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<document id="68C7C966F1FFE89913CBC3998D6F182B" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.2569.1.4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10010046" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" checkinTime="1629687571132" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bernardo-Silva, Jorge Sebastião, Santos, Raquel Rocha Dos &amp; Both, Camila" docDate="2010" docId="03CB4002FFBDFFC0D2CE0300FB8DF840" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02569p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2569 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2569.1.4" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Melanophryniscus cambaraensis Braun &amp; Braun 1979" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FFF2387AFFBDFFC0D2590259FFE8FFCA" masterDocTitle="The tadpole of Melanophryniscus cambaraensis Braun &amp; Braun, 1979 (Anura: Bufonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1697477304468" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="42549025AF7CD9B90BF0C38F6D06EA40">The tadpole of Melanophryniscus cambaraensis Braun &amp; Braun, 1979 (Anura: Bufonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="233FD479E3F0C92122B49C3DD63D7960">Bernardo-Silva, Jorge Sebastião</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BD2E6AA0060839369AAB0C4CF8A87F04">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2077E8E82577DA6D0703A46F16446956">Santos, Raquel Rocha Dos</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C8D3CEF319D408FD8763973D4245556E">Programa da Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E2E90B75D348009E745AAB2A21F83AFE">Both, Camila</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E9CA1DD47E9D1529D66635DB147F4A23">Programa da Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="297BFC253F6F842E399505B35EF04E65">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="02E87E914EA2C131240D3E1C3DE94239">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BCCF334394451DCC4250409AD7DD4AAA">2569</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03CB4002FFBDFFC0D2CE0300FB8DF840" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB4002FFBDFFC0D2CE0300FB8DF840" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB4002FFBDFFC0D2CE0300FB8DF840" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<subSubSection id="C378A29FFFBDFFC0D2CE0300FE39FE6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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The tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D3DF0300FB0DFEB0" ID-CoL="3Z9LJ" authority="Braun &amp; Braun, 1979" authorityName="Braun &amp; Braun" authorityYear="1979" box="[390,1253,345,378]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambaraensis">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D3DF0300FC69FEB0" bold="true" box="[390,897,345,378]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Melanophryniscus cambaraensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF38CE5FFBDFFC0D1D30300FB0DFEB0" author="Braun, P. C. &amp; Braun, C. A. S." box="[906,1253,345,378]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="7 - 16" refId="ref1011" refString="Braun, P. C. &amp; Braun, C. A. S. (1979) Nova especie de Melanophryniscus, Gallardo, 1961 do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Anura, Bufonidae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 54, 7 - 16." type="journal article" year="1979">Braun &amp; Braun, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D2CE03DFFE39FE6D" bold="true" box="[151,465,390,423]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D2F803DFFEF8FE6D" box="[161,272,390,423]" class="Collembola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D37803DFFE2FFE6D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[289,455,390,423]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
)
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<paragraph id="8BDDF114FFBDFFC0D2CE0384FAB7FE22" blockId="0.[151,1375,474,603]" box="[151,1375,474,503]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<docAuthor id="200AF099FFBDFFC0D2CE0384FD75FE3D" box="[151,669,477,503]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">JORGE SEBASTIÃO BERNARDO-SILVA</docAuthor>
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,
<docAuthor id="200AF099FFBDFFC0D0EA0384FBBAFE3D" box="[691,1106,477,503]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">RAQUEL ROCHA DOS SANTOS</docAuthor>
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&amp;
<docAuthor id="200AF099FFBDFFC0D6D90384FAA3FE3D" box="[1152,1355,477,503]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">CAMILA BOTH</docAuthor>
<superScript id="7C175C5CFFBDFFC0D7120383FAB7FE22" attach="left" box="[1355,1375,474,488]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">2,3</superScript>
</paragraph>
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<docAuthorAffiliation id="937D3E77FFBDFFC0D2C4005FFBDEFDD1" box="[157,1078,518,539]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do
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,
