713 lines
72 KiB
XML
713 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.918.47061" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fdcf785c-218a-4aba-b609-7646924392cd" ID-PMC="PMC7082371" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-918-15" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7717D523786F517DAC2AE2CFE88F8C68" ID-PubMed="32210663" ID-ZooBank="0DBDBF09EC32479AB2202D84BF973ADF" ModsDocID="1313-2970-918-15" checkinTime="1584104997758" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Tsuyuki, Aoi & Kajihara, Hiroshi" docDate="2020" docId="D68F776781355CC8BC14B8E5757DF66D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 918: 15-28" docOrigin="ZooKeys 918" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.918.47061" docTitle="Enchiridium daidai Tsuyuki & Kajihara 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="5D0FCB54-F262-4616-8790-FD210878679E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="7717D523786F517DAC2AE2CFE88F8C68" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="7717D523786F517DAC2AE2CFE88F8C68" masterDocTitle="A giant new species of Enchiridium (Polycladida, Prosthiostomidae) from southwestern Japan" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1668168554700" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A giant new species of Enchiridium (Polycladida, Prosthiostomidae) from southwestern Japan</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tsuyuki, Aoi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Kajihara, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>918</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>15</mods:start>
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<mods:end>28</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.918.47061</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.918.47061</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-918-15</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0DBDBF09EC32479AB2202D84BF973ADF</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7717D523786F517DAC2AE2CFE88F8C68</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="162487070" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5D0FCB54-F262-4616-8790-FD210878679E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D68F776781355CC8BC14B8E5757DF66D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName LSID="D68F7767-8135-5CC8-BC14-B8E5757DF66D" authority="Tsuyuki & Kajihara, 2020" authorityName="Tsuyuki & Kajihara" authorityYear="2020" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium daidai" order="Polycladida" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="daidai" status="sp. nov.">Enchiridium daidai</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="19">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., photograph taken in life and eyespots observed in fixed state after being cleared in xylene. A ICHUM 5993 (holotype), entire animal, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) B ICHUM 5994 (paratype), magnification of anterior body, showing arrangements of cerebral and marginal eyespots. Abbreviations: ce cerebral eyespots fg female gonopore me marginal eyespots mg male gonopore op oral pore ph pharynx su sucker. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 1 mm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388682" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">New Japanese name: daidai-hoso-hiramushi Figures 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., ICHUM 5993 (holotype), schematic diagram (A) and sagittal sections (B-D), anterior to the right. A Schematic diagram of copulatory complex B a common muscle sheath / bulb enclosing two prostatic vesicles and penis stylet C ejaculatory duct penetrating a common muscle sheath / bulb D female copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cg cement glands cp cement pouch ed ejaculatory duct fg female gonopore it intestine ma male atrium mg male gonopore ms muscle sheath / bulb pd prostatic duct pp penis papilla ppo penis pouch pv prostatic vesicle spv spermiducal vesicle st stylet sv seminal vesicle va vagina. Scale bars: 500 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388683" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">, 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Difference in mature body size among Enchiridium daidai sp. nov. A ICHUM 5993 (holotype), from Kagoshima B ICHUM 5995 (paratype), from Okinawa C ICHUM 5994 (paratype), from Okinawa. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388684" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">, 4</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="19" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
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The new specific name
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Tsuyuki & Kajihara" authorityYear="2020" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="daidai" order="Polycladida" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="daidai">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">daidai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a Japanese noun, meaning the color orange. It was named after the thin marginal orange line surrounding the entire dorsal fringe.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
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Three specimens, all collected by A. Tsuyuki.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Holotype</emphasis>
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: ICHUM 5993, sagittal sections through reproductive structures (22 slides), and the rest of the body, unsectioned, preserved in 70% ethanol, collected at 13-14 m depth off the coast of Bonomisaki (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="31.2542" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.2542">31.2542N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="130.2150" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="130.215">130.2150E</geoCoordinate>
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), Kagoshima, Japan, on 26 July 2018.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Paratypes</emphasis>
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: ICHUM 5994, sagittal sections through head to reproductive structures (9 slides); ICHUM 5995, cross sections through reproductive structures (21 slides); both collected at 5 m depth in Nago (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="26.6013" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="26.6013">26.6013N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="127.9137" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="127.9137">127.9137E</geoCoordinate>
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), Okinawa, Japan, on 22 May 2019.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="19" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
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Off the coast of Bonomisaki (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="31.2542" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.2542">31.2542N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="130.2150" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="130.215">130.2150E</geoCoordinate>
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), Kagoshima, Japan.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
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Body elongated, tapered posteriorly, 28-77 mm long (77 mm in holotype) and 4.6-14 mm maximum width (14 mm in holotype) in living state (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., photograph taken in life and eyespots observed in fixed state after being cleared in xylene. A ICHUM 5993 (holotype), entire animal, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) B ICHUM 5994 (paratype), magnification of anterior body, showing arrangements of cerebral and marginal eyespots. Abbreviations: ce cerebral eyespots fg female gonopore me marginal eyespots mg male gonopore op oral pore ph pharynx su sucker. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 1 mm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388682" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">2A</figureCitation>
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); anterior margin rounded; mid-point of posterior margin acute. Tentacles absent. Dorsal surface smooth, translucent, fringed with thin marginal orange line (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., photograph taken in life and eyespots observed in fixed state after being cleared in xylene. A ICHUM 5993 (holotype), entire animal, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) B ICHUM 5994 (paratype), magnification of anterior body, showing arrangements of cerebral and marginal eyespots. Abbreviations: ce cerebral eyespots fg female gonopore me marginal eyespots mg male gonopore op oral pore ph pharynx su sucker. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 1 mm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388682" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">2A</figureCitation>
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). Ventral surface translucent, without color pattern. Pair of cerebral-eyespot clusters, each consisting of 20-52 eyespots (left 20 and right 23 in holotype); each cluster of an antero-posteriorly elongated spindle shape (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., photograph taken in life and eyespots observed in fixed state after being cleared in xylene. A ICHUM 5993 (holotype), entire animal, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) B ICHUM 5994 (paratype), magnification of anterior body, showing arrangements of cerebral and marginal eyespots. Abbreviations: ce cerebral eyespots fg female gonopore me marginal eyespots mg male gonopore op oral pore ph pharynx su sucker. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 1 mm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388682" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">2B</figureCitation>
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). Marginal-eyespot clusters forming single marginal band, extending to position of mouth (about anterior one-eighth of body) along margins on both sides; marginal eyespots abundant along anterior margin, diminishing posteriorly (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., photograph taken in life and eyespots observed in fixed state after being cleared in xylene. A ICHUM 5993 (holotype), entire animal, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) B ICHUM 5994 (paratype), magnification of anterior body, showing arrangements of cerebral and marginal eyespots. Abbreviations: ce cerebral eyespots fg female gonopore me marginal eyespots mg male gonopore op oral pore ph pharynx su sucker. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 1 mm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388682" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">2B</figureCitation>
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). Ventral eyespots absent. Intestine highly branched, spreading all over body. Plicated pharynx tubular in shape, about one-fifth of body length, located in anterior one-third of body (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., photograph taken in life and eyespots observed in fixed state after being cleared in xylene. A ICHUM 5993 (holotype), entire animal, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) B ICHUM 5994 (paratype), magnification of anterior body, showing arrangements of cerebral and marginal eyespots. Abbreviations: ce cerebral eyespots fg female gonopore me marginal eyespots mg male gonopore op oral pore ph pharynx su sucker. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 1 mm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388682" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">2A</figureCitation>
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). Oral pore situated at anterior end of pharynx, behind brain. Male gonopore and female gonopore closely set, both situated behind posterior end of pharynx. Male copulatory apparatus consisting of large seminal vesicle, pair of prostatic vesicles, and armed penis papilla (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., ICHUM 5993 (holotype), schematic diagram (A) and sagittal sections (B-D), anterior to the right. A Schematic diagram of copulatory complex B a common muscle sheath / bulb enclosing two prostatic vesicles and penis stylet C ejaculatory duct penetrating a common muscle sheath / bulb D female copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cg cement glands cp cement pouch ed ejaculatory duct fg female gonopore it intestine ma male atrium mg male gonopore ms muscle sheath / bulb pd prostatic duct pp penis papilla ppo penis pouch pv prostatic vesicle spv spermiducal vesicle st stylet sv seminal vesicle va vagina. Scale bars: 500 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388683" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">3A</figureCitation>
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).
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="20" start="start">Antero-posterior</pageBreakToken>
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length of seminal vesicle more than twice as long as diameter of each prostatic vesicle. Spermiducal vesicles forming single row on each side of midline, separately entering into seminal vesicle. Ejaculatory duct with thick muscular layer, entering penis papilla. Prostatic ducts with muscular layer, connected to ejaculatory duct separately at proximal end of penis papilla. Pair of spherical prostatic vesicles coated within thin non-nucleated muscular wall, arranged anterodorsally to ejaculatory duct. Common muscular sheath enclosing two prostatic vesicles (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., ICHUM 5993 (holotype), schematic diagram (A) and sagittal sections (B-D), anterior to the right. A Schematic diagram of copulatory complex B a common muscle sheath / bulb enclosing two prostatic vesicles and penis stylet C ejaculatory duct penetrating a common muscle sheath / bulb D female copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cg cement glands cp cement pouch ed ejaculatory duct fg female gonopore it intestine ma male atrium mg male gonopore ms muscle sheath / bulb pd prostatic duct pp penis papilla ppo penis pouch pv prostatic vesicle spv spermiducal vesicle st stylet sv seminal vesicle va vagina. Scale bars: 500 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388683" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">3B</figureCitation>
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). Seminal vesicle oval, coated with thick muscular wall, narrowing anteriorly and forming ejaculatory duct; latter almost immediately penetrating common muscular sheath (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., ICHUM 5993 (holotype), schematic diagram (A) and sagittal sections (B-D), anterior to the right. A Schematic diagram of copulatory complex B a common muscle sheath / bulb enclosing two prostatic vesicles and penis stylet C ejaculatory duct penetrating a common muscle sheath / bulb D female copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cg cement glands cp cement pouch ed ejaculatory duct fg female gonopore it intestine ma male atrium mg male gonopore ms muscle sheath / bulb pd prostatic duct pp penis papilla ppo penis pouch pv prostatic vesicle spv spermiducal vesicle st stylet sv seminal vesicle va vagina. Scale bars: 500 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388683" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">3C</figureCitation>
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). Penis papilla armed with pointed tubular stylet, enclosed in penis pouch, protruding into male atrium (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., ICHUM 5993 (holotype), schematic diagram (A) and sagittal sections (B-D), anterior to the right. A Schematic diagram of copulatory complex B a common muscle sheath / bulb enclosing two prostatic vesicles and penis stylet C ejaculatory duct penetrating a common muscle sheath / bulb D female copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cg cement glands cp cement pouch ed ejaculatory duct fg female gonopore it intestine ma male atrium mg male gonopore ms muscle sheath / bulb pd prostatic duct pp penis papilla ppo penis pouch pv prostatic vesicle spv spermiducal vesicle st stylet sv seminal vesicle va vagina. Scale bars: 500 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388683" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">3C</figureCitation>
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). Male atrium elongated anteriorly, lined with ciliated, muscularized epithelium (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., ICHUM 5993 (holotype), schematic diagram (A) and sagittal sections (B-D), anterior to the right. A Schematic diagram of copulatory complex B a common muscle sheath / bulb enclosing two prostatic vesicles and penis stylet C ejaculatory duct penetrating a common muscle sheath / bulb D female copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cg cement glands cp cement pouch ed ejaculatory duct fg female gonopore it intestine ma male atrium mg male gonopore ms muscle sheath / bulb pd prostatic duct pp penis papilla ppo penis pouch pv prostatic vesicle spv spermiducal vesicle st stylet sv seminal vesicle va vagina. Scale bars: 500 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388683" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">3B</figureCitation>
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). Female reproductive system immediately posterior to male reproductive system. Cement glands numerous, concentrated around vagina and releasing their contents in cement pouch (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., ICHUM 5993 (holotype), schematic diagram (A) and sagittal sections (B-D), anterior to the right. A Schematic diagram of copulatory complex B a common muscle sheath / bulb enclosing two prostatic vesicles and penis stylet C ejaculatory duct penetrating a common muscle sheath / bulb D female copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cg cement glands cp cement pouch ed ejaculatory duct fg female gonopore it intestine ma male atrium mg male gonopore ms muscle sheath / bulb pd prostatic duct pp penis papilla ppo penis pouch pv prostatic vesicle spv spermiducal vesicle st stylet sv seminal vesicle va vagina. Scale bars: 500 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388683" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">3D</figureCitation>
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). Vagina curving anteriorly, leading to two narrow lateral branches of uteri. Each branch of uteri turning laterally and then running backwards.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lang’s">Lang's</normalizedToken>
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vesicle absent. Sucker set on body center (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Enchiridium daidai sp. nov., photograph taken in life and eyespots observed in fixed state after being cleared in xylene. A ICHUM 5993 (holotype), entire animal, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) B ICHUM 5994 (paratype), magnification of anterior body, showing arrangements of cerebral and marginal eyespots. Abbreviations: ce cerebral eyespots fg female gonopore me marginal eyespots mg male gonopore op oral pore ph pharynx su sucker. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 1 mm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388682" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">2A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="20" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Subtidal (5-14 m depth), under rocks.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="20" type="variation">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
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Specimens from Kagoshima and Okinawa differed in body size. The holotype from Kagoshima was 77 mm long and 15 mm wide, whereas the paratype specimens from Okinawa were 28-37 mm long and 4.6-7.4 mm wide (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Difference in mature body size among Enchiridium daidai sp. nov. A ICHUM 5993 (holotype), from Kagoshima B ICHUM 5995 (paratype), from Okinawa C ICHUM 5994 (paratype), from Okinawa. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388684" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">4</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Body elongated, usually rounded anteriorly; dorsal surface translucent, fringed by a thin marginal orange line; marginal eyespots present only anteriorly; plicated pharynx tubular in shape, about one-fifth of body length; pair of prostatic vesicles bound by common muscular sheath, the latter penetrated by ejaculatory duct.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="20" type="sequences">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Sequences.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Partial COI (585 bp) and 28S rDNA (1017 bp) sequences from three individuals: LC504240 (COI), LC504235 (28S rDNA) from ICHUM 5993 (holotype); LC504238 (COI), LC504236 (28S rDNA) from ICHUM 5994 (paratype); LC504239 (COI), LC504237 (28S rDNA) from ICHUM 5995 (paratype).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="20" type="molecular phylogeny and genetic distances">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Molecular phylogeny and genetic distances.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
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In the phylogenetic tree,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Tsuyuki & Kajihara" authorityYear="2020" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium daidai" order="Polycladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="daidai">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Enchiridium daidai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. was nested in a clade composed of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 935 - bp 28 S rDNA. Bootstrap support values are indicated near nodes." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388685" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The genetic distances (uncorrected
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">p</emphasis>
|
||
-values) for the COI sequences among three specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tsuyuki & Kajihara" authorityYear="2020" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium daidai" order="Polycladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="daidai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Enchiridium daidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. were 0.002-0.012. Genetic distances between individuals from different localities (Kagoshima vs. Okinawa), 0.010-0.012, were larger than that between individuals from the same locality (Okinawa), 0.002.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In spite of the noticeable difference in body size, specimens from Kagoshima and Okinawa - all having reached sexual maturity - were identified as conspecific. They shared the following morphological characteristics: i) body dorsally fringed with a thin orange line, ii) marginal-eyespot band extending to the position of the mouth (about anterior one-eighth of the body), iii) two prostatic vesicles covered by a common muscle sheath, and iv) common muscle sheath penetrated by ejaculatory duct. In addition, the COI
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">p</emphasis>
|
||
-distances among the specimens, 0.002-0.012, fell in a range of intraspecific values, 0.000-0.020, which was observed in four species of the acotylean leptoplanoid
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faubel" authorityYear="1983" family="Notocomplanidae" genus="Notocomplana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Notocomplana" order="Polycladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Notocomplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4282.3.6" author="Oya, Y" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="526 - 542" refId="B29" refString="Oya, Y, Kajihara, H, 2017. Description of a new Notocomplana species (Platyhelminthes: Acotylea), new combination and new records of Polycladida from the northeastern Sea of Japan, with a comparison of two different barcoding markers. Zootaxa 4282 (3): 526 - 542, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4282.3.6" title="Description of a new Notocomplana species (Platyhelminthes: Acotylea), new combination and new records of Polycladida from the northeastern Sea of Japan, with a comparison of two different barcoding markers." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4282.3.6" volume="4282" year="2017">Oya and Kajihara 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), thus rendering sup
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="21" start="start">port</pageBreakToken>
|
||
for our interpretation of conspecificity. Within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faubel" authorityYear="1983" lsidName="" order="Polycladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" rank="order">Polycladida</taxonomicName>
|
||
, remarkable intraspecific variation in body size has been reported for the acotylean stylochoid
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1860" family="Planoceridae" genus="Planocera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planocera reticulata" order="Polycladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Planocera reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Stimpson, 1855), which was recorded to vary by 10-80 mm in length and 6-45 mm in width (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yeri, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refId="B41" refString="Yeri, M, Kaburaki, T, 1918. Description of some Japanese polyclad Turbellaria. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 39 Art.9: 1-54." title="Description of some Japanese polyclad Turbellaria. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 39 Art. 9: 1 - 54." year="1918">Yeri and Kaburaki 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among the cotylean Proshiostomidae, sexually matured individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1901" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Prosthiostomum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prosthiostomum cyclops" order="Polycladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cyclops">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Prosthiostomum cyclops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Verrill, 1901) have been reported to vary a great deal (>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
10) in size by locality: 75-90 mm long
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
10-15 mm wide in the Bermuda Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refId="B40" refString="Verrill, AE, 1901. Additions to the fauna of the Bermudas from the Yale Expedition of 1901, with notes on other species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.11: 15-62." title="Additions to the fauna of the Bermudas from the Yale Expedition of 1901, with notes on other species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 11: 15 - 62." year="1901">Verrill 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas 6.5 mm long
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.7 mm wide in the islands of Bonaire and Klein Bonaire (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, E" journalOrPublisher="Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 133" refId="B11" refString="Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, E, Marcus, E, 1968. Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 101: 1 - 133" title="Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions." volume="101" year="1968">Du Bois-Reymond Marcus and Marcus 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These observations may imply that these polyclads undergo an indeterminate growth, in which growth is not terminated after reaching adulthood, although other factors - such as geographical and ecological ones - must also be taken into account.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
|
||
As for the taxon concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, our results did not show a compatibility to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bock, S" journalOrPublisher="Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 344" refId="B4" refString="Bock, S, 1913. Studien ueber Polycladen. Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala 2: 31 - 344" title="Studien ueber Polycladen." volume="2" year="1913">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bock’s">Bock's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1913)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
original view on the genus. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was established by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bock, S" journalOrPublisher="Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 344" refId="B4" refString="Bock, S, 1913. Studien ueber Polycladen. Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala 2: 31 - 344" title="Studien ueber Polycladen." volume="2" year="1913">Bock (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. periommatum" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="periommatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">E. periommatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on two characteristics: i) two prostatic vesicles enclosed in a common muscle sheath, and ii) marginal eyespots completely surrounding the entire periphery of the dorsal surface. Subsequently,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. evelinae" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="evelinae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">E. evelinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. japonicum" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="japonicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">E. japonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. punctatum" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="punctatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">E. punctatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were added to the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kato, K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 77" refId="B18" refString="Kato, K, 1943. Polyclads from Formosa. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 13: 69 - 77" title="Polyclads from Formosa." volume="13" year="1943">Kato 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1949.129106" author="Marcus, E" journalOrPublisher="Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="7 - 155" refId="B25" refString="Marcus, E, 1949. Turbellaria brasileiros (7). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia 14: 7 - 155, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1949.129106" title="Turbellaria brasileiros (7)." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1949.129106" volume="14" year="1949">Marcus 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hyman, LH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="269 - 391" refId="B16" refString="Hyman, LH, 1953. The polyclad flatworms of the Pacific coast of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 100: 269 - 391" title="The polyclad flatworms of the Pacific coast of North America." volume="100" year="1953">Hyman 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) before
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Faubel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="189 - 259" refId="B12" refString="Faubel, A, 1984. The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 81: 189 - 259" title="The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea." volume="81" year="1984">Faubel (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-defined
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It was circumscribed so that "only the prostatic vesicles are bound into a common muscle bulb and oriented anterodorsal to the ejaculatory duct" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Faubel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="189 - 259" refId="B12" refString="Faubel, A, 1984. The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 81: 189 - 259" title="The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea." volume="81" year="1984">Faubel 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 231); namely, the encircling marginal eyespots were not regarded as a necessary condition for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At the same time, Faubel
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="22" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Faubel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="189 - 259" refId="B12" refString="Faubel, A, 1984. The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 81: 189 - 259" title="The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea." volume="81" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) transferred three
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marcus & Marcus" authorityYear="1968" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Lurymare" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lurymare" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Lurymare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">viz.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. delicatum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="delicatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">L. delicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. gabriellae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="gabriellae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">L. gabriellae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. russoi" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="russoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">L. russoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, into
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As a result, seven species were included in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the taxonomic system of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Faubel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="189 - 259" refId="B12" refString="Faubel, A, 1984. The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 81: 189 - 259" title="The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea." volume="81" year="1984">Faubel (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In contrast,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Prudhoe, S" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refId="B32" refString="Prudhoe, S, 1985. A Monograph on Polyclad Turbellaria. Oxford University Press, Oxford" title="A Monograph on Polyclad Turbellaria." year="1985">Prudhoe (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
supported
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bock, S" journalOrPublisher="Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 344" refId="B4" refString="Bock, S, 1913. Studien ueber Polycladen. Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala 2: 31 - 344" title="Studien ueber Polycladen." volume="2" year="1913">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bock’s">Bock's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1913)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
taxon concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, retaining four species,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. evelinae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="evelinae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. evelinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. japonicum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="japonicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. japonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. periommatum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="periommatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. periommatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. punctatum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="punctatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. punctatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and three species,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. delicatum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="delicatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">L. delicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. gabriellae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="gabriellae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">L. gabriellae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. russoi" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="russoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">L. russoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marcus & Marcus" authorityYear="1968" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Lurymare" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lurymare" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Lurymare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the other hand,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.2" author="Cuadrado, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="38 - 68" refId="B8" refString="Cuadrado, D, Moro, L, Norena, C, 2017. The Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) of the Canary Islands. New genus, species and records. Zootaxa 4312 (1): 38 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.2" title="The Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) of the Canary Islands. New genus, species and records." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.2" volume="4312" year="2017">Cuadrado et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
followed
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Faubel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="189 - 259" refId="B12" refString="Faubel, A, 1984. The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 81: 189 - 259" title="The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea." volume="81" year="1984">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Faubel’s">Faubel's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1984)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redefinition when they established
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. magec" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="magec">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. magec</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Enchidirium" lsidName="Enchidirium" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchidirium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Faubel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="189 - 259" refId="B12" refString="Faubel, A, 1984. The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 81: 189 - 259" title="The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea." volume="81" year="1984">Faubel (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was strongly supported in a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial 28S rDNA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz007" author="Litvaitis, MK" journalOrPublisher="Engelmann W, Leipzig" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" refId="B23" refString="Litvaitis, MK, Bolanos, DM, Quiroga, SY, 2019. Systematic congruence in Polycladida (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora): are DNA and morphology telling the same story? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz007" title="Systematic congruence in Polycladida (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora): are DNA and morphology telling the same story? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 1 - 27." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz007" year="2019">Litvaitis et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In our study,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Enchidirium" lsidName="Enchidirium" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchidirium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Faubel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="189 - 259" refId="B12" refString="Faubel, A, 1984. The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 81: 189 - 259" title="The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea." volume="81" year="1984">Faubel (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
received 80% bootstrap support with the exclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 4 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-017-0327-5" author="Bahia, J" journalOrPublisher="Organisms Diversity & Evolution" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="653 - 678" refId="B3" refString="Bahia, J, Padula, V, Schroedl, M, 2017. Polycladida phylogeny and evolution: integrating evidence from 28S rDNA and morphology. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 17 (3): 653 - 678, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-017-0327-5" title="Polycladida phylogeny and evolution: integrating evidence from 28 S rDNA and morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-017-0327-5" volume="17" year="2017">Bahia et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; including the latter, the branch support decreased to 50% (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 935 - bp 28 S rDNA. Bootstrap support values are indicated near nodes." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388685" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Also,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the sense of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bock, S" journalOrPublisher="Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 344" refId="B4" refString="Bock, S, 1913. Studien ueber Polycladen. Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala 2: 31 - 344" title="Studien ueber Polycladen." volume="2" year="1913">Bock (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Prudhoe, S" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refId="B32" refString="Prudhoe, S, 1985. A Monograph on Polyclad Turbellaria. Oxford University Press, Oxford" title="A Monograph on Polyclad Turbellaria." year="1985">Prudhoe (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
- represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. evelinae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="evelinae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. evelinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. japonicum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="japonicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. japonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. periommatum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="periommatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. periommatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 3, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 4 (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-017-0327-5" author="Bahia, J" journalOrPublisher="Organisms Diversity & Evolution" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="653 - 678" refId="B3" refString="Bahia, J, Padula, V, Schroedl, M, 2017. Polycladida phylogeny and evolution: integrating evidence from 28S rDNA and morphology. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 17 (3): 653 - 678, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-017-0327-5" title="Polycladida phylogeny and evolution: integrating evidence from 28 S rDNA and morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-017-0327-5" volume="17" year="2017">Bahia et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of characters between five Enchiridium species in which marginal eyespots are distributed only anteriorly." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/A1E5DF1FFC1C63D9E90A33D4242918AB" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="A1E5DF1FFC1C63D9E90A33D4242918AB">2</tableCitation>
|
||
) in our analysis - was not monophyletic. Therefore, the taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be revised with further molecular phylogenetic analyses as well as careful examination of morphological characters among the constituent members. At the moment, however, we adopt
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Faubel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="189 - 259" refId="B12" refString="Faubel, A, 1984. The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 81: 189 - 259" title="The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part II. The Cotylea." volume="81" year="1984">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Faubel’s">Faubel's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1984)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redefinition and place our new species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along with eight other species. We did so because our results indicated that the arrangement of the marginal eyespots should not be taken into account as generic diagnostic characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tsuyuki & Kajihara" authorityYear="2020" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium daidai" order="Polycladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="daidai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Enchiridium daidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. evelinae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="evelinae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. evelinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. japonicum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="japonicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. japonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. periommatum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="periommatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. periommatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. punctatum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="punctatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. punctatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the arrangement of the marginal eyespots; the marginal-eyespot band in these four species completely encircles the periphery of the dorsal surface, whereas that of our specimens is present only along the anterior margin. Our new species is also easily distinguished from the other four congeners,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. delicatum" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="delicatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">E. delicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. gabriellae" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="gabriellae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="23" start="start">E</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. gabriellae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. magec" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="magec">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. magec</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. russoi" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="russoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. russoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by the thin marginal orange line surrounding the entire dorsal fringe and by the lack of spots or maculae on the dorsal surface (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of characters between five Enchiridium species in which marginal eyespots are distributed only anteriorly." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/A1E5DF1FFC1C63D9E90A33D4242918AB" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="A1E5DF1FFC1C63D9E90A33D4242918AB">2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Reaching 77 mm in body length,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tsuyuki & Kajihara" authorityYear="2020" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium daidai" order="Polycladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="daidai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Enchiridium daidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is the largest species in the genus over
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. punctatum" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="punctatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. punctatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(about 40 mm in body length;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hyman, LH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="269 - 391" refId="B16" refString="Hyman, LH, 1953. The polyclad flatworms of the Pacific coast of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 100: 269 - 391" title="The polyclad flatworms of the Pacific coast of North America." volume="100" year="1953">Hyman 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 386). Indeed,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. daidai" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="daidai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. daidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the second largest in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lang" authorityYear="1884" family="Prosthiostomidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="family">Prosthiostomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
after
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. cyclops" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="cyclops">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">P. cyclops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which reaches 90 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refId="B40" refString="Verrill, AE, 1901. Additions to the fauna of the Bermudas from the Yale Expedition of 1901, with notes on other species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.11: 15-62." title="Additions to the fauna of the Bermudas from the Yale Expedition of 1901, with notes on other species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 11: 15 - 62." year="1901">Verrill 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among about 80 species of prosthiostomids, only
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. daidai" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="daidai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. daidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. cyclops" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="cyclops">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">P. cyclops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to exceed 70 mm in body length, while most of the other species are less than 30 mm long. Therefore, our new species is considered to be unusually big in body size for a prosthiostomid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388682" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tsuyuki & Kajihara" authorityYear="2020" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium daidai" order="Polycladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="daidai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Enchiridium daidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., photograph taken in life and eyespots observed in fixed state after being cleared in xylene.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
|
||
ICHUM 5993 (holotype), entire animal, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
|
||
ICHUM 5994 (paratype), magnification of anterior body, showing arrangements of cerebral and marginal eyespots. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">ce</emphasis>
|
||
cerebral eyespots
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">fg</emphasis>
|
||
female gonopore
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">me</emphasis>
|
||
marginal eyespots
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">mg</emphasis>
|
||
male gonopore
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">op</emphasis>
|
||
oral pore
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">ph</emphasis>
|
||
pharynx
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">su</emphasis>
|
||
sucker. Scale bars: 10 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
|
||
); 1 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388683" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tsuyuki & Kajihara" authorityYear="2020" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium daidai" order="Polycladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="daidai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Enchiridium daidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., ICHUM 5993 (holotype), schematic diagram (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and sagittal sections (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">B-D</emphasis>
|
||
), anterior to the right.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
|
||
Schematic diagram of copulatory complex
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
|
||
a common muscle sheath/bulb enclosing two prostatic vesicles and penis stylet
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">C</emphasis>
|
||
ejaculatory duct penetrating a common muscle sheath/bulb
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">D</emphasis>
|
||
female copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">cg</emphasis>
|
||
cement glands
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">cp</emphasis>
|
||
cement pouch
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">ed</emphasis>
|
||
ejaculatory duct
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">fg</emphasis>
|
||
female gonopore
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">it</emphasis>
|
||
intestine
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">ma</emphasis>
|
||
male atrium
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">mg</emphasis>
|
||
male gonopore
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">ms</emphasis>
|
||
muscle sheath/bulb
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">pd</emphasis>
|
||
prostatic duct
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">pp</emphasis>
|
||
penis papilla
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">ppo</emphasis>
|
||
penis pouch
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">pv</emphasis>
|
||
prostatic vesicle
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">spv</emphasis>
|
||
spermiducal vesicle
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">st</emphasis>
|
||
stylet
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">sv</emphasis>
|
||
seminal vesicle
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">va</emphasis>
|
||
vagina. Scale bars: 500
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388684" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Difference in mature body size among
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tsuyuki & Kajihara" authorityYear="2020" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium daidai" order="Polycladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="daidai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Enchiridium daidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
|
||
ICHUM 5993 (holotype), from Kagoshima
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
|
||
ICHUM 5995 (paratype), from Okinawa
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">C</emphasis>
|
||
ICHUM 5994 (paratype), from Okinawa. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.918.47061.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388685" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 935-bp 28S rDNA. Bootstrap support values are indicated near nodes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="A1E5DF1FFC1C63D9E90A33D4242918AB" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/A1E5DF1FFC1C63D9E90A33D4242918AB" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of characters between five
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bock" authorityYear="1913" family="Prosthiostomidae" genus="Enchiridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchiridium" order="Polycladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Enchiridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in which marginal eyespots are distributed only anteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<table pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<th colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">-</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. daidai" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="daidai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. daidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. delicatum" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="delicatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. delicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. gabriellae" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="gabriellae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. gabriellae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. magec" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="magec">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. magec</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. russoi" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="russoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">E. russoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Type locality</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Off the coast of Bonomisaki, Kagoshima, Japan</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">East London, South Africa</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sebastião">Sebastiao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Island,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Paulo, Brazil
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">North of El Balito, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Shelley Beach, East London, South Africa</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<td colspan="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Dorsal coloration/ pattern</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Background color</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Translucent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Light pale yellow</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Transparent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Whitish to cream</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Greyish yellow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Spots or maculae on dorsal surface</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">None</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">None</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">None</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Brown caramel spots, arranged more densely in the central region</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Brown pigment spots spread especially in the central part</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Median line</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">None</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Two yellow bands</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">None</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">A band composed of brown caramel spots</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">An ocher yellow band</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Fringed line</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">A thin orange line</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">None</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">None</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">None</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">None</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Reference</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">This study</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Palombi, A" journalOrPublisher="Archivio Zoologico Italiano" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="123 - 149" refId="B30" refString="Palombi, A, 1939. Turbellaria del Sud Africa. Policladi di East London. Terzo contributo. Archivio Zoologico Italiano 28: 123 - 149" title="Turbellaria del Sud Africa. Policladi di East London. Terzo contributo." volume="28" year="1939">Palombi (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1949.129106" author="Marcus, E" journalOrPublisher="Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="7 - 155" refId="B25" refString="Marcus, E, 1949. Turbellaria brasileiros (7). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia 14: 7 - 155, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1949.129106" title="Turbellaria brasileiros (7)." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1949.129106" volume="14" year="1949">Marcus (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.2" author="Cuadrado, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="38 - 68" refId="B8" refString="Cuadrado, D, Moro, L, Norena, C, 2017. The Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) of the Canary Islands. New genus, species and records. Zootaxa 4312 (1): 38 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.2" title="The Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) of the Canary Islands. New genus, species and records." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.2" volume="4312" year="2017">Cuadrado et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Palombi, A" journalOrPublisher="Archivio Zoologico Italiano" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="123 - 149" refId="B30" refString="Palombi, A, 1939. Turbellaria del Sud Africa. Policladi di East London. Terzo contributo. Archivio Zoologico Italiano 28: 123 - 149" title="Turbellaria del Sud Africa. Policladi di East London. Terzo contributo." volume="28" year="1939">Palombi (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |