641 lines
86 KiB
XML
641 lines
86 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1179-63" ID-Pensoft-UUID="35F0E278C7E65818B7636E3886EEA9C5" ID-ZooBank="720A0A7F8BDA409FA6928CF13494BA71" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1179-63" checkinTime="1694247949167" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Justesen, Mathias Just, Hansen, Aslak Kappel, Knizek, Milos, Lindelow, Ake, Solodovnikov, Alexey & Ravn, Hans Peter" docDate="2023" docId="8AFDF89B5D38594587FFC3BA4C9EF155" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1179: 63-105" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1179" docPubDate="2023-09-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388" docTitle="Cryphalus piceae" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="35F0E278C7E65818B7636E3886EEA9C5" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="35F0E278C7E65818B7636E3886EEA9C5" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic reappraisal of the European fauna of the bark beetle genus Cryphalus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)" masterLastPageNumber="105" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1694248252113" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E41EBA1815CB53A19AD35E48BB1259B8">Taxonomic reappraisal of the European fauna of the bark beetle genus Cryphalus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B949E98D31C18A2B2C7B45A72DA4D76A">Justesen, Mathias Just</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3A300731F51B9B0FB61E4EA7A5F3297E">Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="63631BFA25BBC905F40437195B725A2E" type="email">majj@ign.ku.dk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E5775C0487A75DD6951CB98DCFC103DA">Hansen, Aslak Kappel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="13CD280FBB29B602D813739CE92D1861" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2089-7233</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="A1356D4079461A8563C45B1BEF5E1A05">Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="08539C597942501278F76C8E1FF3CF73">Knizek, Milos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F05CC6C3A5E3CE7CDC3A155FE0B46EF1" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-9448</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="B10B116F383E78849B80FD58F48FF14C">Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Kobenhavn O, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6D476F1B0559C94EAC3F7EFCE8098A18">Lindelow, Ake</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="398ED2CF6BEF3A71621B3B8F1B77F5DA">Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, CZ- 252 02 Jiloviste, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3CD0E188A79B95D123BA4F875DBE2BE0">Solodovnikov, Alexey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6E6346B5B2A99DB7C9E03743BC769FEC" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2031-849X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="EBE7AAD25B20A32BCF8DA7BC8F622B77">Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3545509FFB8ADDC0064880F7A6F8FE54">Ravn, Hans Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="79782D3504C86EBF6D94B229D57B48B3">Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="139623B6C799D3FE6B50F54673E31F4F">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F1EF5EC7FAFA32975AB7A7BE212C4C46">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DB7CB9D75B9CCAD40071712E4DEFC41A">2023-09-08</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="900A0E1C538B027EF9A06E8D38F2E288">1179</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BADE964D61A6360F4DE28830E5B0833E">63</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="78CFC5116A84D96BDFF1F4C72B95907F">105</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="9B870C35370A9514E512BABE92D84114" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8AFDF89B5D38594587FFC3BA4C9EF155" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8AFDF89B5D38594587FFC3BA4C9EF155" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8AFDF89B5D38594587FFC3BA4C9EF155" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<subSubSection id="7EA777EB0B1CBBDA19D83AB1017C9E03" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6AE97DD29CEA268251A6AD0D0713173D" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="D2E384EA3F230DEEB37FCEFB1C8AD7F5" ID-CoL="ZSRF" ID-ENA="1586473" LSID="8AFDF89B-5D38-5945-87FF-C3BA4C9EF155" authority="(Ratzeburg, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceae">Cryphalus piceae (Ratzeburg, 1837)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5D70A9CF41C4E3294B0A033258304511" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C4B8F61072FA9E2D99D10F4EE9B99B2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="9C2D3B658E0D76354BC0DB91ADDD6F16" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus orientalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Cryphalus orientalis</taxonomicName>
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Eggers, 1911b: 122 (syn:
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<bibRefCitation id="DB3025D692227D7FAB01D351B4FF461B" author="Pfeffer, A" editor="Jelinek, J" journalOrPublisher="Folia Heyrovskyana Supplementum" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="3 - 172" refId="B64" refString="Pfeffer, A, Knizek, M, 1993. Scolytidae. 153-158. In: Jelinek, J, Ed., Check-list of Czechoslovak Insects IV (Coleoptera). Seznam ceskoslovenskych brouku. Folia Heyrovskyana Supplementum 1: 3 - 172" title="Scolytidae. 153 - 158." volume="1" volumeTitle="Check-list of Czechoslovak Insects IV (Coleoptera). Seznam ceskoslovenskych brouku." year="1993">
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Pfeffer and
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<normalizedToken id="F182C2B2D892A0EC85BD4ADAC7C90272" originalValue="Knížek">Knizek</normalizedToken>
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||
1993
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="6F0381AA8A5D02747C0EAE4ADD45DD4D" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="05CC3FE4CCA074DF9A843E66035BDA7E" authorityName="Kono" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus hattorii" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hattorii">Cryphalus hattorii</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="467FEC2E8E4401F0DFF2254D091C0A47" originalValue="Kôno">Kono</normalizedToken>
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, 1938: 67 (syn:
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<bibRefCitation id="588254D816BBBD3FAE35A24092B79C69" author="Inouye, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Government Forest Experimental Station" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="45 - 56" refId="B28" refString="Inouye, M, Nobuchi, A, 1957. A revision of Cryphalus species injurious to coniferous trees from Hokkaido, Japan (Coleopt. Scolytidae). Bulletin of the Government Forest Experimental Station 103: 45 - 56" title="A revision of Cryphalus species injurious to coniferous trees from Hokkaido, Japan (Coleopt. Scolytidae)." volume="103" year="1957">Inouye and Nobuchi 1957</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="A3AC2EE954EF5321B87705BBE9418002" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="369151320383F7629B363C7E59DD1D03" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1940" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus subdepressus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subdepressus">Cryphalus subdepressus</taxonomicName>
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Eggers, 1940d: 37 (syn:
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<bibRefCitation id="AC1464785903904520B4578C21F3BB94" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="89 - 92" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41712699" refId="B86" refString="Wood, SL, 1992a. Nomenclatural changes in Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist 52 (1): 89 - 92, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41712699" title="Nomenclatural changes in Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera)." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41712699" volume="52" year="1992 a">Wood 1992a</bibRefCitation>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B23593A040595EDD1B42A021F01A91D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC980F0E291E5C02288A2B304A336FC9" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E11D6E9B92CF2807C3D330488D989B38" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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According to
