373 lines
40 KiB
XML
373 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.3007" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8581abe0-7def-4f35-8485-6eb68888239e" ID-PMC="PMC5322763" ID-PubMed="28243532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="375724" checkinTime="1488836410627" checkinUser="admin" docAuthor="Sonali Garg, Robin Suyesh, Sandeep Sukesan & Sd Biju" docDate="2017" docId="039287A32076FFD4FD88F92B7312E29A" docLanguage="en" docName="peerj.articles.3007.pdf.imd" docOrigin="PeerJ 5 (3007)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani Garg, Suyesh, Sukesan & Biju, 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FFABFFDB2067FFC1FF8BFFB77650E403" masterDocTitle="Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1668138891850" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sonali Garg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Robin Suyesh</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sandeep Sukesan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sd Biju</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PeerJ</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3007</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>50</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7717/peerj.3007</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">8581abe0-7def-4f35-8485-6eb68888239e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC5322763</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">28243532</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">375724</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6045136" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127719755" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6045136" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E4F167C1-8340-4779-8CEF-622AC7AB350C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287A32076FFD4FD88F92B7312E29A" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[515,1338,1692,1823]" box="[515,949,1692,1720]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName box="[515,850,1692,1719]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[515,850,1692,1719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[857,949,1693,1720]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[515,1338,1692,1823]" box="[515,1338,1729,1756]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E4F167C1-8340-4779-8CEF-622AC7AB350C</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[522,763,1765,1792]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[515,1338,1692,1823]" box="[522,763,1765,1792]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vijayan’s Night Frog</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[515,849,1796,1823]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[515,1338,1692,1823]" box="[515,849,1796,1823]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[526,600,1796,1823]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[507,571,1715,1737]" captionTargetBox="[494,1220,231,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[491,1220,229,1671]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Morphometric differentiation of species using the discriminant function analyses. (A) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 79.1 % of the variations among seven miniature-sized species. (B) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 83.9 % of the variations among five medium-sized species. (C) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 86.3 % of the variations among six large-sized species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375725/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation box="[657,671,1796,1823]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="19.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 5 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 902). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 13.3 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375729/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5</figureCitation>
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; Tables S1–S7)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,611,234,260]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Holotype.</emphasis>
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ZSI/WGRC/V/A/902, adult male, from Pandipath (08°40 42.0 N 77°11 38.6 E, 1,250 m), Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala state, India, collected by SDB, SG and Vijayan on 19 June 2016.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="18.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,617,354,380]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paratypes.</emphasis>
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ZSI/WGRC/V/A/903–905, three adult males collected along with the holotype, and ZSI/WGRC/V/A/906, adult male, collected from the same locality as holotype, by SDB and SG on 29 June 2015.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,629,474,500]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Etymology.</emphasis>
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This species is named after Mr. Vijayan Kani for consistently offering tremendous field support over two decades to SDB and his students during studies in the Western Ghats. Vijayan, a tribal from Agasthyamala hills of Kerala, acquired the name ‘Pulivijayan’ after he braved a leopard’s attack. The name is derived from two words–‘puli’ meaning leopard in Malayalam (official language of Kerala state) and ‘vijayan’. The species epithet ‘
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<taxonomicName box="[588,723,673,699]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
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<emphasis box="[588,723,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pulivijayani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’ is used as a noun in the genitive case. The specific word ‘puli’ also refers to leopard-like spots observed on the dorsal surface of this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,619,752,778]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[628,940,752,778]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
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<emphasis box="[628,940,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from known congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) miniature-sized adult males (SVL 13.3–14.9 mm,
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<emphasis box="[743,764,833,858]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N</emphasis>
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= 5); (2) head width nearly equal to head length (male HW/HL ratio 98.3–102%,
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<emphasis box="[700,721,873,898]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N</emphasis>
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= 5); (3) presence of weakly developed dorsolateral glandular folds separated by scattered granular projections; (4) dorsum light brown to silvery-brown with prominent dark brown spots in life; (5) third finger disc slightly wider than finger width (male FDIII 0.3–0.4, FWIII 0.2–0.3,
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<emphasis box="[896,917,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N</emphasis>
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= 5), with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally; (6) fourth toe disc slightly wider than toe width (male TDIV 0.4–0.5, TWIV 0.2–0.3,
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<emphasis box="[491,512,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N</emphasis>