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</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D2CE007DFB4BFDF1" box="[151,1187,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<docAuthorAffiliation id="937D3E77FFBDFFC0D2C4007FFB4BFDF1" box="[157,1187,550,571]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Programa da Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do
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,
<collectingCountry id="F375B184FFBDFFC0D631007FFB4BFDF1" box="[1128,1187,550,571]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D2CE001AFD5BFD91" box="[151,691,579,603]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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Corresponding author. E-mail:
<docAuthorEmail id="D46D9003FFBDFFC0D395001FFD5BFD91" box="[460,691,582,603]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">camilaboth@gmail.com</docAuthorEmail>
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<subSubSection id="C378A29FFFBDFFC0D2CE00E9FDD3FC17" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDDF114FFBDFFC0D2CE00E9FDD3FC17" blockId="0.[151,1437,688,1965]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<location id="8EBDA7CFFFBDFFC0D2CE00E9FF29FD0D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB4002FFBDFFC0D2CE0300FB8DF840:8EBDA7CFFFBDFFC0D2CE00E9FF29FD0D" box="[151,193,688,711]" country="Argentina" county="Sao Francisco de Paula" municipality="Cambara do Sul" name="The" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">The</location>
genus
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D35400E8FE3BFD02" authorityName="Gallardo" authorityYear="1961" box="[269,467,689,712]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D35400E8FE3BFD02" box="[269,467,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Melanophryniscus</emphasis>
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comprises 24 species, occurring in northern
<collectingCountry id="F375B184FFBDFFC0D1E100E9FBCDFD0D" box="[952,1061,688,711]" name="Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, southern
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, southern
<collectingCountry id="F375B184FFBDFFC0D70D00E9FA70FD0D" box="[1364,1432,688,711]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
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, and
<collectingCountry id="F375B184FFBDFFC0D36B008AFE67FD20" box="[306,399,723,746]" name="Uruguay" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF38CE5FFBDFFC0D3C4008AFDF4FD20" author="Frost, D. R." box="[413,540,723,746]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" refId="ref1264" refString="Frost, D. R. (2009) Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference, Version 5.3 (20 July, 2009). Available from http: // research. amnh. org / herpetology / amphibia / index. php (Accessed 5 December 2009)." type="url" year="2009">Frost, 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
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genus belongs to the family
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D1D0008AFC13FD20" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[905,1019,723,746]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
; it is probably monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF38CE5FFBDFFC0D761008AFE86FCC7" author="Graybeal, A. &amp; Cannatella, D. C." pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="105 - 131" refId="ref1348" refString="Graybeal, A. &amp; Cannatella, D. C. (1995) A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa. Herpetologica, 51, 105 - 131." type="journal article" year="1995">Graybeal &amp; Cannatella, 1995</bibRefCitation>
), and was considered a sister taxon of all other bufonids by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF38CE5FFBDFFC0D65900AFFB21FCC7" author="Frost, D. R. &amp; Grant, T. &amp; Faivovich, J. &amp; Bain, R. H. &amp; Haas, A. &amp; Haddad, C. F. B. &amp; De Sa, R. O. &amp; Channing, A. &amp; Wilkinson, M. &amp; Donnellan, S. C. &amp; Raxworthy, C. J. &amp; Campbell, J. A. &amp; Blotto, B. L. &amp; Moler, P. &amp; Drewes, R. C. &amp; Nussbaum, R. A. &amp; Lynch, J. D. &amp; Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C." box="[1024,1225,758,781]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref1118" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., De Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Natural History Museum, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D66600AFFB9EFCC7" box="[1087,1142,758,781]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D68D00AFFEC4FCFA" authorityName="Braun &amp; Braun" authorityYear="1979" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambaraensis">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D68D00AFFEC4FCFA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Melanophryniscus cambaraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described in 1979 by
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and
<location id="8EBDA7CFFFBDFFC0D09A0141FCEFFCE5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB4002FFBDFFC0D2CE0300FB8DF840:8EBDA7CFFFBDFFC0D09A0141FCEFFCE5" box="[707,775,792,815]" country="Argentina" county="Sao Francisco de Paula" municipality="Cambara do Sul" name="Braun" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Braun</location>
, and belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D1860140FB81FCFA" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[991,1129,793,816]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumifrons">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D1860140FB81FCFA" box="[991,1129,793,816]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">M. tumifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF38CE5FFBDFFC0D6E70141FF38FC98" author="Cruz, C. A. G. &amp; Caramaschi, U." pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref1063" refString="Cruz, C. A. G. &amp; Caramaschi, U. (2003) Taxonomic status of Melanophryniscus stelzneri dorsalis (Mertens, 1933) and Melanophryniscus stelzneri fulvogutatus (Mertens, 1937) (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, 500, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2003">Cruz &amp; Caramaschi, 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
<location id="8EBDA7CFFFBDFFC0D2BA0162FEE4FC98" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB4002FFBDFFC0D2CE0300FB8DF840:8EBDA7CFFFBDFFC0D2BA0162FEE4FC98" box="[227,268,827,850]" country="Argentina" county="Sao Francisco de Paula" municipality="Cambara do Sul" name="The" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">The</location>
species is endemic to the
<location id="8EBDA7CFFFBDFFC0D07E0162FC81FC98" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB4002FFBDFFC0D2CE0300FB8DF840:8EBDA7CFFFBDFFC0D07E0162FC81FC98" box="[551,873,827,850]" country="Argentina" county="Sao Francisco de Paula" municipality="Cambara do Sul" name="southeastern Araucaria Forest" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">southeastern Araucaria Forest</location>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="F375B184FFBDFFC0D1810162FBF4FC98" box="[984,1052,827,850]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, with records from
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(
<typeStatus id="54D94FB6FFBDFFC0D2C70107FF26FCBF" box="[158,206,862,885]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">type</typeStatus>
locality;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF38CE5FFBDFFC0D3610107FDC1FCBF" author="Braun, P. C. &amp; Braun, C. A. S." box="[312,553,862,885]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="7 - 16" refId="ref1011" refString="Braun, P. C. &amp; Braun, C. A. S. (1979) Nova especie de Melanophryniscus, Gallardo, 1961 do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Anura, Bufonidae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 54, 7 - 16." type="journal article" year="1979">Braun &amp; Braun, 1979</bibRefCitation>
), and neighbor areas in the municipality of
<collectingCounty id="62BC8998FFBDFFC0D6500107FAE0FCBF" box="[1033,1288,862,885]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">São Francisco de Paula</collectingCounty>
(Kwet &amp; Di-Bernardo, 1999). The tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D3AB01D8FD40FC52" authorityName="Braun &amp; Braun" authorityYear="1979" box="[498,680,897,920]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambaraensis">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D3AB01D8FD40FC52" box="[498,680,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">M. cambaraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is undescribed so far. Herein, we describe its external morphology, and compare it briefly with the tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D07401FAFC0DFC70" authority="Prigioni and Langone" authorityName="Prigioni and Langone" box="[557,997,931,954]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orejasmirandai">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D07401FAFD1CFC70" box="[557,756,931,954]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">M. orejasmirandai</emphasis>
Prigioni and Langone
</taxonomicName>
, the only previously described tadpole in the
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D2E7019FFE07FC17" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[190,495,966,989]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumifrons">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D2E7019FFE07FC17" box="[190,495,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Melanophryniscus tumifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C378A29FFFBDFFC0D29F01B2FCADFB1F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDDF114FFBDFFC0D29F01B2FCADFB1F" blockId="0.[151,1437,688,1965]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<materialsCitation id="3B0AFB49FFBDFFC0D29F01B2FC92FB45" collectingDate="2009-07-13" collectionCode="ZUFSM" country="Brazil" latitude="-29.422888" location="Sao Francisco de Paula" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-50.386448" municipality="Sao Francisco de Paula" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" specimenCode="ZUFSM0520, ZUFSM0523" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">
Eggs were collected in the municipality of
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB96B6EFFBDFFC0D0F601B2FC50FBC8" box="[687,952,1003,1026]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">São Francisco de Paula</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="49A63FF6FFBDFFC0D19F01B2FB75FBC8" box="[966,1181,1003,1026]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F375B184FFBDFFC0D6F501B2FB05FBC8" box="[1196,1261,1003,1026]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE5697D3FFBDFFC0D75801B2FA70FBC8" box="[1281,1432,1001,1026]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" precision="1" seconds="22.4" value="-29.422888">
29
<superScript id="7C175C5CFFBDFFC0D74501B0FACBFC3F" attach="none" box="[1308,1315,1001,1013]" fontSize="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">o</superScript>
25’22.4’’S
</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="EE5697D3FFBDFFC0D2CE0649FED2FBED" box="[151,314,1039,1063]" degrees="50" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" precision="1" seconds="11.2" value="-50.386448">
50
<superScript id="7C175C5CFFBDFFC0D2EB0656FF51FBD1" attach="none" box="[178,185,1039,1051]" fontSize="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">o</superScript>
23’11.2’’W
</geoCoordinate>
), on
<date id="FFDCD7D4FFBDFFC0D32A0649FDEDFBED" box="[371,517,1040,1063]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" value="2009-07-13">
<collectingDate id="EF982E3CFFBDFFC0D32A0649FDEDFBED" box="[371,517,1040,1063]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" value="2009-07-13">13 July 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
. After observations of mating and spawning, an egg mass of
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D6F50648FA82FBE2" authorityName="Braun &amp; Braun" authorityYear="1979" box="[1196,1386,1041,1064]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambaraensis">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D6F50648FA82FBE2" box="[1196,1386,1041,1064]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">M. cambaraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected and placed in an aquarium (23 x 29 x
<quantity id="4C9A5CF1FFBDFFC0D0CB066AFD30FB80" box="[658,728,1075,1098]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" unit="cm" value="45.0">45 cm</quantity>
), where the tadpoles were raised. Tadpoles were collected on days 6, 14, and 21 after hatchling and fixed in 10% formalin. Specimens were housed in the herpetological collection of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (
<specimenCode id="DBC4596FFFBDFFC0D0630621FD23FB45" box="[570,715,1144,1167]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ZUFSM0520</specimenCode>
-
<specimenCode id="DBC4596FFFBDFFC0D0BA0621FC9BFB45" box="[739,883,1144,1167]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ZUFSM0523</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. External measurements were made to the nearest
<quantity id="4C9A5CF1FFBDFFC0D2CE06C2FF14FB78" box="[151,252,1179,1202]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
, using a stereomicroscope, and the tadpoles were staged according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF38CE5FFBDFFC0D65206C2FB47FB78" author="Gosner, K. L." box="[1035,1199,1179,1202]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="183 - 190" refId="ref1317" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183 - 190." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosner (1960)</bibRefCitation>
. The terminology for describing external features follows
<bibRefCitation id="EFF38CE5FFBDFFC0D04206E7FCA8FB1F" author="Altig, R. &amp; McDiarmid, R. W." box="[539,832,1214,1237]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="24 - 51" refId="ref952" refString="Altig, R. &amp; McDiarmid, R. W. (1999) Body plan. Development and morphology. In: McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Altig, R. (Eds.), Tadpoles: The Biology of Anuran Larvae. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 24 - 51" type="book chapter" year="1999">Altig &amp; McDiarmid (1999)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C378A29FFFBDFFC0D29F06B9FBBCF935" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDDF114FFBDFFC0D29F06B9FB31FA20" blockId="0.[151,1437,688,1965]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D29F06B9FE47FB32" bold="true" box="[198,431,1248,1272]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" reason="1">Tadpole description.</emphasis>
The description is based on 16 tadpoles in Gosner stages 30, 33, 34, 36, and 37. Body oval in dorsal view, depressed, about 1/3 of total length (
<figureCitation id="1359ED91FFBDFFC0D0EC075AFCBDFAD0" box="[693,853,1283,1306]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,808,832]" captionTargetBox="[171,1411,200,767]" captionTargetId="figure-315@1.[166,1421,197,783]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Melanophryniscus cambaraensis at Gosner stage 37, showing lateral (A) and dorsal views (B, scale line = 10 mm), and the oral disc (C, scale bar = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10010048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10010048/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Fig. 1A and B</figureCitation>
). Maximum body width located just behind the eyes. Snout truncated in dorsal view and rounded in lateral profile. Nostrils round, dorsolateral, closer to eyes than to snout; internarial distance approximately 61% of interorbital distance; nostrils visible in dorsal, lateral, and frontal views. Eyes dorsal, directed laterally. Spiracle sinistral, spiracular open placed in posterior third of the body, directed posteriorly, visible in dorsal and lateral views. Vent tube dextral, conical, right wall displaced dorsally and anteriorly. Tail about 64% of total length, tail maximum height not reaching the maximum body height. Tail muscle not reaching end of tail, myosepts not clearly defined. Dorsal fin origin slightly anterior to body-tail junction. Tail tip rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDF114FFBDFFC0D29F07AFFC98F95D" blockId="0.[151,1437,688,1965]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Oral disc emarginate, anteroventral, width 46% of body width (
<figureCitation id="1359ED91FFBDFFC0D12B07AFFC2DF9C7" box="[882,965,1526,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,808,832]" captionTargetBox="[171,1411,200,767]" captionTargetId="figure-315@1.[166,1421,197,783]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Melanophryniscus cambaraensis at Gosner stage 37, showing lateral (A) and dorsal views (B, scale line = 10 mm), and the oral disc (C, scale bar = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10010048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10010048/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
). Large rostral and mental gaps. One single row of marginal papillae laterally; scattered submarginal papillae present. Labial tooth row formula (LTRF) 2/3. Jaw sheaths keratinized, upper jaw sheath arch-shaped, lower jaw sheath V-shaped, both wider than high and finely serrate. In preserved specimens, dorsum brown and venter translucent. Tail muscle black to brownish, with some unpigmented areas. Tail fins transparent with some straight brown lines vertically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDF114FFBDFFC0D29F04FAFBBCF935" blockId="0.[151,1437,688,1965]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Measurements in mm (N = 16; mean ± sd): body length = 6.7 ± 0.5; body maximum height = 3.4 ± 0.3; body maximum width = 4.3 ± 0.3; tail length = 11.8 ± 1.0; tail maximum height = 3.2 ± 0.3; eye diameter = 0.7 ± 0.1; interorbital distance = 1.8 ± 0.3; internarial distance = 1.1 ± 0.1; oral disc width 2.0 ± 0.2.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C378A29FFFBDFFC0D29F0552FB8DF840" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDDF114FFBDFFC0D29F0552FB8DF840" blockId="0.[151,1437,688,1965]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
The tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D3340552FD26F8E8" authorityName="Braun &amp; Braun" authorityYear="1979" box="[365,718,1803,1826]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambaraensis">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D3340552FD26F8E8" box="[365,718,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Melanophryniscus cambaraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D1FA0552FB82F8E8" box="[931,1130,1803,1826]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orejasmirandai">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D1FA0552FB82F8E8" box="[931,1130,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">M. orejasmirandai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the only ones known of the
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D2980577FEA7F88F" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[193,335,1838,1861]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumifrons">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D2980577FEA7F88F" box="[193,335,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">M. tumifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. These larvae can be easily distinguished by the LTRF:
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D64D0577FB3BF88F" authorityName="Braun &amp; Braun" authorityYear="1979" box="[1044,1235,1838,1861]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambaraensis">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D64D0577FB3BF88F" box="[1044,1235,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">M. cambaraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows LTRF 2/3, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D2AC0508FE54F8A2" box="[245,444,1873,1896]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orejasmirandai">
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D2AC0508FE54F8A2" box="[245,444,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">M. orejasmirandai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows LTRF 2/3(1) (Prigione &amp; Langone, 1990). The presence of submarginal papillae was not reported for the tadpole of
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D387052AFD43F840" box="[478,683,1907,1930]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D387052AFD4FF840" box="[478,679,1907,1930]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orejasmirandai">M. orejasmirandai</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but they are present in
<emphasis id="B9162D06FFBDFFC0D1FF052AFB8DF840" box="[934,1125,1907,1930]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="4C628A97FFBDFFC0D1FF052AFB88F840" authorityName="Braun &amp; Braun" authorityYear="1979" box="[934,1120,1907,1930]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambaraensis">M. cambaraensis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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