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<bibRefCitation id="39EE73E8C8DA08F63F3DC8B24AF7AA8C" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="121 - 122" refId="B83" refString="Wood, SL, 1967. Cryphalus Erichson, 1836 (Insecta, Coleoptera): Proposed Designation of a Type-Species under the Plenary Powers Z.N.(S.) 1788. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 24: 121 - 122" title="Cryphalus Erichson, 1836 (Insecta, Coleoptera): Proposed Designation of a Type-Species under the Plenary Powers Z. N. (S.) 1788." volume="24" year="1967">Wood (1967)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="16113AFD0329AE1C09AFDD7C69A7EBD1" author="Horn, W" journalOrPublisher="Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin, Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B27" refString="Horn, W, Kahle, I, Friese, G, Gaedike, R, 1990b. Collectiones Entomologicae, ein Kompendium ueber den Verbleib Entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Teil II: L bis Z. Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin, Germany" title="Collectiones Entomologicae, ein Kompendium ueber den Verbleib Entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Teil II: L bis Z." year="1990 b">Horn et al. (1990b)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<normalizedToken id="75BC6980FA46046084FA3E49979CA4F7" originalValue="Ratzeburg’s">Ratzeburg's</normalizedToken>
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material was destroyed during WWII. The authors have confirmed that the material was not present at the listed museums in
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<bibRefCitation id="E314B1B9A889686E530358AC08308E38" author="Horn, W" journalOrPublisher="Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin, Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B27" refString="Horn, W, Kahle, I, Friese, G, Gaedike, R, 1990b. Collectiones Entomologicae, ein Kompendium ueber den Verbleib Entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Teil II: L bis Z. Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin, Germany" title="Collectiones Entomologicae, ein Kompendium ueber den Verbleib Entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Teil II: L bis Z." year="1990 b">Horn et al. (1990B)</bibRefCitation>
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, and it is therefore presumably destroyed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E98D13F3317FE6E30C0E22AAD5282D80" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="neotype designation">
|
||
<paragraph id="179F5252CD198825B518E0FD329B44BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Neotype designation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9DD53A2EB4B35D494ADB1FDCB5907C44" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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||
We designate a neotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3483B6DD5C84D3CE581B284E56986FD7" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceae">
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||
<emphasis id="73F2ED1D0ED10B54E73A8C3C7A7BBCCA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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with the express purpose of clarifying the taxonomic status. The original description was based on specimens collected either in Upper Silesia (Poland) or Bavaria (Germany) (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="29058593305CF82DB0B33FAB3D0A3866" author="Ratzeburg, JTC" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B69" refString="Ratzeburg, JTC, 1837. Die Forst-Insecten oder Abbildung und Beschreibung der in den Waeldern Preussens und der Nachbarstaaten als schaedlich oder nuetzlich bekannt gewordenen Insecten. Die Kaefer Erster Theil. Nicolai, Berlin, [x + 4 +] 202 pp [21 pls]." title="Die Forst-Insecten oder Abbildung und Beschreibung der in den Waeldern Preussens und der Nachbarstaaten als schaedlich oder nuetzlich bekannt gewordenen Insecten. Die Kaefer Erster Theil. Nicolai, Berlin, [x + 4 +] 202 pp [21 pls]." year="1837">Ratzeburg 1837</bibRefCitation>
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||
). A neotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="109457FD831553EBC09E86CCC940A605" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="14A4B7F7B7B8C80B18FE795B5FF2B16D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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(Ratzeburg, 1837) was designated (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="B58C11E41FE8804706B3445479954DED" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Neotype of Cryphalus piceae, stored at NHMD in the entomological collections." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903293" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">9</figureCitation>
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||
). It is a male collected 14/02-2018 in Austria (
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||
<geoCoordinate id="507CCD34C82C84543BC886F81529E3BC" degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="31.3" value="48.07536">48°04'31.3"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="77D530C80AFB3124FDA67A0FF2499F89" degrees="15" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="31.6" value="15.358778">15°21'31.6"E</geoCoordinate>
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) from an
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<taxonomicName id="6698D90036B730E04F91DD916FF54E65" authorityName="E.Spach" authorityYear="1841" baseAuthorityName="C.von Steven" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies nordmanniana" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="species" species="nordmanniana">
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<emphasis id="99F2709999FE9C18E1305C603321E690" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies nordmanniana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Steven) Spach branch, not far from Bavaria. The specimen will be stored at NHMD in the entomological collections. COI sequence (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="371B1D8D8BD3203B3F72C9020F06C814" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Species tree based on COI barcodes. Support values are given as posterior probability for Bayesian analysis and ultrafast bootstrap and SH-aLRT values for maximum likelihood analysis. Nodes coloured green for PP ≥ 0.90, UFB ≥ 80 and SH-aLRT ≥ 95, yellow for either PP ≥ 0.90, UFB ≥ 80 or SH-aLRT ≥ 95, and red for PP <0.90, UFB <80 and SH-aLRT <95." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903292" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">8</figureCitation>
|
||
; A.7 Hummelbach) is from a specimen collected in the same branch as the neotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FEA08C51001EEBD902A6ABF88F7578BA" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903293" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph id="F5CCBDFE557FE25AB87974AFCC828265" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0FB3EAF4746012BEA2E0932DF15C51A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Neotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F5180C3FD4D60499D9DB7E2F4CB9E2D" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D8F9DA1CF3C038F9A114D198CAEAC37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stored at NHMD in the entomological collections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1B2F5B0BFC5AAFC9254DBBFA328810DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="CA250CEAA131829F26D852B2224834FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F4F80D5AFC9B6FDA1DA68AB4B7656352" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="19CEC8387DF9FC15DF54BA31CC2E74B4" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" location="Europe" municipality="Morphological" specimenCount="474">
|
||
<specimenCount id="1503184C88FF91F828AAA1E1FC213D2A" type="generic">474 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from various locations in
|
||
<location id="7FA680C99F9C41E5F7D4F59ED0D6195F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8AFDF89B5D38594587FFC3BA4C9EF155:7FA680C99F9C41E5F7D4F59ED0D6195F" municipality="Morphological" name="Europe">Europe</location>
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="062AFFBE602028C02C01750C80FE8F03" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Examined material." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D919FC8726136461D67D1D38B86DAE53" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableUuid="D919FC8726136461D67D1D38B86DAE53">1</tableCitation>
|
||
) were examined.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="83953C66AD99D9BA232B612F9F44A444">Morphological</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
measurements were made on
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="23CD0E6F4BDF42F6F789A3E52BFA4344" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Austria" location="The" specimenCount="33">
|
||
<specimenCount id="CBFF87E5325A037F7D769F16B4A41374" type="generic">33 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B3BE32182C199AAC2BA8A5ADE2C09552" name="Austria">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(7),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="360DDAA2631FC08EB9C66BBE164D79ED" name="Germany">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(12) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="587BAF04836454A51D99EC9040F40482" name="Hungary">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
(14).
|
||
<location id="F61AB167C33014BDC0041633737CA7FE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8AFDF89B5D38594587FFC3BA4C9EF155:F61AB167C33014BDC0041633737CA7FE" country="Austria" name="The">The</location>
|
||
average results are shown in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="57AA12B68DA01CA97584D216837F9B89" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. The variation of measured characters in five European Cryphalus species. Pronotal lateral setae, mid (mm), refers to the length of the lateral setae on pronotum between the summit and the apex." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903286" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">2</figureCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93416792F69C3632FCB5F0D8C9A84625" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="7523BCAD9D2224B2DFAB3CC9431FBD76" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B3BDC8D29FF70B378E7E7734AAD4B4B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
This species can be diagnosed from morphologically similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B74612B57CC9FE2C9E9FB2E79DC3038" authorityName="W.F.Erichson" authorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5919A5D646F778CF73694DA96EC42E65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe by the combination of a circular pronotum that is anteriorly constricted, asperities (> 50) on pronotum in almost concentric circles, long erect interstrial setae on the elytral declivity approximately same length or only slightly longer than width of second interstria. For confident identification the male genitalia is unique. The penis body when seen from above (dorsally) is equally broad and asymmetric, slightly spiralled. The entire aedeagus is ~ 0.6 mm in length (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7311D58997EABE4C8C52B8F7241215DE" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Cryphalus piceae A distribution B lateral and dorsal view C aedeagus D SEM, specimen from Sopron, Hungary E SEM (43 x magnification), specimen from Sopron, Hungary." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903294" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">10B-E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CA3F9851A32F78B201D1B5A008236D60" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903294" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D941C7979EAEBA6F53D48706C9BA640" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="8679A9406E656F972D889F222AFA66C9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89D3591AA6D1F0457D0A5255C823C191" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5A2A0EF825D9C74842CE0562CAFF2CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="03418853EF66E1658074C931555DD2AE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">A</emphasis>
|
||
distribution
|
||
<emphasis id="6CC0FD32FAFBC94B9BE0CD299622B07C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral and dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="5F2C8858AEDCF868F44AEC9D96963BE1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C</emphasis>
|
||
aedeagus
|
||
<emphasis id="674D861862741F1023D151ABCD80720B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">D</emphasis>
|
||
SEM, specimen from Sopron, Hungary
|
||
<emphasis id="2171C8964CBAC4AD1A4DC5B85C13663D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">E</emphasis>
|
||
SEM (43
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AF29048123987129BB871AA0DDA9FA7F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
magnification), specimen from Sopron, Hungary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5819FECB2BD68DC87A09094FD8CACDCF" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D56C0C9171C75157411B93E36314E7A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D2672E77CD6BF15E3DBF3166A3C09382" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Length 1.45-1.93 mm, average size 1.73 mm (neotype 1.85 mm).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB33A1AB4E02C4BE8D1523A3195912D9" genus="Proportions" lsidName="Proportions" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFC38C80AA958D5C6187FFDE1597F38F" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Proportions</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2.21
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EA62DCFDC357AB55B57358914A74850C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as wide, elytra 1.35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8A5E95A6B2058CB40663BDF9FB3356DE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as wide, elytra 1.72
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E52F1D7678375A90AE2AEA1F0473FBEB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as pronotum.
|
||
<emphasis id="292B8C113DA51EA6499E7BC8E40ACACF" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Antennae</emphasis>
|
||
: club with three procurved sutures marked by coarse and long setae. Funiculus with four antennomeres (with pedicel).
|
||
<emphasis id="733B2A51E539216D46F82B5909B7444B" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Pronotum</emphasis>
|
||
: dark brown to black on both slope and disc. Profile anterior to summit rounded but slightly constricted anteriorly, wider in line with summit. Anterior margin with 4-8 asperities, the outer one or two pairs usually smaller; erect setae on entire lateral margin of pronotum. Anterior slope with> 50 asperities, including the ones on the anterior margin. Disc ~ 1/4 the length of pronotum, gently sloped, weakly tuberculate surface texture with small hair-like setae in each tubercule. Vestiture on pronotal declivity and disc hair-like. Suture between pronotum and elytra weakly sinuate.
|
||
<emphasis id="BA5CBCD41DF27D7F1BB63B433A6C4401" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Scutellum</emphasis>
|
||
: with trifurcate setae on the margin towards elytra (only visible at high magnification).
|
||
<emphasis id="F1090D41DACDA028F604BE3E240304E7" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Elytra</emphasis>
|
||
: usually brown to black, if brown often darker at base, sometimes well-developed adults are light brown, elytral margins slightly wider 2/3 from base. Elytral declivity regularly rounded. Surface smooth. Striae with rows of punctures, each puncture with a short hair-like seta, punctures sometimes visible. Interstrial setae long (0.13-0.23 mm) and erect. Interstrial ground vestiture (scales) are serrated, ~ 2-3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4466B701F9D0CB59BB0E93E95B3C5C3D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as wide and translucent brown with a weak iridescence (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1D26932FC2CDCF426D8C0236AD2CC5C7" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Cryphalus piceae A distribution B lateral and dorsal view C aedeagus D SEM, specimen from Sopron, Hungary E SEM (43 x magnification), specimen from Sopron, Hungary." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903294" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">10B, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="A47B40ADCC5FB0112FF00832AC8DED4D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Proventriculus</emphasis>
|
||
: sutural teeth of irregular size, confused, in two or more longitudinal rows. Apical teeth extend laterally over the entire segment. Masticatory brush slightly <1/2 of the proventricular length (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B162936D14716F2F94285238B61F6533" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Proventricules of the five native Cryphalus species currently recognised in Europe." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903291" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Proventriculus also illustrated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28C954B4BBB451521D7C3C0E0FB2551E" author="Escherich, K" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B18" refString="Escherich, K, 1923. Die Forstinsekten Mitteleuropas (Vol. 2). Parey, Berlin, 342-380." title="Die Forstinsekten Mitteleuropas (Vol. 2). Parey, Berlin, 342 - 380." year="1923">Escherich (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="767D140C3E0846A04A6935D0BD0CDEDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="A829BD40B274B464090563ECAAAA8E57" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBFCD04717CA94C7093F8AAF25CE293E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Sexual dimorphism</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Males and females can be separated using the last ventrite (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9754FB7A263FC9BBD36F82381EE32E27" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Sexual dimorphism of ventrite in Cryphalus spp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903295" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">11</figureCitation>
|
||
), as suggested by (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE14CEF1AECBDF7B80B4DE3CC3C34645" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa002" author="Johnson, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Diversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 1" refId="B30" refString="Johnson, AJ, Hulcr, J, Knizek, M, Atkinson, TH, Mandelshtam, MY, Smith, SM, Cognato, AI, Park, S, Li, Y, Jordal, BH, 2020a. Revision of the bark beetle genera within the former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Insect Systematics and Diversity 4 (3): 1 - 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa002" title="Revision of the bark beetle genera within the former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa002" volume="4" year="2020 a">Johnson et al. 2020a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3A30098C7274AE67C451816894B4F5DA" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 1359" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/248626" refId="B85" refString="Wood, SL, 1982. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Memoirs of the Great Basin Naturalist 6: 1 - 1359, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/248626" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/248626" volume="6" year="1982">Wood (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also suggests that the sexes of several scolytines including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7FFF2A65610AF0D686E0438D38B2E5E2" authorityName="W.F.Erichson" authorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5C5FC07EB6E5A683E2905838E63295AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, can be separated by males having a clearly visible 8th tergite and the females a highly reduced or absent 8th tergite. This character was not examined. We observed some small external differences between males and females. The females (1.77 mm) were slightly larger than males (1.68 mm), and the interstrial setae were overall longer on the females (0.20 mm) compared to the males (0.16 mm). However, there were a considerable overlap between males and females. No clear difference in tubercles or carina on the frons was noticed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="1C3F70D4C02C8DC0A29B972B483B43E2" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903295" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph id="081BB73F527B86BCCF66AE60B3238D66" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="0681B27F7BA153E789CD0CC8A0A694F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Sexual dimorphism of ventrite in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A533F8C49E9142ECFE372EF7C10B954A" authorityName="W.F.Erichson" authorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32B3B845AEB2E2B7A30ECF57CCF3043E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BF6E294AE36430C498B7F1F5D1638B62" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CBE5092141F7F0BB622020184269482" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
The entire aedeagus is ~ 0.6 mm when measured vertically (i.e., from the two points furthest away from each other, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13AD9E85B5ED2C42411117C046447A7C" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Lateral and dorsal illustration of male genitalia of five European Cryphalus species." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903289" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The penis body when seen from above (dorsally) is asymmetrical, evenly broad, and spiralled. Aedeagus apodemes makes up ~ 30% of the entire aedeagus length when measured vertically, they are spiralled and bending downwards. The tegmen is sclerotised and completes a ring around the penis body. It is thin and has two thin ventral apodemes, which are approximately the length of the distance between them (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="E453936F930C45225FCF973C0CD3E2FA" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Lateral and dorsal illustration of male genitalia of five European Cryphalus species." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903289" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="498F100CCD76CA746F9898E55B3A0D65" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Cryphalus piceae A distribution B lateral and dorsal view C aedeagus D SEM, specimen from Sopron, Hungary E SEM (43 x magnification), specimen from Sopron, Hungary." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903294" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">10C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E699F246C290F64F02830FD239968B03" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="687FB6BDC35A90E96C1AD8A72C7747DC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Larvae.</emphasis>
|
||
The larvae are described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7854A3F3DA9C03158D14712953FF12CB" author="Kalina, V" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="116 - 132" refId="B37" refString="Kalina, V, 1970. Contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of European bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 67: 116 - 132" title="Contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of European bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)." volume="67" year="1970">Kalina (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9C3D0C29DDA7B6D263E2649ECFAC9917" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph id="EEA403452FA8409325130D7623531879" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Host plants.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="643A7E49F2A5BE1343CC28E8A121E073" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
The main hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ABCB06E8A5BA52E837241D039F73540" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="129D3236DC9AD1E8DFC0DD84CB9A1A4F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC905768BD781DEFB8909445A4A14915" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02E653224590D559A0CBE6EE580DE719" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mill. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F33373F1F3C6A5EFCD8CBE27AB897E2" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F4E2D3F216850D97EA7BE7A8A64D14D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Picea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mill. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AAC6FE727AB209980E70E91EAE62267E" author="Escherich, K" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B18" refString="Escherich, K, 1923. Die Forstinsekten Mitteleuropas (Vol. 2). Parey, Berlin, 342-380." title="Die Forstinsekten Mitteleuropas (Vol. 2). Parey, Berlin, 342 - 380." year="1923">Escherich 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2AADAA5C1E72AE9C2A4CC2AF0D5EB9D2" author="Pfeffer, A" journalOrPublisher="Pro Entomologia, Basel" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B63" refString="Pfeffer, A, 1995. Zentral- und Westpalaearktische Borken- und Kernkaefer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Platypodidae). Pro Entomologia, Basel" title="Zentral- und Westpalaearktische Borken- und Kernkaefer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Platypodidae)." year="1995">Pfeffer 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8CF3F6CFE03F8E8814F339E2723BB80D" author="Wermelinger, B" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B82" refString="Wermelinger, B, Duelli, P, Obrist, MK, 2002. Dynamics of saproxylic beetles (Coleoptera) in windthrow areas in alpine spruce forests. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 77(1/2): 133-148." title="Dynamics of saproxylic beetles (Coleoptera) in windthrow areas in alpine spruce forests. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 77 (1 / 2): 133 - 148." year="2002">Wermelinger et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In a study on bark beetles which was designed to test their specificity on different conifer hosts, it was found that among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA03F03729303727B2244EB945F89E92" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B2C1934C10745A83557EF3491DC8244E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CA65EE643D6C74E69B341F1A58DB016" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F1ACED898C7A064F44709B047BF6429" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Picea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A9354F3CBC34F8E1EAD9FC784945D772" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8CB7B642F2708746E8EE609F71CE782E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Pinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F7D0F03130ABE488C5B4B73DCDB45BC" class="Coniferopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Cupressus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cupressus" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3FD73572528B7A9F411AD77FDD780600" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cupressus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40407E865ED48CBD64BF88105CB06C11" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FDB2858696F2C0C20FE3540611EBD44" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
preferred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F8C5E9A4E183356012D6B8CF99BA137" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AC72EFA75D4FE9AE74CDEA4086A3C17" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CA01FD6E69FF8232E9DBA1260C7BEBD" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1325F8CB0B81FFA004271F85E511080" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Picea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E05171312681218227FB34B66D97B83" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986980" author="Chararas, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Chemical Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1093 - 1109" refId="B11" refString="Chararas, C, Revolon, C, Feinberg, M, Ducauze, C, 1982. Preference of certain Scolytidae for different conifers. Journal of Chemical Ecology 8 (8): 1093 - 1109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986980" title="Preference of certain Scolytidae for different conifers." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986980" volume="8" year="1982">Chararas et al. 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AF8B9D9AABEF0C11547DBAD60C84A723" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="43B13EF17A9C14922BA7C0314E5B3F23" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0684D0B114BF44287E0AC38AFEFDAF3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB66609DA34DF5645E49AED4FB42080C" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="2BC76C3812FDB0DE679D52307BFBA88F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in Europe: Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Belarus, Croatia, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Russia: Central European territory, South European Territory. North Africa: Algeria. Asia: Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Turkey, Russia: Far East, China: North East Territory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="55A857DE4AD4FB71FCF023D9ADE3A409" author="Knizek, M" editor="Loebl, I" journalOrPublisher="7), Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Steenstrup" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="86 - 87" refId="B40" refString="Knizek, M, 2011. Scolytinae. In: Loebl, I, Smetana, A, Eds., Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol. 7), Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Steenstrup: 86 - 87" title="Scolytinae." volumeTitle="Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol." year="2011">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2C06BF972E419069157FE148CD2DE253" originalValue="Knížek">Knizek</normalizedToken>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C524A90840672025940B3ECEF596BA32" author="Alonso-Zarazaga, M" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B1" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, M, Barrios, H, Borovec, R, Bouchard, P, Caldara, R, Colonnelli, E, Gueltekin, L, Hlavac, P, Korotyaev, B, Lyal, CHC, Machado, A, Meregalli, M, Pierotti, H, Ren, L, Sanchez-Ruiz, M, Sforzi, A, Silfverberg, H, Skuhrovec, J, Tryzna, M, Velazquez de Castro, AJ, Yunakov, NN, 2023. Cooperative catalogue of Palaearctic ColeopteraCurculionoidea. Monografias Electronicas, Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 14: e780." title="Cooperative catalogue of Palaearctic ColeopteraCurculionoidea. Monografias Electronicas, Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 14: e 780." year="2023">Alonso-Zarazaga et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9721D46531DAE56D75B6780A63E98AE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25FE52837411F59753F386F4333B7F1A" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C13F816360877774DB59A3113A572480" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more southerly distribution. Until now the northernmost record was Denmark (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E5AE9D476795A8E66904659EBFE7BBA3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" author="Justesen, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="468 - 475" refId="B34" refString="Justesen, MJ, Hansen, AK, Thomsen, IM, Byriel, DB, Ro-Poulsen, H, Ravn, HP, 2020. Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 35 (8): 468 - 475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" title="Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" volume="35" year="2020">Justesen et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it was recently collected in southern Sweden (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DCCC88F3EF3518D177A417CDE0060B6F" author="Lindeloew, A" journalOrPublisher="Entomologisk Tidskrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="93 - 108" refId="B48" refString="Lindeloew, A, Jonsell, M, 2022. Svenska skalbaggar 2 - nya barkborrar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) foer landet och arter pa spridning. Entomologisk Tidskrift 143 (3): 93 - 108" title="Svenska skalbaggar 2 - nya barkborrar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) foer landet och arter pa spridning." volume="143" year="2022">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D704603AFB665943FBE851338DC08F05" originalValue="Lindelöw">Lindeloew</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Jonsell 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is found in most of central and southern Europe where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D51B4BF0FD5C4B7B1B9DE84D7850E66" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2A7C38B22208345CDB73AF44C7C061B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Picea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3DD80D7FBA40D00C57DFB3958180235" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3E9FBB164E92EC855EFF6A36BDAE937C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are present. It has been mentioned from Algeria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E1A413BB2AA7EE9AC335E72453EC8D7" author="Knizek, M" editor="Loebl, I" journalOrPublisher="7), Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Steenstrup" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="86 - 87" refId="B40" refString="Knizek, M, 2011. Scolytinae. In: Loebl, I, Smetana, A, Eds., Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol. 7), Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Steenstrup: 86 - 87" title="Scolytinae." volumeTitle="Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol." year="2011">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E1CCC2C493F8CFE912A3E57D9E4D92AA" originalValue="Knížek">Knizek</normalizedToken>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and possibly also Morocco (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8867EBC8DEAF571A0476A4837008DBBF" author="Benhalima, S" journalOrPublisher="Forest Science and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B7" refString="Benhalima, S, Sauvard, D, Villemant, C, Mouna, M, Lieutier, F, 2005. Life cycle of three xylophagous species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) that cause damage to Atlas cedar (Cedrus libani atlantica) in the Middle Atlas (Morocco). In: Entomological Research in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems. Science update, QUAE publishers, INRA editions, 169-176." title="Life cycle of three xylophagous species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) that cause damage to Atlas cedar (Cedrus libani atlantica) in the Middle Atlas (Morocco). In: Entomological Research in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems. Science update, QUAE publishers, INRA editions, 169 - 176." year="2005">Benhalima et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E3346C4B850F8F615FC3B1A1B91B910" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABE18F54DF7A5332C0BA477970A2302D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C35E0EB62D8CD88FABCB34B40701C17" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3F8A220768089B3ACC85B6CD2190C1D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North Africa and in the Mediterranean in general, because of the similar appearance of the two species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E7B2E080DCFAC25633CB80C4B1644C20" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8897072" refId="B87" refString="Wood, SL, 1992b. A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Volume B. Great Basin naturalist memoirs 13: 1553. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8897072" title="A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Volume B. Great Basin naturalist memoirs 13: 1553." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8897072" year="1992 b">Wood (1992b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CCB48CDC0BC6DFEC1216A2AA279AA2E9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0901-8" author="Sarikaya, O" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="33 - 47" refId="B73" refString="Sarikaya, O, Avci, M, 2011. Bark beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) of the coniferous forests in the Mediterranean region of Western Turkey, with a new record for Turkish fauna. Turkish Journal of Zoology 35 (1): 33 - 47, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0901-8" title="Bark beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) of the coniferous forests in the Mediterranean region of Western Turkey, with a new record for Turkish fauna." url="https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0901-8" volume="35" year="2011">Sarikaya and Avci (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EC498CE3D65979BA2A00D9D54AE81224" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-28.1.42" author="Cilbircioglu, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="42 - 56" refId="B12" refString="Cilbircioglu, C, Uenal, S, 2012. Bark beetles and their natural enemies on oriental spruce from the black sea region of Turkey. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 28 (1): 42 - 56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-28.1.42" title="Bark beetles and their natural enemies on oriental spruce from the black sea region of Turkey." url="https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-28.1.42" volume="28" year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0C539DD22DB5A036B140B65CBD977988" originalValue="Cilbircioğlu">Cilbircioglu</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D690EA337EB23650439EDD789AE6F7C7" originalValue="Ünal">Uenal</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have mentioned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D1E471275D40D1F88C53BE520348554" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1177C62476B4950EDF15291EABE51F9A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Turkey and in the present study we barcoded individuals from Caucasus (Georgia) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B2E80A2D51DD5702D88F5B08D05DC24E" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Species tree based on COI barcodes. Support values are given as posterior probability for Bayesian analysis and ultrafast bootstrap and SH-aLRT values for maximum likelihood analysis. Nodes coloured green for PP ≥ 0.90, UFB ≥ 80 and SH-aLRT ≥ 95, yellow for either PP ≥ 0.90, UFB ≥ 80 or SH-aLRT ≥ 95, and red for PP <0.90, UFB <80 and SH-aLRT <95." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903292" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Further studies are needed to understand the distributional overlap and extent of both species. Similarly, the East Palearctic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1F85F4F74B252D47E2F95B659A174D6" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1A082E539981EE805B328DE17F61078" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not sufficiently studied as was highlighted by our molecular data (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DE29BF08FB784A21D296FEBDC9CD31E1" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Species tree based on COI barcodes. Support values are given as posterior probability for Bayesian analysis and ultrafast bootstrap and SH-aLRT values for maximum likelihood analysis. Nodes coloured green for PP ≥ 0.90, UFB ≥ 80 and SH-aLRT ≥ 95, yellow for either PP ≥ 0.90, UFB ≥ 80 or SH-aLRT ≥ 95, and red for PP <0.90, UFB <80 and SH-aLRT <95." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903292" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9A6721F4B0DA2D98F6750FD8E8CA870" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4877FD0231E6D6047C2ED3855C6394D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present all the way across Russia and parts of China to Japan and Korea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A89EE68574C64AA20A3ADEA7975210DA" author="Inouye, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Government Forest Experimental Station" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="45 - 56" refId="B28" refString="Inouye, M, Nobuchi, A, 1957. A revision of Cryphalus species injurious to coniferous trees from Hokkaido, Japan (Coleopt. Scolytidae). Bulletin of the Government Forest Experimental Station 103: 45 - 56" title="A revision of Cryphalus species injurious to coniferous trees from Hokkaido, Japan (Coleopt. Scolytidae)." volume="103" year="1957">Inouye and Nobuchi 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41AEDFD29CD7BCFBB2AEFF690D52BF89" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8897072" refId="B87" refString="Wood, SL, 1992b. A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Volume B. Great Basin naturalist memoirs 13: 1553. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8897072" title="A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Volume B. Great Basin naturalist memoirs 13: 1553." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8897072" year="1992 b">Wood 1992b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this needs further clarification. As
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE6EBF707A19F3848657E14E6ECE0958" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0A539AEF5D0072EDC64713C5488B30E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent from the European part of Russia, the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E297C49B10687207F0556F568507C7AB" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EE06D3ECF3912DF7587B1B8CC9EC3EE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this area, is dependent on reproduction in other conifer hosts. See Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D2686F7BBF65C4D06E5A4EAFA9FD1AEE" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Cryphalus piceae A distribution B lateral and dorsal view C aedeagus D SEM, specimen from Sopron, Hungary E SEM (43 x magnification), specimen from Sopron, Hungary." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903294" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
for distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D70EBC42004056FFCF4238AA8084F128" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="bionomics">
|
||
<paragraph id="071FB68C22CE209D2BAEE98E5391EA8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Bionomics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CC1CF3742583C508A0BF3A0807050567" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
During the winter adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48560448F9F9A8A3576774F44849B760" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="87E712B99694A14C34F9CEB28AD302C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hibernate individually on healthy trees, by excavating short tunnels into the phloem (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A71404D39632CEEEC3D0BD738125B8B3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" author="Justesen, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="468 - 475" refId="B34" refString="Justesen, MJ, Hansen, AK, Thomsen, IM, Byriel, DB, Ro-Poulsen, H, Ravn, HP, 2020. Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 35 (8): 468 - 475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" title="Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" volume="35" year="2020">Justesen et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Rarely do they also hibernate as larvae or pupae in dead trees or branches infested earlier in the season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B3CFD2079BC77B3B4CD0664DB57A7E36" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5448.2002.02031.x" author="Toper, A" journalOrPublisher="Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="103 - 104" refId="B77" refString="Toper, A, 2002. Studies on the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.)(Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in the Bartin and Karabuek regions of Turkey. Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde 75 (4): 103 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5448.2002.02031.x" title="Studies on the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in the Bartin and Karabuek regions of Turkey." url="https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5448.2002.02031.x" volume="75" year="2002">Toper 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The hibernating adults begin activity around mid/end of March, depending on temperatures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2225D941BE35B15DCC237AF0997D191" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" author="Justesen, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="468 - 475" refId="B34" refString="Justesen, MJ, Hansen, AK, Thomsen, IM, Byriel, DB, Ro-Poulsen, H, Ravn, HP, 2020. Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 35 (8): 468 - 475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" title="Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" volume="35" year="2020">Justesen et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During March and April
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A4FD0E141070F46FE297CA61D65C7DF" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9F38E70743B2AD59463E0E5412F1F539" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aggregates on suitable material and mates. The preferred material is weakened parts of trees, or any smaller branches that have broken off during the winter season and are still relatively fresh. After mating they excavate a nuptial chamber, and the female lays 5-26 eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="016105E703B25E3712CF34763CBA9B93" author="Cerchiarini, F" editor="Gregorie, JC" journalOrPublisher="USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE- 236" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="217 - 219" publicationUrl="https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr_ne236.pdf" refId="B9" refString="Cerchiarini, F, Tiberi, R, 1997. Cryphalus piceae and silver fir decline in Vallombrosa forest. In: Gregorie, JC, Liebhold, AM, Stephen, FM, Day, KR, Salom, SM, Eds., Proceedings of Integrating Cultural Tactics into the Management of Bark Beetle and Reforestation Pests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-236: 217 - 219, https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr_ne236.pdf" title="Cryphalus piceae and silver fir decline in Vallombrosa forest." url="https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr_ne236.pdf" volumeTitle="Proceedings of Integrating Cultural Tactics into the Management of Bark Beetle and Reforestation Pests." year="1997">Cerchiarini and Tiberi 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A3E6BC961611AC5DB5FC7AF6D3A0175" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5448.2002.02031.x" author="Toper, A" journalOrPublisher="Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="103 - 104" refId="B77" refString="Toper, A, 2002. Studies on the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.)(Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in the Bartin and Karabuek regions of Turkey. Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde 75 (4): 103 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5448.2002.02031.x" title="Studies on the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in the Bartin and Karabuek regions of Turkey." url="https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5448.2002.02031.x" volume="75" year="2002">Toper 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The development time from egg to adult depends on temperature. Most commonly, there are two generations a year plus a sister generation; however, in colder regions
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD4D0AFA0616DB266D833C5D08C897E0" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="92B08AD83BCBDF90D80FEBA33337B72B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only has one generation a year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C845CED402FCE069CCD8F7C4FBAFF6BD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" author="Justesen, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="468 - 475" refId="B34" refString="Justesen, MJ, Hansen, AK, Thomsen, IM, Byriel, DB, Ro-Poulsen, H, Ravn, HP, 2020. Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 35 (8): 468 - 475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" title="Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" volume="35" year="2020">Justesen et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="15C51EBE45CCA35AE4A3942CE3B0E08B" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="economic significance">
|
||
<paragraph id="EEF4ED7A91CE12840FEDE591C755AB2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Economic significance.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D2D49530C1781D88468C8C878405057A" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
The harmful properties of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DA744A7C1D803DDD2E42F0488B2F4B4" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="2516D7013E0E57B4ECBEDC1A5C829955" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are discussed in detail in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E80D6CD9C542E612D283675CBDB65F0F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" author="Justesen, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="468 - 475" refId="B34" refString="Justesen, MJ, Hansen, AK, Thomsen, IM, Byriel, DB, Ro-Poulsen, H, Ravn, HP, 2020. Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 35 (8): 468 - 475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" title="Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" volume="35" year="2020">Justesen et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but most likely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32DB3C7B6BCEF92DF78517B2D907C877" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="751C2D591D187CA4E77E1CC74AD95E71" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only colonise very weak or recently dead trees. The low impact on host tree survival during colonisation was also confirmed by Justesen et al. (in press B). However, in areas where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68365775F05E188806D41F18F1DA3106" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="02A8923C748E1F59CA20C40999CDBD3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reach very high population densities, their ability to penetrate and overwinter in healthy trees could potentially have negative impacts. This could be through lowered tree growth, as the overwintering beetles cause the tree to invest energy into excreting resin from the penetrations. Additionally, the movement from dead or dying trees to healthy trees, could potentially vector fungal diseases, thereby affecting host tree survival. However, the negative impacts of overwintering beetles remain to be explored (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9245BF87550AE4BD81ADBB466828CF72" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" author="Justesen, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="468 - 475" refId="B34" refString="Justesen, MJ, Hansen, AK, Thomsen, IM, Byriel, DB, Ro-Poulsen, H, Ravn, HP, 2020. Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 35 (8): 468 - 475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" title="Contributions to the knowledge on biology and phenology of Cryphalus piceae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1797868" volume="35" year="2020">Justesen et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3CCB0352350942C4A89B8BDB3FD8F964" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="415A78B223EB72E5B75B17FEA90A281D" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="69EC3074678FEEB949F677D61768F6E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
The shape and size of the aedeagus is the best character to ensure correct identification. The penis body when seen from above is asymmetric and slightly spiralled in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B711E8CFB4F177595C7DA3F93615E016" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="497B8F55CDD05B0BBFF4230F7EB664DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and highly asymmetric and spiralled in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CB4FA4A84D1BD57E4BD60AF3A4116CD" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="507B55B6204A2D58926A01423CC7BA24" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The entire aedeagus is slightly longer (0.6 mm) and broader in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9F5A1174ADDEE0E1934DEE9F132D534" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0393DC28CA903F7F7E41D364573BD6B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to a shorter (0.5 mm) and thinner aedeagus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DFEFBCD73B578ADBF4AF0B7986B74A8" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658897ACBB963DD9DB53DCF099E7BBB7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="393097CF44D802F2F37AA357A0AEF780" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC40AD9D24469EE4E6F54FBDECA994FE" author="Gruene, S" journalOrPublisher="Schaper, Hannover, German Federal Republic" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B23" refString="Gruene, S, 1979. Brief Illustrated Key to European Bark Beetles. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, German Federal Republic" title="Brief Illustrated Key to European Bark Beetles. Verlag M. & H." year="1979">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7B805D06347282A42A8BB2C2BFFEE775" originalValue="Grüne">Gruene</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A6575CB3767238FAAB3473071877EBE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" author="Noblecourt, T" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="290 - 292" refId="B58" refString="Noblecourt, T, Schott, C, 2004. Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 et Cryphalus saltuarius Weise, 1891, especes nouvelles pour la faune de France. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon 73 (7): 290 - 292, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" title="Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 et Cryphalus saltuarius Weise, 1891, especes nouvelles pour la faune de France." url="https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" volume="73" year="2004">Noblecourt and Schott (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that the pronotum is anteriorly constricted (dorsal view) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="37AEC53B23A11EF740731555E24A5359" author="Gruene, S" journalOrPublisher="Schaper, Hannover, German Federal Republic" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B23" refString="Gruene, S, 1979. Brief Illustrated Key to European Bark Beetles. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, German Federal Republic" title="Brief Illustrated Key to European Bark Beetles. Verlag M. & H." year="1979">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7809D1C982BEBBFF84ECA97C047B1955" originalValue="Grüne">Gruene</normalizedToken>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or slightly narrowed in the front (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6D0B06C7D2FE2F9707AB2F6199FFA82E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" author="Noblecourt, T" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="290 - 292" refId="B58" refString="Noblecourt, T, Schott, C, 2004. Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 et Cryphalus saltuarius Weise, 1891, especes nouvelles pour la faune de France. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon 73 (7): 290 - 292, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" title="Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 et Cryphalus saltuarius Weise, 1891, especes nouvelles pour la faune de France." url="https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" volume="73" year="2004">Noblecourt and Schott 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D80690EDE99639DDFDB0795B833E2C7" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E2CABEA368BCAA884CADF0A21D6DCA46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to the rounder pronotal shape of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB6B6ABFCEA397604A79E7E5AAF137EA" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D5A70D3520699C31406AF78A4D82538D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26CD10F0B2655701A5C2BF4F212D8BD5" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F33D03826ADD2E3919DCD80208D5A9B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this character is also mentioned (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="657AAA7138E12CA7002AD6EDD5923CBA" author="Eichhoff, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="383 - 392" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" refId="B15" refString="Eichhoff, WJ, 1878a. Neue oder noch unbeschriebene Tomicinen. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin 39 (7-9): 383 - 392, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" title="Neue oder noch unbeschriebene Tomicinen." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" volume="39" year="1878 a">Eichhoff 1878a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This character was partly confirmed. The comparison between the width of pronotum at the widest compared to the width between apex and summit (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E697901070BA4BC6A161EE227562F24D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. The variation of measured characters in five European Cryphalus species." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903287" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">3</figureCitation>
|
||
), generally showed a more rounded shape in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72799F6272837F613372C09EF2DB2588" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="50BE22A5963410F45346D1D41D27752B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B8500E5AF956F2AA6007572A0266669" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4A0444BFDFC4AC92A8FA4C2EA11AD40" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but with a high degree of overlap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="274C2EB6497ABA1579E8DB71DA414D1C" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51F4CFD88E9F0816DAE3481AB23412E3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" author="Noblecourt, T" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="290 - 292" refId="B58" refString="Noblecourt, T, Schott, C, 2004. Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 et Cryphalus saltuarius Weise, 1891, especes nouvelles pour la faune de France. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon 73 (7): 290 - 292, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" title="Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 et Cryphalus saltuarius Weise, 1891, especes nouvelles pour la faune de France." url="https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" volume="73" year="2004">Noblecourt and Schott (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CF8A5D6EFF30EAA24F137AF8DC07D58" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACA5E3E9E28013AD620861D26AAEA2C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with shorter setae on the lateral margins of pronotum and elytra compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48DB61433596179DFA1DC423960BE2ED" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EF1F4060F87F81121805F1F8BA3C868A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. During our examinations we also noticed these hair-like setae were shorter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A1645E31DA9A4F79990CA6CEDAF3CCA1" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="15037E3B27D3657791B55D9D706984D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, we found that the lengths of the interstrial hair-like setae on the elytral declivity are markedly shorter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29F21234F6348AAB1707775D66C5B5F4" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="62CF1539ADE1BE6C8E301CAC75D01FD5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.13-0.23 mm) compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2462DE3AD7BE2EE56564B57E9F63B58F" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3A254C379F7028F85FD43B8C7435068E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.20-0.38 mm). The longer setae on elytra were also mentioned in the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFB00220E7DDCE074FC4238CD009A444" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7724D482B690CA3A8544198F590CA590" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="82C476295D84310E475F4866E50440BD" author="Eichhoff, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="383 - 392" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" refId="B15" refString="Eichhoff, WJ, 1878a. Neue oder noch unbeschriebene Tomicinen. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin 39 (7-9): 383 - 392, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" title="Neue oder noch unbeschriebene Tomicinen." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" volume="39" year="1878 a">Eichhoff 1878a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B8CC14166ABD9F91F48624A6019ED0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="920A23CB20932FA009D0742D9FF8C749" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" author="Noblecourt, T" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="290 - 292" refId="B58" refString="Noblecourt, T, Schott, C, 2004. Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 et Cryphalus saltuarius Weise, 1891, especes nouvelles pour la faune de France. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon 73 (7): 290 - 292, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" title="Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 et Cryphalus saltuarius Weise, 1891, especes nouvelles pour la faune de France." url="https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532" volume="73" year="2004">Noblecourt and Schott (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3508B625827ED996F159157F207C4D00" author="Pfeffer, A" journalOrPublisher="Pro Entomologia, Basel" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B63" refString="Pfeffer, A, 1995. Zentral- und Westpalaearktische Borken- und Kernkaefer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Platypodidae). Pro Entomologia, Basel" title="Zentral- und Westpalaearktische Borken- und Kernkaefer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Platypodidae)." year="1995">Pfeffer (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used size as a good separating character between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60F7380686E4F19562D24D8A36E48613" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A2E4D4F76AEB0AEDC3B0C92C892160B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.1-1.6 mm) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFDD627D660D46825C3A99EACC7392AA" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CB14187D6176B4538F1EFED6CD7A0947" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.3-2 mm), whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="251117F4BC378BD86D7A4EA98D5658D4" author="Gruene, S" journalOrPublisher="Schaper, Hannover, German Federal Republic" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B23" refString="Gruene, S, 1979. Brief Illustrated Key to European Bark Beetles. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, German Federal Republic" title="Brief Illustrated Key to European Bark Beetles. Verlag M. & H." year="1979">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5C5027EBFB58CAACAFA5B834645B2F76" originalValue="Grüne">Gruene</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
measured
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F489A93CEB3A17FC7A21B6FAC411F92" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="21ADD3E861A09C1C928A337C67562E5B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.1-1.8 mm) to be similar sized to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="881AEE2DABBC7333B7BE46FEFA05AC54" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20F39F5049365F500935DD820767E0DC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.2-1.8 mm). The original description by Eichhoff found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CEE3FA7618150EA9331FE6E4FD198AA" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55F6F115EDAD57839C5593167D993B1C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be between 1.3 and 1.6 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="684DD9828D59707301E528E330C11D3E" author="Eichhoff, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="383 - 392" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" refId="B15" refString="Eichhoff, WJ, 1878a. Neue oder noch unbeschriebene Tomicinen. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin 39 (7-9): 383 - 392, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" title="Neue oder noch unbeschriebene Tomicinen." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" volume="39" year="1878 a">Eichhoff 1878a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our measurements did not find a size difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="768903D9DED2AE6F0C9D9316BA1427A2" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4D3D45ED16CE420D062C35F36E7AC73" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.45-1.93 mm) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="340732EA40E177DC512DE4227DD12C47" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EB7AAB36F58952CC82A6987F6B0AEEF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.50-1.88 mm), but the 16 measured
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53DB77860C48125098B6CA0AB54D2198" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="863C66E7C2F7E162EE4BBEA482C4BD02" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens were all collected from the same tree.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |