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<mods:title id="6D638C54F841F52A9DB47B57559812D8">An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3ADBD0D5E91580165325B92A19B06CEE">Ebert, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8D21CA22E259946E2843D3384FA67D5C">Wintner, Sabine P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0FA81D3D2430DC5BA9622C6AAA160799">Kyne, Peter M.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C321653C952DFFCACFF75F71FE7525D4" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="D0CC81DB952DFFCACFF75F71FDD525F9" bold="true" box="[151,556,1404,1431]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34952DFFCACFF75F71FDD525F9" ID-CoL="4Z2QW" ID-ENA="195335" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,556,1404,1431]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zygaena">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952DFFCACFF75F71FDD525F9" bold="true" box="[151,556,1404,1431]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952DFFCACFF75F71FEA425F8" bold="true" box="[151,349,1404,1431]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Sphyrna zygaena</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACE0E5F70FDDA25F9" author="Linnaeus" box="[366,547,1404,1431]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref108777" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B7952DFFCACFF75FACFE7525D4" blockId="68.[151,1437,1404,2044]" box="[151,396,1441,1467]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Smooth Hammerhead</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321653C952DFFCACFF75FC8FE3C2690" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8436B7952DFFCACFF75FC8FB10266B" blockId="68.[151,1437,1404,2044]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2B1199952DFFCACFF75FC8FB10266B" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6952DFFCACFF75FC8FDB425B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3920465" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3920465" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:56DA0DBA-8842-4DF5-9218-3B6857FF4223" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[151,589,1477,1504]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB246306B1460A26E4C9FA1CB122384C" page="234" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" year="1758">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34952DFFCACFF75FC8FDB425B0" ID-CoL="6ZFRQ" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 234" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="234" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,589,1477,1504]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zygaena">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952DFFCACFF75FC8FEAC25B0" box="[151,341,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Squalus zygaena</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACE3E5FC8FDB425B0" author="Linnaeus" box="[350,589,1477,1504]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" page="234" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref108777" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758: 234</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="54808815952DFFCACD395FC8FD4025B0" box="[601,697,1477,1503]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
: NRM LP 88, male embryo
<quantity id="4CC39B52952DFFCACB645FC8FB9A25B0" box="[1028,1123,1477,1504]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="215.0">215 mm</quantity>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACBC35FC8FEFB266C" author="Fernholm &amp; Wheeler" firstAuthor="Fernholm" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="199 - 286" refId="ref100602" refString="Fernholm, B. &amp; Wheeler, A. C. (1983) Linnaean fish specimens in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 78 (3), 199 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 00867. x" type="journal article" year="1983">Fernholm &amp; Wheeler, 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Type locality: Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic (inc.
<collectingCountry id="F32C7627952DFFCACC385FE4FC62266C" box="[856,923,1513,1539]" name="Spain" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32C7627952DFFCACCC65FE4FC0C266C" box="[934,1013,1513,1539]" name="France" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32C7627952DFFCACB605FE4FBCD266C" box="[1024,1076,1513,1539]" name="Italy" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32C7627952DFFCACB205FE4FB6B266C" box="[1088,1170,1513,1539]" name="Greece" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32C7627952DFFCACBFD5FE4FB24266B" box="[1181,1245,1513,1540]" name="Syria" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Syria</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B7952DFFCACFF75C00FE3C2690" blockId="68.[151,1437,1404,2044]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952DFFCACFF75C00FEA52648" bold="true" box="[151,348,1549,1575]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Local synonymy</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34952DFFCACE0E5C00FCC22648" ID-CoL="6ZFN2" authority=": Thompson, 1914: 143" authorityName="Thompson" authorityPageNumber="143" authorityYear="1914" box="[366,827,1549,1575]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malleus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952DFFCACE0E5C00FDD52648" box="[366,556,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Sphyrna malleus</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACD5C5C00FCC22648" author="Thompson, W. W." box="[572,827,1549,1575]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="132 - 167" refId="ref117072" refString="Thompson, W. W. (1914) Catalogue of the fishes of the Cape Province (Pt 1). Marine Biological Report, Cape Town, 2 (8), 132 - 167." type="journal article" year="1914">Thompson, 1914: 143</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34952DFFCACC285C00FB162648" ID-CoL="4Z2QW" authority=": Barnard, 1925: 32" authorityName="Barnard" authorityPageNumber="32" authorityYear="1925" box="[840,1263,1549,1576]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zygaena">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952DFFCACC285C00FBF22648" box="[840,1035,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Sphyrna zygaena</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACB7C5C00FB162648" author="Barnard" box="[1052,1263,1549,1576]" firstAuthor="Barnard" page="32" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 418" refId="ref92438" refString="Barnard, K. H. (1925) A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part I (Amphioxus, Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii, and Teleostei-Isospondyli to Heterosomata). Annals of the South African Museum, 21, 1 - 418." type="journal article" year="1925">Barnard, 1925: 32</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACB9D5C00FF1C2624" author="Smith, J. L. B." pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref114538" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1949 a) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. South Africa Central News Agency Ltd., 550 pp." type="book" year="1949">Smith, 1949a: 46</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 21;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACE295C3CFDC02623" author="D'Aubrey" box="[329,569,1585,1612]" firstAuthor="D'Aubrey" page="45" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref96632" refString="D'Aubrey, J. D. (1964 a) Preliminary guide to the sharks found off the east coast of South Africa. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report, 8, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">D’Aubrey, 1964a: 45</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 26;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACDF55C3CFCB42624" author="Smith, J. L. B." box="[661,845,1585,1612]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref115700" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1965) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. 5 th Edition. Central News Agency Ltd., 580 pp." type="book" year="1965">Smith, 1965: 46</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 21;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACCD15C3CFB8D2624" author="Gilbert" box="[945,1140,1585,1611]" firstAuthor="Gilbert" page="31" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref102403" refString="Gilbert, C. R. (1967) A revision of the hammerhead sharks (family Sphyrnidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 119 (3539), 1 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.119 - 3539.1" type="journal article" year="1967">Gilbert, 1967: 31</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 8;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACBAB5C3CFF1D261F" author="Bass" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bass" page="45" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref92970" refString="Bass, A. J., D'Aubrey, J. D. &amp; Kistnasamy, N. (1975 b) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. III. The families Carcharhinidae (excluding Mustelus and Carcharhinus) and Sphyrnidae. Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, 38, 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1975" yearSuffix="b">
Bass
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952DFFCACA685C3FFAB92624" box="[1288,1344,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
, 1975b: 45
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 26;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACE285C58FE092600" author="Bass, A. J." box="[328,496,1621,1647]" editor="Smith, M. M. &amp; Heemstra, P. C." journalOrPublisher="Macmillan, Johannesburg" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref93212" refString="Bass, A. J. (1986) Families Chlamydoselachidae, Heterodontidae, Orectolobidae, Rhinicodontidae, Scyliorhinidae, Pseudotriakidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Pseudocarchariidae, Squatinidae. In: Smith, M. M. &amp; Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.), Smith's Sea Fishes. Macmillan, Johannesburg, pp. 47 - 48 + 64 - 66 + 87 - 102 + 103 + 107." title="Families Chlamydoselachidae, Heterodontidae, Orectolobidae, Rhinicodontidae, Scyliorhinidae, Pseudotriakidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Pseudocarchariidae, Squatinidae" type="book" volumeTitle="Smith's Sea Fishes" year="1986">Bass, 1986: 97</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 13.3, pl. 2;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACDC85C58FC4A261F" author="Compagno" box="[680,947,1621,1648]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="553" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="251 - 655" refId="ref95496" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984 b) FAO Species Catalogue. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Vol. 4. No. 125. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO, Rome, pp. 251 - 655." type="book chapter" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Compagno, 1984b: 553</bibRefCitation>
, fig.;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACC935C58FAF72600" author="Cliff &amp; Wilson" box="[1011,1294,1621,1647]" firstAuthor="Cliff" page="28" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref95251" refString="Cliff, G. &amp; Wilson, R. B. (1986) Natal Sharks Board's Field Guide to Sharks and Other Marine Animals. Natal Sharks Board, Umhlanga Rocks, 57 pp." type="book" year="1986">Cliff &amp; Wilson, 1986: 28</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACA7A5C58FEC126FB" author="Compagno" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="35" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref95624" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1988 a) Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 486 pp." type="book" year="1988" yearSuffix="a">Compagno, 1988a: 35</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACE235C74FD9726FC" author="Compagno" box="[323,622,1657,1683]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Compagno" page="72" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref96138" refString="Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A. &amp; Smale, M. J. (1989) Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 158 pp." type="book" year="1989">
Compagno
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952DFFCACEA45C77FE0C26FC" box="[452,501,1657,1683]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al</emphasis>
., 1989: 72
</bibRefCitation>
, pl.;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACDC45C74FC6626FC" author="Compagno" box="[676,927,1657,1683]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="120" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="75 - 120" refId="ref95720" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1999) An overview of chondrichthyan systematics and biodiversity in southern Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 54, 75 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359199909520406" type="journal article" year="1999">Compagno, 1999: 120</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACCCA5C74FAEF26FC" author="Heemstra &amp; Heemstra" box="[938,1302,1657,1683]" firstAuthor="Heemstra" page="68" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref104374" refString="Heemstra, P. C. &amp; Heemstra, E. (2004) Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. National Inquiry Service Centre and South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, 488 pp." type="book" year="2004">Heemstra &amp; Heemstra, 2004: 68</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46952DFFCACA415C74FE7D26D8" author="Compagno" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Compagno" page="326" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref95897" refString="Compagno, L., Dando, M. &amp; Fowler, S. (2005) Field Guide to the Sharks of the World. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, London, 368 pp." type="book" year="2005">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6952DFFCACA415C74FEB226D7" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
Compagno
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952DFFCACFA65C93FF0026D8" box="[198,249,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</treatmentCitation>
: 326
</bibRefCitation>
, fig., pl. 64;
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a: 504, fig., pl. 75;
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, fig.;
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189174,
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201703,
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202977,
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203735.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B7952CFFCBCFF75AD3FB7A2097" blockId="69.[151,1436,150,356]" box="[151,1155,222,249]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952CFFCBCFF75AD3FE2A2097" bold="true" box="[151,467,222,248]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">South African distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="F32C7627952CFFCBCE825AD3FDAF2097" box="[482,598,222,248]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
Bay (WC) to the KZN border with
<collectingCountry id="F32C7627952CFFCBCC885AD3FB792097" box="[1000,1152,222,248]" name="Mozambique" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321653C952CFFCBCFF75B0FFDED210B" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8436B7952CFFCBCFF75B0FFBBE2150" blockId="69.[151,1436,150,356]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952CFFCBCFF75B0FFEFD2173" bold="true" box="[151,260,258,284]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Remarks</emphasis>
: This hammerhead shark species is found mostly in cool to temperate waters and is most common in southern and
<collectingRegion id="49FFF855952CFFCBCE3D5B2BFE0C212F" box="[349,501,294,320]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">western Cape</collectingRegion>
waters where it seasonally forms large aggregations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B7952CFFCBCFF75B44FDED210B" blockId="69.[151,1436,150,356]" box="[151,532,329,356]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5952CFFCBCFF75B44FE7D210B" bold="true" box="[151,388,329,356]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Conservation status</emphasis>
: VU (2019).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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