447 lines
38 KiB
XML
447 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.48.6806" ID-PMC="PMC4408732" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-48-51" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFF19E64FFB4FFDEFFBE0F54FFC2FFF5" ID-PubMed="25931973" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576291" ModsDocID="1314-2003-48-51" checkinTime="1451251550206" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wilkin, Paul & Muasya, A. Muthama" docDate="2015" docId="28486C40EE75EBCC2C2E755CBE8AA468" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 48: 51-72" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 48" docPubDate="2015-04-15" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.48.6806" docTitle="Dioscorea multiloba Kunth 1850" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFF19E64FFB4FFDEFFBE0F54FFC2FFF5" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="FFF19E64FFB4FFDEFFBE0F54FFC2FFF5" masterDocTitle="Clarifying the Dioscorea buchananii Benth. species complex: a new potentially extinct subspecies for South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1668141343560" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Clarifying the Dioscorea buchananii Benth. species complex: a new potentially extinct subspecies for South Africa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilkin, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW 9 3 AB, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">p.wilkin@kew.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Muasya, A. Muthama</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X 3, Rondebosch 7701, SOUTH AFRICA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2015-04-15</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>48</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>51</mods:start>
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<mods:end>72</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.48.6806</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.48.6806</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-48-51</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFF19E64FFB4FFDEFFBE0F54FFC2FFF5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576291</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152025666" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:28486C40EE75EBCC2C2E755CBE8AA468" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/28486C40EE75EBCC2C2E755CBE8AA468" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName LSID="28486C40-EE75-EBCC-2C2E-755CBE8AA468" authority="Kunth" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">Dioscorea multiloba Kunth</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Dioscorea multiloba Kunth vegetative and reproductive morphology. A Habit of male plant with axillary inflorescences B Apical part of male inflorescence showing tepal shape and habit and bud shape habit C Lobed leaf showing venation of upper surface and forerunner tip D Male flower from above showing filament habit E Male flower with 3 tepals and part of torus removed showing torus shape, pistillode and associated concavities in torus surface F Female flower with 3 tepals and part of torus removed showing torus shape, staminodia and gynoecium G Female inflorescence showing tepal habit and ovaries H Infructescence showing some submature capsules with persistent tepals J Seed showing wing shape. Scale bar: A, C 3 cm; B 7 mm; D, E 4 mm; F 3 mm; G, H 2.5 cm; J 2 cm. From Ward 3076 (A, B, D, E), Medley Wood 329 (F, G), Gueinzius s. n. (H, J) and a photograph (C). Drawn by Lucy Smith." pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Dioscorea multiloba and Dioscorea rupicola colour photographs. A Upside down shoot of Dioscorea multiloba with male flowers B Female plant of Dioscorea multiloba with female flowers and immature capsules C Leaf and erect male inflorescence of Dioscorea rupicola showing habit of flowers. D Immature capsule of Dioscorea rupicola with persistent, erect, cucullate tepals at its apex. Photo A, B: Tony Abbott; C, D: Neil Crouch." pageId="4" pageNumber="55">, 3A, B</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">Dioscorea multiloba</taxonomicName>
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Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 376 (1850); R.Knuth in H.G.A Engler (Ed.), Pflanzenr. 4, 43: 183 (1924).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea diversifolia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diversifolia">Dioscorea diversifolia</taxonomicName>
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Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 375 (1850),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">non</emphasis>
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Griseb. in C.F.P.von Martius (Ed.), Fl. Bras. 3(1): 41 (1842), type only.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">Dioscorea multiloba</taxonomicName>
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Type: South Africa. Eastern Cape: Pondoland, between Umtentu and Umzimkulu Rivers, ♂fl. & ♀ fr., Feb, year unknown,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="56" start="start">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
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</pageBreakToken>
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</emphasis>
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4497 (holotype: B [B_10_0278736 ♂fl. digital image!]; isotypes: G [G00018717 ♂fl. digital image!]; K [K000098903,K00098904 ♂fl. & ♀old fr.!]; OXF [OXF0004195 ♂fl. & ♀ old fr.!]; P [P00440190! ♀ fr.!]; TCD ♂fl.!).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea natalensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="natalensis">Dioscorea natalensis</taxonomicName>
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R.Knuth in H.G.A Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr. 4, 43: 94 (1924),
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">synon. nov.</emphasis>
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Type: South Africa. KwaZulu Natal: Durban [Kingsburgh], Winkle Spruit, ♂fl. 28 Feb 1912,
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<taxonomicName family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Rudatis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rudatis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Rudatis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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1609 (holotype: B [B_10_0160974 digital image!]; isotypes K! [K000815875, K000815874] WAG [WAG0027134!]; Z [Z-000065671, Z-000065672, digital images!].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="R. Knuth" authorityYear="1924" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea digitaria" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitaria">Dioscorea digitaria</taxonomicName>
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R.Knuth in H.G.A Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr. 4, 43: 184 (1924). Type: South Africa. KwaZulu Natal Friedenau, Umgayeflat (Alexandria), ♂fl. 1 Oct 1909,
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<taxonomicName family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Rudatis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rudatis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Rudatis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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724 (holotype: B [B_10_0160991 digital image!]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="56" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
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South Africa. KwaZulu Natal: "Probably collected in Pondoland", ♂ fl. & ♀ fr. 1840,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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4496 (lectotype: K! [K000098902 ♂fl. buds & ♀ fr.]; isolectotypes B [B_10_0004142 ♂fl. buds & ♀ fr., B_10_0004143 ♂fl. buds digital images!]; G [G00018675♀ fr. digital image!]; K [K000098900 ♂fl. buds & ♀ fr.!]; KIEL; OXF! [OXF00004193♀ fr.]; P [P00440187 ♀ fr., P00440188 ♂fl. buds & ♀ fr., P00440189 ♀ fr., P00440191 ♂fl. buds & ♀ fr.!], TCD ♀ fr.!).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
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Twining vine to ca 3 m in height, vegetative growth annual from a perennial tuber. Tuber apex only seen, ca 15 cm in diam., convex, dark brown to black, bark-like, bearing one shoot per year at central apex, according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Von Teichman und Logischen, I" journalOrPublisher="Boissiera" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" pagination="215 - 224" refId="B15" refString="Von Teichman und Logischen, I, van der Schijff, HP, Robbertse, PJ, 1975. The genus Dioscorea L. in South Africa. Boissiera 24: 215 - 224" title="The genus Dioscorea L. in South Africa." volume="24" year="1975">von Teichman und Logischen et al. (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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lobed and irregular below ground but not branched like that of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea rupicola" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rupicola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="57" start="start">Dioscorea</pageBreakToken>
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rupicola
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Indumentum absent. Stems left-twining, to ca 5 mm in diam., terete to shallowly longitudinally ridged and more so when dry, base with dense, firm processes to ca 1 mm long, dark purple-brown, becoming unarmed above and pale green to dull purple-hued. Cataphylls present towards stem base, ovate, acuminate, concolorous with stem to paler. Leaves alternate, blade 15-148
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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8-133 cm, ovate to narrowly or broadly so in outline, deeply to shallowly 3- to 7-lobed, usually lobed at base at least, blade sometimes (sub)entire in especially in leaves on terminal shoots, lobing usually concentrated in basal part of leaf close to point of petiole insertion, texture thinly to thickly chartaceous, primary venation in shallow channels on upper surface in fresh material sometimes bullate between secondary veins, primary and secondary venation prominent below, dark to mid green above, pale below, base cordate to truncate, sinus where present to 31 mm deep, lobes to 42 mm long, apically obtuse to rounded, lobe margins entire to sometimes with weak secondary lobing, apical lobe lanceolate-deltoid to broadly ovate, apex acute to obtuse, bearing a thickened, narrow, caudate forerunner tip to 7 mm long, sometimes subterminal, derived from central 3 veins of blade, pale yellow-green when fresh, brown and with margins curled inwards on upper surface when dry, primary veins 5-9, 3 in apical lobe, usually 1 per basal lobe but sometimes multiple veins per lobe in 3-lobed or entire leaves; petiole 6-54 mm long, ridged and with a narrow channel on upper surface, colour as stem, upper pulvinus sometimes paler than lower; lateral nodal organs absent and nodes not thickened but in vegetative stem leaves petiole base broader where inserted onto stem; axillary bulbils not present. Inflorescences simple, usually spicate, axes angular, pale green; male inflorescences 1-6 per axil, often 1, sometimes borne on weak axillary shoots with few to no leaves, 10-88 mm long, peduncle 2-8 mm long pendent to spreading, never erect, axis usually straight but sometimes irregularly flexuous, flowers usually solitary or rarely in clusters of 2-3, 1.2-4.6 mm apart, buds patent to axis, pendent at developing inflorescence apex only in very early development; female inflorescences 7-84 mm long, peduncle 4-10 mm long, flowers patent to axis at anthesis but ascending to erect soon thereafter. Flowers (sub)globose in bud, tepals 6, free, inserted on a saucer-shaped torus, spreading at anthesis, whorls scarcely differentiated, yellow-green to pale green, often with a darker apical mark or darker on midrib; male (sub)sessile, floral bract 1.0-1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.4-0.6 mm, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, concolorous with axis, bracteole similar, narrower, usually offset from bract; outer tepals 1.4-2.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.7-1.5 mm, inner 1.2-2.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.7-1.3 mm, ovate to narrowly so or deltoid, apex acute to obtuse, slightly thickened and sometimes with upcurved margins but not cucullate, inserted on margin of 1.5-2.3 mm diam. torus, thicker than tepals (but less so than in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea rupicola" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rupicola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Dioscorea rupicola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and concolorous with them, stamens 6, inserted at torus/tepal boundary at tepal base midpoint, filaments 0.35-0.7 mm long, erect but markedly incurved such that anthers are held over concave surface of torus with apices sometimes almost touching, anthers 0.3-0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.2-0.45 mm, oblong to oblong-elliptic, basifixed, pale yellow, pistillode 0.1-0.7 mm long, variable in shape but formed by 3 centrally fused triangular ridges at 120° to each other, with a 0.35-0.6 mm diam. bowl-shaped, concave, circular to ovoid in outline, possibly nectariferous depression between each lobe demarcated by a membrane and with a denser texture than torus, pistillode apex either acute or bearing short recurved lobes; female flowers sessile, floral bract 0.9-1.6 mm long, appressed to ovary base, otherwise bract and bracteole as male; ovary 3.0-6.1 mm long, 3-angled, lorate to very narrowly elliptic in outline, pale green, apex constricted, tepals 1.5-2.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.8-1.5 mm, shape, apex and colour as male, torus 1.7-2.4 mm in diam., Tepals and torus accrescent as ovary enlarges when flowers persist and tepals sometimes becoming ascending but not erect, staminodia 6, ca 0.1 mm long, inserted at torus/tepal boundary at tepal base midpoint, style ca 1.0 mm long, erect, stout, 3-angled, broadest at base, stigmas 3, ca 0.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.9 mm, spreading, bifid, lobes broadly ovate in outline. Capsule 16-28
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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15-20(-22) mm, pedicel reflexed and thus ascending to erect at dehiscence, oblong to obovate in outline, thick-chartaceous, base obtuse to truncate, apex truncate to rounded, dry and withered flowers persistent until relatively late in development on a ca 1.0-1.7 mm long stipe, pale brown with darker coppery-brown speckling, dehiscing apically at least at first. Seed 4.6-5.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3.7-5.0 mm excluding wing, lenticular, dark brown, wing 11-14
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6.5-9.3 mm, oblong to irregularly elliptic, all round margin though with elongated towards rounded to obtuse base and apex, pale brown, translucent with fine paler speckling.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="57" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Dioscorea multiloba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Kunth vegetative and reproductive morphology.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">A</emphasis>
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Habit of male plant with axillary inflorescences
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">B</emphasis>
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Apical part of male inflorescence showing tepal shape and habit and bud shape habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">C</emphasis>
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Lobed leaf showing venation of upper surface and forerunner tip
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">D</emphasis>
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Male flower from above showing filament habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">E</emphasis>
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Male flower with 3 tepals and part of torus removed showing torus shape, pistillode and associated concavities in torus surface
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">F</emphasis>
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Female flower with 3 tepals and part of torus removed showing torus shape, staminodia and gynoecium
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">G</emphasis>
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Female inflorescence showing tepal habit and ovaries
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">H</emphasis>
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Infructescence showing some submature capsules with persistent tepals
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">J</emphasis>
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Seed showing wing shape. Scale bar:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">A</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">C</emphasis>
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3 cm;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">B</emphasis>
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7 mm;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">D</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">E</emphasis>
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4 mm;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">F</emphasis>
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3 mm;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">G</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">H</emphasis>
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2.5 cm;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">J</emphasis>
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2 cm. From
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Ward</emphasis>
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3076 (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">A</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">B</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">D</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">E</emphasis>
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),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Medley Wood</emphasis>
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329 (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">F</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">G</emphasis>
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),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Gueinzius</emphasis>
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s.n. (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">H</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">J</emphasis>
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) and a photograph (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">C</emphasis>
|
||
). Drawn by Lucy Smith.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="57" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Dioscorea multiloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea rupicola" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rupicola">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Dioscorea rupicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colour photographs.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">A</emphasis>
|
||
Upside down shoot of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Dioscorea multiloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with male flowers
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">B</emphasis>
|
||
Female plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Dioscorea multiloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with female flowers and immature capsules
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">C</emphasis>
|
||
Leaf and erect male inflorescence of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea rupicola" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rupicola">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Dioscorea rupicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing habit of flowers.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">D</emphasis>
|
||
Immature capsule of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea rupicola" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rupicola">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Dioscorea rupicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with persistent, erect, cucullate tepals at its apex. Photo
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">B:</emphasis>
|
||
Tony Abbott;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">D:</emphasis>
|
||
Neil Crouch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Endemic to South Africa (Eastern Cape to Mpumalanga) and Swaziland.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="vernacular name(s)">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Vernacular name(s).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="57">The only vernacular name known is wild yam.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="58" start="start">Dioscorea</pageBreakToken>
|
||
multiloba
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in a range of habitats but is principally associated with forest and bush margins and associated grasslands on a range of sandy and loamy substrates. In the northern part of its range it often appears to occur in swampy habitat. It is found at altitudes from close to sea level to 800 m in KwaZulu Natal. At the edges of its range the specimen from Swaziland (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Compton</emphasis>
|
||
26691) was collected at ca 4000' (1200 m) and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Flanagan</emphasis>
|
||
2717 from the Eastern Cape 4500' (1400 m).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="58" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Conservation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Dioscorea multiloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread in lowland KwaZulu Natal, and its distribution extends into the Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga and Swaziland. Thus its EOO and AOO will greatly exceed the threshold for threatened IUCN categories (20, 000 km2/2000 km2) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IUCN Species Survivial Commission, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" refId="B10" refString="IUCN, 2001. IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survivial Commission, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK" title="IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1" year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and its provisional status is LC. This status is also given by the SANBI red list programme (under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea diversifolia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diversifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Dioscorea diversifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Griseb.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="uses">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="59" start="start">Uses</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
None known. Data on the steroid content of this species is desirable.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Codd, LE" journalOrPublisher="African Wild Life" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" pagination="215 - 225" refId="B6" refString="Codd, LE, 1960. Drugs from wild yams. African Wild Life 14: 215 - 225" title="Drugs from wild yams." volume="14" year="1960">Codd (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that only three South African species contain diosgenin but the data on which this is based are not presented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Kunth cites male and female syntypes as follows
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Drège">"Drege</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Herb. Cap. no. 4495. ex parte. v.s. in Herb. Luc. and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Herb. Cap. No 4496. ex parte. v.s in Herb. Luc." Herb. Luc. appears to be an abbreviation for Herbarium Lucae, which formed part of the KIEL herbarium. Kunth specified that 4495 was male and 4496 female. However, there is both male and female material at K under 4496. In contrast, a single sheet in B (B_10_0004142) has fragments of both male and female plants under both collection numbers. P has female material under 4495 (P00440190) and male material under 4496 (P00440188) among 5 duplicates of both numbers. Given this confusion and the number of duplicates in European herbaria it was decided to lectotypify the species using K000098902, the most complete and representative specimen available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
The only specimen cited in the protologue of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea diversifolia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diversifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dioscorea diversifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kunth, a later homonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea diversifolia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diversifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dioscorea diversifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Griseb., was
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
4497. The material under this number at TCD appears to represent two different male plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1850" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dioscorea multiloba" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiloba">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dioscorea multiloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the left and bottom fragments possessing flexuous inflorescences and the right a straight inflorescence. The K and OXF material is different, with entire leaves, male flowers in bud and the previous
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="season’s">season's</normalizedToken>
|
||
fruit. K has 2 very similar sheets from both Hooker and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bentham’s">Bentham's</normalizedToken>
|
||
herbaria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">South Africa. Eastern Cape:</emphasis>
|
||
Komga, near Kei Mouth, ♂ fl. Jan 1890,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="60" start="start">Flanagan</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
442 (K!, PRE); Engcoba (Ngcobo) Mountain, ♀ immature fr. Jan 1896,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Flanagan</emphasis>
|
||
2717 (PRE!); Mquanduli, Coffee Bay, ♂ fl. 4 Mar 1953,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Theron</emphasis>
|
||
1505 (PRE!); Pondoland, between Umtentu River and Umzinkulu River, ♂ fl.buds & old fr. Feb unknown year,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
4497 (K!, OXF!, TCD!).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">KwaZulu Natal:</emphasis>
|
||
Port Shepstone, Mgayi,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="south" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-30.416666">30°25'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="30.5">30°30'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ♂ fl. 27 Jan 1968,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ward</emphasis>
|
||
6339 (NU [NU0028305], UDW); Port Shepstone, Mgayi, "
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="south" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-30.416666">30°25'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="30.416666">30°25'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
", ♀ immature fr. 27 Jan 1968,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ward</emphasis>
|
||
6340 (K!, NU [NU0028304 digital image!], PRE, UDW digital image!); Inanda, ♀ fl. & immature fr. Jan?1879,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Medley Wood</emphasis>
|
||
329 (K, 2 sheets!); Port Shepstone, Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, Beacon Hill,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="31" direction="south" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="33" value="-31.009167">31°00'33"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="30.181944">30°10'55"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ♀ fl. & immature fr. 9 Dec 2010,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Abbott</emphasis>
|
||
9287 (PCE!, PRU!); Port Shepstone, Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, Beacon Hill,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="31" direction="south" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="33" value="-31.009167">31°00'33"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="30.181944">30°10'55"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ♂ fl. 9 Dec 2010,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Abbott</emphasis>
|
||
9288 (PCE!, PRU!); Inanda, ♂ fl. Jan.?1880,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Medley Wood</emphasis>
|
||
825 (K!); Inanda, Groenberg, ♂ fl. Mar?1880,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Medley Wood</emphasis>
|
||
892 (K!); Lions River District, collected at Karkloof 11 July 1952 and cultivated at Irene, ♀ immature fr. 20 Dec 1954,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Pole-Evans</emphasis>
|
||
4862 (K!, PRE); Durban, Umbilo Waterfall, ♂ fl. received Feb 1883
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Rehmann</emphasis>
|
||
8155 (K!); Port Natal, ♂ fl. & ♀ fr. without date,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Gueinzius</emphasis>
|
||
s.n. (K!; TCD!); Port Natal,?Umgena, ♂ fl. without date,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Gerrard & McKen</emphasis>
|
||
1920 (TCD!); Fort Bowker, ♂ fl. & ♀ fr. without date,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Bowker</emphasis>
|
||
575 (TCD!); Kaffraria, Tsomo (?), ♂ fl.. without date,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Bowker</emphasis>
|
||
861 (TCD!); Fort Bowker ♂ fl. without date, Bowker 627 (TCD!); Natal, no further data, ♂ fl. without date,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Gerrard & McKen</emphasis>
|
||
36 (TCD!); Port Natal, ♂ fl. without date,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Sanderson</emphasis>
|
||
5 (TCD!); Durban District, Umbogintwini, above lagoon, st. 10 May 1964,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ward</emphasis>
|
||
4976 (NU [NU0028355 digital image!]); Pietermaritzburg District, Isipingo Flats,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-29.983334">29°59'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="30.933332">30°56'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
♂ fl. 1 May 1971,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ward</emphasis>
|
||
6992 (NU [NU0028390 digital image!], UDW digital image!); Lower Umfolozi District, Hluhluwe Game Reserve, ♂ fl. 24 Jan 1949,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ward</emphasis>
|
||
665 (NU [NU0028255, 0028351 digital image!]); Hlabisa District, Hluhluwe Game Reserve, ♂ fl. 16 Jan 1954,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ward</emphasis>
|
||
2073 (K!, NU [NU0028352 digital image!], PRE); Hlabisa District, Hluhluwe Game Reserve, ♂ fl. 6 Mar 1957,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ward</emphasis>
|
||
3076 (K!, (NU [NU0028353, 0028354 digital images!], PRE); Mtubatuba District, Hlabisa, Park Ridge Farm, ♀ fr. 11 May 1968,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Harrison</emphasis>
|
||
498 (PRE!); Maputaland, Kosi Bay area near Catholic Mission, sterile 20 Mar 1965,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Vahrmeijer</emphasis>
|
||
482 (K!, PRE); Maputaland, 3 miles from Maputa on road to Olibotini, ♂ fl.23 Mar 1965,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Vahrmeijer</emphasis>
|
||
540 (K!, PRE); KZN, No further data, ♂ fl. received Jul 1965,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Gerrard</emphasis>
|
||
772 (K!); ♂ fl. received Jul 1965 & Mar 1872,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Gerrard</emphasis>
|
||
1920 (K!); KZN, Locality illegible, ♂ fl. 1862, Cooper 3244 (K!).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Mpumalanga:</emphasis>
|
||
Pilgrims Rest District, collected at Mac Mac 19 Aug 1952 and cultivated at Irene, ♂ fl. 20 Dec 1954,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Pole-Evans</emphasis>
|
||
4846 (K!, 2 sheets, PRE); Pilgrims Rest District, collected at Mac Mac and cultivated at Irene, ♂ fl. 14 Apr 1955,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Pole-Evans</emphasis>
|
||
4861 (K!, 2 sheets, PRE).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Swaziland:</emphasis>
|
||
Mankaina District, ♂ fl. 3 Feb 1958,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Compton</emphasis>
|
||
27492 (K!, PRE); Mbabane District, Ukutula, ♂ fl. 21 Feb 1957,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Compton</emphasis>
|
||
26691 (K!, PRE).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |