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<document id="5CEDC096068B627E00C482065D215586" ID-CLB-Dataset="29136" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4487.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="939f52d6-d58b-4a22-8aec-dd5c6a591067" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1456161" ID-ZooBank="524B23B9-8EAA-4BD6-8937-A1B8F1C057B9" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1539207709472" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Calder, Dale R. &amp; Choong, Henry H. C." docDate="2018" docId="0392282AFFE9FFEBAEC15CF51823F97D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4487.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4487 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hydractinia valens Fraser 1941" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFAB5052FFE6FFE4AE565F381931FF8A" masterDocTitle="Names of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) established by Charles McLean Fraser (1872 - 1946), excluding those from Allan Hancock Expeditions" masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698574918362" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="066F85423BEC1B39018D40E2D8E85E0C">Names of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) established by Charles McLean Fraser (1872 - 1946), excluding those from Allan Hancock Expeditions</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6C12272134B17F14B857E1A42728FF34">Calder, Dale R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C0503CEBCFC6300988C23148E7485DF2">Choong, Henry H. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="669A3C6134657C27FF8C70E0440D878E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A9C7BFBE098D1935AD1FE130F37533F6">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4F7EEA5A3DA650227A7CDD8AFE71B775">2018-10-02</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="31250A3B4F46502A6B11713F6B10B11B" type="CLB-Dataset">29136</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0392282AFFE9FFEBAEC15CF51823F97D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5968287" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148685575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5968287" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392282AFFE9FFEBAEC15CF51823F97D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0392282AFFE9FFEBAEC15CF51823F97D" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection id="C321CAB7FFE9FFEBAEC15CF51B1CFC6D" box="[151,557,973,999]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFE9FFEBAEC15CF51B1CFC6D" blockId="15.[151,557,973,999]" box="[151,557,973,999]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0CC2E50FFE9FFEBAEC15CF51B1CFC6D" bold="true" box="[151,557,973,999]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFE9FFEBAEC15CF51B1CFC6D" authority="Fraser, 1941 b" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1941" box="[151,557,973,999]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Hydractinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="valens">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAEC15CF51B1CFC6D" bold="true" box="[151,557,973,999]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAEC15CF5184AFC6D" bold="true" box="[151,379,973,999]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hydractinia valens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFE9FFEBAFD55CF51B1CFC6D" box="[387,557,973,999]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref76965" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1941 b) New species of hydroids, mostly from the Αtlantic Ocean, in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 91, 77 - 89. [14 November 1941: noted in Contents page of the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.91 - 3125.77" type="journal article">Fraser, 1941b</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321CAB7FFE9FFEBAEC15B2C1BFDFBA0" box="[151,716,1044,1066]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFE9FFEBAEC15B2C1BFDFBA0" blockId="15.[151,716,1044,1066]" box="[151,716,1044,1066]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2BBE12FFE9FFEBAEC15B2C1BFDFBA0" box="[151,716,1044,1066]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFE9FFEBAEC15B2C1B23FBA0" authority="Fraser, 1941 b: 79" authorityName="Fraser" authorityPageNumber="79" authorityYear="1941" box="[151,530,1044,1066]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Hydractinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="valens">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAEC15B2C1869FBA0" box="[151,344,1044,1066]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hydractinia valens</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A9ABF2DFFE9FFEBAF085B2D1B23FBA0" author="" box="[350,530,1044,1066]" page="79" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFE9FFEBAF085B2D18DDFBA0" box="[350,492,1044,1066]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref76965" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1941 b) New species of hydroids, mostly from the Αtlantic Ocean, in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 91, 77 - 89. [14 November 1941: noted in Contents page of the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.91 - 3125.77" type="journal article">Fraser, 1941b</bibRefCitation>
: 79
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 13, figs. 2ae.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321CAB7FFE9FFEBAEC15B6E18F2FAA9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFE9FFEBAEC15B6E1B08FB3D" blockId="15.[151,1437,1110,1783]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<materialsCitation id="3B539361FFE9FFEBAEC15B6E1B08FB3D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1915526088" collectingDate="1879-08-04" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="V Speedwell Sta." country="United States of America" elevation="57" latitude="42.166668" location="Massachusetts" longLatPrecision="1152" longitude="-70.36667" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 43451" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Massachusetts" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAEC15B6E183AFBE5" bold="true" box="[151,267,1110,1135]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<typeStatus id="5480279EFFE9FFEBAEC15B6E1837FBE5" box="[151,262,1110,1135]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB9D3147FFE9FFEBAF4E5B6F188EFBE5" box="[280,447,1110,1135]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USNM 43451</specimenCode>
:
<collectingCountry id="F32CD9ACFFE9FFEBAF865B6F1B3AFBE5" box="[464,523,1111,1135]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49FF57DEFFE9FFEBAC4A5B6E1BF0FBE5" box="[540,705,1110,1135]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, R/
<collectorName id="26CEFCEAFFE9FFEBACBB5B6F1A87FBE5" box="[749,950,1110,1135]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
V
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAD5B5B6E1A4FFBE5" box="[781,894,1110,1135]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Speedwell</emphasis>
Sta.
</collectorName>
284, SW of Stellwagen Bank,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0FFFFBFFE9FFEBAB625B6F1CA6FBE5" box="[1332,1431,1111,1135]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="42.166668">42°10N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0FFFFBFFE9FFEBAEC15B4319CCFB19" box="[151,253,1147,1171]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="-70.36667">70°22W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CC334D9FFE9FFEBAF5F5B421872FB18" box="[265,323,1146,1171]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="57.0">
<elevation id="00167E0FFFE9FFEBAF5F5B421872FB18" box="[265,323,1146,1171]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="57.0">57 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 0
<date id="FF85BFFCFFE9FFEBAF0A5B431B32FB19" box="[348,515,1147,1171]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1879-08-04">
<collectingDate id="EFC14614FFE9FFEBAF0A5B431B32FB19" box="[348,515,1147,1171]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1879-08-04">4 August 1879</collectingDate>
</date>
, trawl, one colony on shell of a live gastropod, in rather poor condition, with a few gonophores, labelled “
<typeStatus id="5480279EFFE9FFEBAFC45BA718F9FB3D" box="[402,456,1183,1207]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
”; ethanol.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFE9FFEBAE915BFA19DCFB75" blockId="15.[151,1437,1110,1783]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<materialsCitation id="3B539361FFE9FFEBAE915BFA19DCFB75" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1915526066" country="United States of America" elevation="57" latitude="42.166668" location="Stellwagen Bank" longLatPrecision="1152" longitude="-70.36667" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Massachusetts" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAE915BFA185AFB51" bold="true" box="[199,363,1218,1243]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<typeStatus id="5480279EFFE9FFEBAE915BFA1833FB51" box="[199,258,1218,1243]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F32CD9ACFFE9FFEBAF2E5BFB1882FB51" box="[376,435,1219,1243]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49FF57DEFFE9FFEBAF925BFA1B5BFB51" box="[452,618,1218,1243]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
: SW of
<location id="8EE4CFE7FFE9FFEBAC835BFA1AADFB51" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392282AFFE9FFEBAEC15CF51823F97D:8EE4CFE7FFE9FFEBAC835BFA1AADFB51" box="[725,924,1218,1243]" country="United States of America" latitude="42.166668" longLatPrecision="1152" longitude="-70.36667" name="Stellwagen Bank" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Massachusetts">Stellwagen Bank</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0FFFFBFFE9FFEBADFB5BFB1D21FB51" box="[941,1040,1219,1243]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="42.166668">42°10N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0FFFFBFFE9FFEBAA775BFB1DB9FB51" box="[1057,1160,1219,1243]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="-70.36667">70°22W</geoCoordinate>
, 31 fm (
<elevation id="00167E0FFFE9FFEBAAA15BFA1C09FB51" box="[1271,1336,1218,1243]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="57.0">
<quantity id="4CC334D9FFE9FFEBAAA15BFA1C09FB51" box="[1271,1336,1218,1243]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="57.0">57 m</quantity>
</elevation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFE9FFEBAB025BFB19D0FB75" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref76965" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1941 b) New species of hydroids, mostly from the Αtlantic Ocean, in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 91, 77 - 89. [14 November 1941: noted in Contents page of the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.91 - 3125.77" type="journal article">Fraser 1941b</bibRefCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFE9FFEBAE915A3218F2FAA9" blockId="15.[151,1437,1110,1783]" box="[199,451,1290,1315]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAE915A32184DFAA9" bold="true" box="[199,380,1290,1315]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Current status.</emphasis>
Valid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321CAB7FFE9FFEBAE915A161C79FA71" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFE9FFEBAE915A161C79FA71" blockId="15.[151,1437,1110,1783]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAE915A16180AFACD" bold="true" box="[199,315,1326,1351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks.</emphasis>
A specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFE9FFEBAFBD5A161A51FACD" authority="Fraser, 1941 b" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1941" box="[491,864,1326,1351]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Hydractinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="valens">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAFBD5A161BF1FACD" box="[491,704,1326,1351]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hydractinia valens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFE9FFEBAC915A171A51FACD" box="[711,864,1326,1351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref76965" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1941 b) New species of hydroids, mostly from the Αtlantic Ocean, in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 91, 77 - 89. [14 November 1941: noted in Contents page of the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.91 - 3125.77" type="journal article">Fraser, 1941b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
at the NMNH (USNM 43451) is currently listed in the online database as a
<typeStatus id="5480279EFFE9FFEBAFF15A6B1B30FAE1" box="[423,513,1363,1387]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
, although the specimen count in the online database is recorded as “1”. Fraser had designated it as the “
<typeStatus id="5480279EFFE9FFEBAFD45A4F1889FA05" box="[386,440,1399,1423]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
.”
<collectingRegion id="49FF57DEFFE9FFEBAF985A4F18C1FA04" box="[462,496,1399,1422]" country="Haiti" name="Nord" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">No</collectingRegion>
other specimens of the species,
<typeStatus id="5480279EFFE9FFEBAD085A4F1ABFFA05" box="[862,910,1399,1423]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
or otherwise, are reported in collections at the AMNH, CAS, MCZ, RBCM, or YPM. From his original description (“Colony growing from ...”),
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFE9FFEBAAA05AA31CADFA39" box="[1270,1436,1434,1459]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref76965" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1941 b) New species of hydroids, mostly from the Αtlantic Ocean, in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 91, 77 - 89. [14 November 1941: noted in Contents page of the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.91 - 3125.77" type="journal article">Fraser (1941b)</bibRefCitation>
seems to have examined a single specimen in describing the species. We therefore take the only colony of the species at the NMNH (USNM 43451), examined here, to be the
<typeStatus id="5480279EFFE9FFEBAD3E5ADA1AFBFA71" box="[872,970,1506,1531]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
by monotypy (ICZN Art. 73.1.2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321CAB7FFE9FFEBAE91593E1823F97D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFE9FFEBAE91593E1823F97D" blockId="15.[151,1437,1110,1783]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFE9FFEBAE91593E18ACF995" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1941" box="[199,413,1542,1567]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Hydractinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="valens">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAE91593E18ACF995" box="[199,413,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hydractinia valens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, known to date solely from the brief account of
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFE9FFEBADE1593F1D6EF995" box="[951,1119,1542,1567]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref76965" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1941 b) New species of hydroids, mostly from the Αtlantic Ocean, in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 91, 77 - 89. [14 November 1941: noted in Contents page of the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.91 - 3125.77" type="journal article">Fraser (1941b)</bibRefCitation>
, is regarded as valid (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFE9FFEBAB07593E1814F9C9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref72164" refString="Cairns, S. D., Calder, D. R., Brinckmann-Voss, Α., Castro, C. B., Fautin, D. G., Pugh, P. R., Mills, C. E., Jaap, W. C., Αrai, M. N., Haddock, S. H. D. &amp; Opresko, D. M. (2002) Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Second Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 28, 1 - 115." type="journal article">
Cairns
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBAEC1591419E3F9C9" box="[151,210,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; WoRMS). It apparently differs from the sympatric
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFE9FFEBADEB59141C07F9C9" authority="L. Agassiz, 1860" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1860" box="[957,1334,1578,1603]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Hydractinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBADEB59141D63F9C9" box="[957,1106,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. polyclina</emphasis>
L. Agassiz, 1860
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFE9FFEBABD759141B6DF9ED" authority="Buss &amp; Yund, 1989" authorityName="Buss &amp; Yund" authorityYear="1989" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Hydractinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFE9FFEBABD75914185DF9ED" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFE9FFEBAF2059771B6DF9ED" box="[374,604,1614,1639]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref71994" refString="Buss, L. W. &amp; Yund, P. O. (1989) Α sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400032215" type="journal article">
Buss &amp; Yund,
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</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in having spines that are short and smooth rather than tall and jagged. Fraser described its gastrozooids as “large and lusty” (to
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high), with 10 tentacles (according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFE9FFEBAB00594B19EFF925" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref77482" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1947 a) Distribution and relationship in American hydroids. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 464 pp. [dated 1946 on title page of book, but not published until about 25 February 1947: W. J. Dunlop (University of Toronto Press) to J. Turnbull (University of Toronto Press), letter dated February 13, 1947, &quot; Mr. Ross will complete the binding of the above book (Distribution and relationship in American hydroids) sometime Monday or Tuesday. &quot; - S. J. Cook (National Research Council, Canada) to W. J. Dunlop, letter dated February 25, 1947, &quot; We have received 500 copies of Dr. C. McLean Fraser's book on &quot; Distribution and relationship in Αmerican hydroids. &quot; Both letters in University of Toronto Αrchives and Records Management Services, University of Toronto Press Fonds, B 1998 - 0025, Box 5]" type="book">Fraser 1947a</bibRefCitation>
, the number of tentacles is 12). Gonozooids lacked tentacles, and bore fixed sporosacs each having about six ova. Fraser did not record the substrate of the species, but the
<typeStatus id="5480279EFFE9FFEBAD0659821A83F959" box="[848,946,1722,1747]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is on the shell of a gastropod with the snail still inside.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>