity>
in greatest diameter. Mature larvae also killed and fed on
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FF3CF99F8F8CDA49" box="[228,425,1591,1617]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gedrosiana">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FF3CF99F8F8CDA49" box="[228,425,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Radix gedrosiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of about 4.0 mm in length, but first-instar larvae did not attack small
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FB6AF99F8B3DDA48" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1799" box="[1202,1304,1591,1616]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FB6AF99F8B3DDA48" box="[1202,1304,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lymnaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. or
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FABBF99F8F13DA6D" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Helisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="trivolvis">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FABBF99F8F13DA6D" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Helisoma trivolvis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Each larva consumed one or two
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FD66F9F38D7ADA6C" box="[702,863,1627,1653]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="intermixtus">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FD66F9F38D7ADA6C" box="[702,863,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">G. intermixtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FC5EF9F38A07DA6D" box="[902,1058,1627,1653]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gedrosiana">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FC5EF9F38A07DA6D" box="[902,1058,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">R. gedrosiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The larval feeding behavior was very similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FE42F9D78C3BDA80" baseAuthorityName="Lundbeck" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[410,542,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FE42F9D78F88DA81" box="[410,429,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FE64F9D78C3BDA80" box="[444,542,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Several larvae often fed together in a single snail. They continued to feed on black, putrid tissues long after the snail prey had died. The total duration of larval life was 8–10 days.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F96666596A15FFC0FF1FF96F8DEADB8D" blockId="23.[151,1437,547,1941]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Puparia were formed in shells of
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FDE3F96F8CFEDAF8" box="[571,731,1735,1761]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="intermixtus">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FDE3F96F8CFEDAF8" box="[571,731,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">G. intermixtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and occasionally in shells of
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A15FFC0FBFEF96F8AE7DAF9" box="[1062,1218,1735,1761]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gedrosiana">
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A15FFC0FBFEF96F8AE7DAF9" box="[1062,1218,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">R. gedrosiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Pupariating larvae produced a mass of frothy septum material in the aperture of the shell. In
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A15FFC0FC38F9438A35DB1D" box="[992,1040,1771,1797]" name="Iran" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Iran</collectingCountry>
, larvae pupariated between
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FA94F9438FD1DB31" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1971-11-13" valueMax="1971-12-16" valueMin="1971-11-13">13 November and 16 December 1971</date>
and between
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FD56F8A78D8DDB31" box="[654,936,1807,1833]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1973-04-23" valueMax="1973-05-03" valueMin="1973-04-23">23 April and 3 May 1973</date>
. Twenty-five adult flies emerged between
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FA58F8A68C35DB55" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1971-11-25" valueMax="1971-12-08" valueMin="1971-11-25">25 November and 8 December 1971</date>
, and many more emerged between
<date id="8D6740996A15FFC0FC7AF89A8AA7DB55" box="[930,1154,1842,1869]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1973-05-05" valueMax="1973-05-15" valueMin="1973-05-05">5 and 15 May 1973</date>
. A complete second generation was not reared from these adult flies because of the authors’ travel requirements. The puparial period lasted about 12 days. The total duration of the immature stages was 22–24 days.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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