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= 5), with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally; (7) presence of single palmar tubercle; (8) foot webbing absent; (9) thigh nearly equal to shank length (male TL/SHL ratio 94–104.5%,
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<emphasis box="[796,817,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N</emphasis>
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= 5); and (10) thigh nearly equal to foot length (male TL/FOL ratio 95.5–106%,
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<emphasis box="[698,719,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N</emphasis>
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= 5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="18.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,828,1230,1256]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Morphological comparison.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[839,1151,1230,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
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<emphasis box="[839,1151,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from all its congeners, expect
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<emphasis box="[785,1222,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName box="[785,991,1270,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallaiensis">N. anamallaiensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1002,1222,1270,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis" status="sp. nov.">N. athirappillyensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1232,1328,1271,1297]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName box="[1343,1485,1270,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">N. beddomii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[491,654,1310,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deccanensis">N. deccanensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis box="[674,1033,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName box="[674,883,1310,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">N. kempholeyensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[895,1033,1310,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari" status="sp. nov.">N. manalari</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1046,1144,1311,1337]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName box="[1161,1298,1311,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">N. minimus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1310,1417,1311,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">N. minor</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinmoorei" status="sp. nov.">N. robinmoorei</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[638,732,1350,1376]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[744,913,1350,1376]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[744,913,1350,1376]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. sabarimalai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[920,1012,1350,1376]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1071,1186,1350,1376]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="webilla" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[1071,1186,1350,1376]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. webilla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1194,1286,1350,1376]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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by its smaller snoutvent size, male SVL 13.3–14.9 mm (vs. larger, male SVL 18.1–76.9 mm), dorsal skin not prominently wrinkled and/or granular (vs. prominently wrinkled and/or granular), and absence of webbing between toes (vs. present); differs from
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName box="[1254,1477,1470,1496]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">N. athirappillyensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deccanensis">N. deccanensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[676,884,1509,1535]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
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<emphasis box="[676,884,1509,1535]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by absence of webbing between toes (vs. present); differs from
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<taxonomicName box="[557,661,1550,1575]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis box="[557,661,1550,1575]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. minor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its dorsal skin without distinct dorsolateral glandular folds separated by an ‘X’ pattern on anterior half of back (vs. present); and differs from
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<taxonomicName box="[1293,1408,1589,1615]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="webilla">
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<emphasis box="[1293,1408,1589,1615]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. webilla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally (vs. third finger without dorso-terminal groove).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="18.[491,1542,234,1895]" lastBlockId="20.[491,1541,228,1913]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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Because of the comparable snout-vent size,
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<taxonomicName box="[1017,1329,1709,1735]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
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<emphasis box="[1017,1329,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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could be confused with three previously known species
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<taxonomicName box="[923,1126,1749,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallaiensis">
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<emphasis box="[923,1126,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. anamallaiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1141,1280,1749,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">
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<emphasis box="[1141,1280,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. beddomii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1340,1476,1749,1774]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
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<emphasis box="[1340,1476,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. minimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and three new species
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[694,833,1788,1814]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari">
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,833,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. manalari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[846,1018,1788,1814]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinmoorei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[846,1018,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. robinmoorei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1073,1242,1788,1814]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1073,1242,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1371,1541,1788,1814]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1371,1541,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. pulivijayani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[637,840,1828,1854]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[637,840,1828,1854]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. anamallaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its dorsum light brown to silvery-brown with prominent dark brown spots in life (vs. dorsum dark greyish or reddish-brown without prominent dark spots), head width nearly equal to head length, male HW/HL ratio 98.3–102%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1470,1491,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. head wider than long, male HW/HL ratio 115.7–126.1%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1204,1225,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5), relatively larger male SL/HL ratio of 37.9–48.1%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[823,844,308,333]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SL/HL ratio of 29.4–34.9%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1347,1368,308,333]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5) and eye length shorter than snout length, male EL/SL ratio 68–78.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1232,1253,347,372]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. longer, male EL/SL ratio 125–140%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[768,789,387,412]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375729/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[507,1517,1510,1708]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1316,1510,1533]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Figure 5 Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[729,1004,1510,1532]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,1004,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1009,1085,1511,1532]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/902).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 13.3 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[491,1541,228,1913]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,836,425,451]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,836,425,451]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[991,1131,425,451]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[991,1131,425,451]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N. beddomii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its dorsolateral glandular folds separated by scattered granular projections (vs. dorsal skin finely granular), head width nearly equal to head length, male HW/HL ratio 98.3–102%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1173,1194,505,530]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. head wider than long, male HW/HL ratio 106.6–129.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[903,924,545,570]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10), and forearm shorter than hand length, male FAL/HAL ratio 71.4–84.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[830,851,584,609]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. nearly equal, male FAL/HAL ratio 93.3–103.7%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,512,624,649]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[491,1541,228,1913]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,836,662,688]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,836,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[992,1128,663,688]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[992,1128,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N. minimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its dorsolateral glandular folds separated by scattered granular projections (vs. dorsal skin having faint and interrupted glandular folds).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[491,1541,228,1913]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,836,781,807]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,836,781,807]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[993,1166,781,807]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinmoorei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[993,1166,781,807]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N. robinmoorei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its dorsum light brown to silvery-brown with prominent dark brown spots in life (vs. dorsum greyish or orangishbrown without prominent dark spots), forearm shorter than hand length, male FAL/HAL ratio 71.4–84.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[707,728,900,925]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. longer, male FAL/HAL ratio 105.3–111.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1360,1381,900,925]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 2), thigh nearly equal to shank, male TL/SHL ratio 94–104.5%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1136,1157,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. longer, male TL/SHL ratio 127.5–130.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[731,752,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 2), and thigh nearly equal to foot, male TL/FOL ratio 95.5–106%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,512,1019,1044]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. longer, male TL/FOL ratio 122.6–130.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1114,1135,1019,1044]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[491,1541,228,1913]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,836,1057,1083]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,836,1057,1083]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[995,1164,1057,1083]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[995,1164,1057,1083]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N. sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its dorsal coloration light brown to silvery-brown with prominent dark brown spots in life (vs. light greyish-brown dorsum without dark brown spots), relatively larger snout-vent size, male SVL 13.3–14.9 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[554,575,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SVL 12.3–13.2 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,1004,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5), head width nearly equal to head length, male HW/HL ratio 98.3–102%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,893,1216,1241]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. head longer than wide, male HW/HL ratio 82.4–89.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[642,663,1256,1281]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5), and relatively smaller male FAL/HAL ratio of 71.4–84.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1422,1443,1256,1281]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male FAL/HAL ratio of 85.7–96.6%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[922,943,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[491,1541,228,1913]" box="[523,1413,1334,1360]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
For differences with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[764,1045,1334,1360]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari">
|
||
<emphasis box="[764,1045,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nyctibatrachus manalari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
see comparison of that species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[491,1541,228,1913]" lastBlockId="21.[491,1542,228,1689]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,1066,1373,1400]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Description of holotype
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[783,1059,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">(measurements in mm)</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male (SVL 13.3); head small, length subequal to its width (HW 5.1, HL 5.0); snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view, its length (SL 2.1) longer than horizontal diameter of eye (EL 1.6); loreal region acute with indistinct canthus rostralis; interorbital space flat, wider (IUE 1.9) than upper eyelid (UEW 0.7) and internarial distance (IN 1.5); nostril closer to eye (EN 0.7) than the tip of snout (NS 0.9); tympanum indistinct; vomerine ridge present, bearing small teeth, at an angle of 75° to the body axis, closer to each other than choanae, shorter than the distance between them; tongue emarginated, bearing no median lingual process. Forearm (FAL 2.3) shorter than hand length (HAL 3.0), finger length formula: I <II <IV <III, finger discs slightly wider compared to its width (FDI 0.3, FWI 0.2; FDII 0.3, FWII 0.2; FDIII 0.3, FWIII 0.2; FDIV 0.3, FWIV 0.2), finger disc with dorso-terminal groove, cover bifurcate distally; subarticular tubercles prominent, oval, single, all present; prepollex distinct, oval; single palmar tubercle, oval, distinct; nuptial pads present, weakly developed. Thigh length (TL 6.3) shorter than shank (SHL 6.5) and foot (FOL 6.5), relative digit lengths I <II <V <III <IV, toe discs slightly wider compared to toe width (TDI 0.2, TWI 0.1; TDII 0.3, TWII 0.2; TDIII 0.4, TWIII 0.2; TDIV 0.4, TWIV 0.2; TDV 0.4, TWV 0.2), toe discs with dorso-terminal groove, cover bifurcate distally; foot webbing absent; subarticular tubercles well developed, oval, single, all present; inner metatarsal tubercle present, oval; outer metatarsal tubercle weakly developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[491,1542,228,1689]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Skin of snout shagreened to sparsely granular, upper eyelids with a few prominent glandular warts especially on the margins, presence of weakly developed dorsolateral glandular folds separated by scattered granular projections; sides of the head, anterior and posterior parts of back and upper and lower parts of flank shagreened with scattered glandular projections; subocular gland indistinct; upper surface of arms and legs shagreened with weakly developed granular projections; ventral surfaces smooth; a pair of prominent femoral glands present on the ventral surface of thighs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[491,1542,228,1689]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,727,706,732]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Colour of holotype.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[736,801,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">In life</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsum silvery-brown with prominent brown spots, snout lighter in colour, a dark brown stripe between the eyes demarcating a triangular cream colour patch on the snout (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[802,863,786,812]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="19.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 5 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 902). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 13.3 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375729/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C); upper and lower parts of flank lighter in colour than the dorsum and with scattered minute black spots and larger white spots; forelimbs (including fingers) and hind limbs (including toes) light silvery-brown with dark brown transverse bands and scattered white spots (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[880,953,906,932]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="19.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 5 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 902). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 13.3 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375729/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 5C). Ventral surfaces light yellowish-brown with minute black speckles, hand and foot darker in colour, throat light grey (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1407,1469,946,972]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="19.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 5 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 902). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 13.3 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375729/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">In preservation</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsum light grey with prominent dark grey spots, lateral sides of head grey with minute black spots, upper eyelids grey (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1024,1089,1025,1051]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="19.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 5 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 902). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 13.3 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375729/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
I); forelimbs (including fingers) and hind limbs (including toes) grey with dark grey transverse bands; anterior and posterior parts of flanks grey. Ventral surfaces light greyish-white with minute dark grey speckles, hand and foot dark grey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[491,1542,228,1689]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,626,1184,1210]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Variations.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric data from five adult males, including the holotype, is given in Table S6. Overall, the colour, markings and meristic characters of the paratypes (except ZSI/WGRC/V/A/904) are similar to the holotype.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1200,1452,1264,1290]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Colour in preservation</emphasis>
|
||
. ZSI/WGRC/V/A/904: dorsum dark grey with less conspicuous dark grey spots, ventral surface with more prominent dark grey speckles. ZSI/WGRC/V/A/906: dorsum light grey with fewer dark grey spots, ventral surface with more prominent dark grey speckles.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,836,1423,1450]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Secondary sexual characters.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[844,902,1424,1450]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Male</emphasis>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/902), femoral glands present (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="19.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 5 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 902). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 13.3 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375729/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
G and 5H), nuptial pads weakly developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[491,1542,228,1689]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,889,1503,1529]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[898,1211,1503,1529]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1211,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently known only from its type locality, which is located in Agasthyamala Hills, south of Palghat gap in the Western Ghats state of Kerala. Animals were found hiding under herbs and grasses on marshy ground (usually away from water) inside an evergreen forest. Males were observed calling during the day (around 11:00 h) and in the late evening (18:00 h).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |