436 lines
62 KiB
XML
436 lines
62 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="33F670AE566BAAD5F31E6EB3EC1B7BFC">Antarctic Ascidians (Tunicata) of the French-Australian survey CEAMARC in Terre Adélie</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="673D7765B1A2AE8D13D7E52A1147FB51">Monniot, Françoise</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="347E7ED2052F5487180FBC0D7F736596">Dettai, Agnès</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F0EB60C0B08C7A32B10B40AD8441F9E4">Eleaume, Marc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="07551475A302776C4884CA271B19578A">Cruaud, Corinne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2F05E5865F1CCEA48B204B4E7D3BCE4C">Ameziane, Nadia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="0B3C8AE12C3769E958F3C45E9D22E72C">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B887B6FF87FFEFFF62158DFC9BF998" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6187358" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119396073" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6187358" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B887B6FF87FFEFFF62158DFC9BF998" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B887B6FF87FFEFFF62158DFC9BF998" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="C30B652BFF87FFF7FF62158DFEDBFF05" box="[151,292,151,177]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF87FFF7FF62158DFEDBFF05" blockId="43.[151,292,151,177]" box="[151,292,151,177]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="D0E681CCFF87FFF7FF62158DFEDBFF05" bold="true" box="[151,292,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF87FFF7FF62158DFEDBFF05" box="[151,292,151,177]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF87FFF7FF62158DFEDBFF05" bold="true" box="[151,292,151,177]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Molgulidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30B652BFF87FFEFFF6215C4FC9BF998" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF87FFF7FF6215C4FEB5FEAD" blockId="43.[151,560,222,281]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF87FFF7FF6215C4FDCFFF4C" authority="Herdman, 1923" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,560,222,248]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euplicata">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF87FFF7FF6215C4FE8CFF4C" bold="true" box="[151,371,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Molgula euplicata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF87FFF7FE8F15C4FDCFFF4C" author="Herdman" box="[378,560,222,248]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1923) Ascidiae simplices. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914, Scientific Reports, Series C (Zoology and Botany), 3 (3), 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1923">Herdman, 1923</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF87FFF7FF6B141BFEE6FEAD" box="[158,281,257,281]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1995,2018]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,455,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,455,1986]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 31. Molgula euplicata. A, branchial sac; B; body ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277200/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figures 31</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF87FFF7FED0141BFEBDFEAD" box="[293,322,257,281]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1461,1484]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,204,1440]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,193,1440]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 32. Molgula euplicata: A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 10 mm; B, part of the branchial sac; C, detail of the left gonad." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277201/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">32</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF87FFF7FF621453FC54FEEB" blockId="43.[151,939,329,351]" box="[151,939,329,351]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF87FFF7FF621453FEC7FEEB" author="Herdman" box="[151,312,329,351]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1923) Ascidiae simplices. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914, Scientific Reports, Series C (Zoology and Botany), 3 (3), 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1923">Herdman, 1923</bibRefCitation>
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: 15.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF87FFF7FE9D1453FD8CFEEB" author="Monniot" box="[360,627,329,351]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1983) Ascidies antarctiques et subantarctiques: Morphologie et Biogeographie. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 125, 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1983">Monniot & Monniot 1983</bibRefCitation>
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: 102 and synonymy; 1994: 34.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF87FFF7FF62149CFBD2FE2A" blockId="43.[151,1069,390,414]" box="[151,1069,390,414]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stations (events when several trawling operations per station): 27(33)-49A-57-59.</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF6E6628FF87FFF7FF6212D1FC59F855" box="[151,934,1995,2018]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277200/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[151,1429,455,1965]" targetPageId="43">
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF87FFF7FF6212D1FC59F855" blockId="43.[151,934,1995,2018]" box="[151,934,1995,2018]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF87FFF7FF6212D1FEE0F854" bold="true" box="[151,287,1995,2018]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF87FFF7FED012D1FE1FF855" box="[293,480,1995,2017]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euplicata">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF87FFF7FED012D1FE1FF855" box="[293,480,1995,2017]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Molgula euplicata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. A, branchial sac; B; body ventrally opened.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF6E6628FF80FFF0FF6210AFFF23FA5E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277201/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[151,1436,204,1440]" targetPageId="44">
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF80FFF0FF6210AFFF23FA5E" blockId="44.[151,1436,1461,1514]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF80FFF0FF6210AFFEDFFA7F" bold="true" box="[151,288,1461,1484]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF80FFF0FED310ACFE1FFA78" box="[294,480,1462,1484]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euplicata">
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<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF80FFF0FED310ACFE1FFA78" box="[294,480,1462,1484]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Molgula euplicata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 10mm; B, part of the branchial sac; C, detail of the left gonad.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF80FFF1FF621326FF45FEA8" blockId="44.[151,1437,1595,2018]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1436,151,463]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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Numerous specimens were collected between 450 and
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<quantity id="4CE99B45FF80FFF0FD0A1321FCABF9E7" box="[767,852,1595,1619]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="1250.0">1250 m</quantity>
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||
depth. They seem to be free living on the sediment. They are globular, covered with sand and hair-like processes. The sessile siphons, difficult to detect, are distant of half the body length. The soft tunic is easily removed from the body wall. The edge of the oral siphon has 6 pointed lobes. In addition to the sphincters, strong muscular ribbons start from the siphons but do not reach the ventral body side (
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF80FFF0FF2713D1FED7F957" box="[210,296,1739,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1995,2018]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,455,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,455,1986]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 31. Molgula euplicata. A, branchial sac; B; body ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277200/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figs 31</figureCitation>
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B, 32A), and a felting of criss-crossed thin fibres are distributed on the whole body wall. Twelve to 14 flat and short oral tentacles, with only primary branches alternate with 2 orders of smaller ones, the smallest being button-like. The dorsal tubercle is clearly protruding, opening in a C and located into a wide curve of the peripharyngeal band (
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF80FFF0FECF122DFE73F8FB" box="[314,396,1847,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1995,2018]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,455,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,455,1986]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 31. Molgula euplicata. A, branchial sac; B; body ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277200/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
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B, 32A). The dorsal lamina is short (
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF80FFF0FCDB122DFC81F8FB" box="[814,894,1847,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1995,2018]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,455,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,455,1986]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 31. Molgula euplicata. A, branchial sac; B; body ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277200/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
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A) with a dentate edge in its posterior part. The branchial sac has always 9 folds on the right side but 8 or 9 on the left side, the 9th fold sometimes reduced to a longitudinal vessel (
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF80FFF0FEA31298FE57F82E" box="[342,424,1922,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1995,2018]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,455,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,455,1986]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 31. Molgula euplicata. A, branchial sac; B; body ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277200/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
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A). There are 12 to 14 longitudinal vessels on the larger folds. There are no exo-infundibula (
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF80FFF0FF3F12BCFEE1F80A" box="[202,286,1958,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1461,1484]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,204,1440]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,193,1440]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 32. Molgula euplicata: A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 10 mm; B, part of the branchial sac; C, detail of the left gonad." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277201/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
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B).The gut is curved in a simple loop, and is included into the body wall (
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF80FFF0FB8012BCFB36F80A" box="[1141,1225,1958,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1995,2018]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,455,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,455,1986]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 31. Molgula euplicata. A, branchial sac; B; body ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277200/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
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B, 32A). The anus opens close to the oesophagus with a plain or slightly dentate edge. The hepatic gland does not protrude in papillae but remains indistinct on the stomach. The kidney is voluminous and arc-shaped (
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF81FFF1FBD7158DFB8CFF1B" box="[1058,1139,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1995,2018]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,455,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,455,1986]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 31. Molgula euplicata. A, branchial sac; B; body ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277200/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
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B, 32A), it contains a solid inclusion with a laminated structure. On each side a long sinuous gonad is entirely linked to the body wall; the central ovary is fringed with testis vesicles. Multiple male papillae protrude on the internal side of the ovary (
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<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF81FFF1FAC415C5FA7DFF43" box="[1329,1410,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1461,1484]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,204,1440]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,193,1440]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 32. Molgula euplicata: A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 10 mm; B, part of the branchial sac; C, detail of the left gonad." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277201/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
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A, C).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF81FFF1FF32143DFA8DFE8B" blockId="45.[151,1436,151,463]" box="[199,1394,295,320]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">This species is well defined by its 9 branchial folds, and the long sinuous gonads with many male papillae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF81FFF1FF321456FBE5FE33" blockId="45.[151,1436,151,463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Sequences from specimen S3 MOL.A 387a (BOLD: ASCAN046-10) and specimen S3 MOL.A 386a (BOLD: ASCAN045-10) show 1.06% divergence. No close hit in BOLD (best: 70.76%).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF81FFF1FF32148FFBC1FE7B" blockId="45.[151,1436,151,463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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In spite of its wide
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<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF81FFF1FE52148EFDF0FE18" box="[423,527,404,428]" name="Antarctica" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
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distribution, previous descriptions were not detailed. In Terre Adélie the specimens were found from
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but particularly abundant from
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<quantity id="4CE99B45FF81FFF1FCB514ADFC0EFE7B" box="[832,1009,439,463]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="1125.0" valueMax="1250.0" valueMin="1000.0">
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<date id="FFAF1060FF81FFF1FCB514ADFC2BFE7B" box="[832,980,439,463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1000" valueMax="1250">1000 to 1250</date>
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m
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depth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF81FFF1FF62173EFE8BFDEA" blockId="45.[151,600,548,606]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF81FFF1FF62173EFDA7FD8A" authority="Herdman, 1881" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,600,548,574]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF81FFF1FF62173EFE65FD8A" bold="true" box="[151,410,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Molgula pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF81FFF1FE54173EFDA7FD8A" author="Herdman" box="[417,600,548,574]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1881) Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the " Challenger " expedition. Part III. Cynthidae. Proceedings of the Royal society of Edinburgh, 11 (3), 52 - 58." type="journal article" year="1881">Herdman, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF81FFF1FF6B175CFEE6FDEA" box="[158,281,582,606]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,834,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,834,1905]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 33. Molgula pedunculata: A, specimen with short peduncle; B, papillae on the tunic; C, specimen with long peduncle ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277202/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figures 33</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF81FFF1FED0175CFEBCFDEA" box="[293,323,582,606]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,177,1848]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 34. Molgula pedunculata: A, body of a specimen with short peduncle ventrally opened; B, part of the branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277203/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">34</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF81FFF1FEBA175CFE93FDEA" box="[335,364,582,606]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1987,2010]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,193,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[172,1416,193,1969]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 35. Molgula pedunculata: in situ photos (copyright CEAMARC)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277204/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">35</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF81FFF1FF621794FA93FD10" blockId="45.[151,1388,654,677]" box="[151,1388,654,677]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF81FFF1FF621794FEC7FD10" author="Herdman" box="[151,312,654,676]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1881) Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the " Challenger " expedition. Part III. Cynthidae. Proceedings of the Royal society of Edinburgh, 11 (3), 52 - 58." type="journal article" year="1881">Herdman, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 234.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF81FFF1FE811794FD80FD10" author="Monniot" box="[372,639,654,676]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1983) Ascidies antarctiques et subantarctiques: Morphologie et Biogeographie. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 125, 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1983">Monniot & Monniot 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 98 and synonymy.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF81FFF1FCBD1794FBC7FD10" author="Primo" box="[840,1080,654,676]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Primo, C. & Vazquez, E. (2007) Ascidians collected during the Spanish Antarctic expedition CIEMAR 99 / 00 in the Bransfield and Gerlache Straits. Journal of natural History, 41 (29 - 32), 1775 - 1810." type="journal article" year="2007">Primo & Vazquez 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1806.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF81FFF1FB771794FAC9FD10" author="Tatian" box="[1154,1334,654,677]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Tatian, M., Sahade, R. J., Doucet, M. E. & Esnal, G. I. (1998) Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of Potter Cove, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 10 (2) 147 - 152." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Tatian
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF81FFF1FB32178AFB05FD11" box="[1223,1274,655,677]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 211.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF81FFF1FF6217CBFDECFCB9" blockId="45.[151,1437,721,781]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Stations (events when several trawling operations per station):
|
||
<date id="FFAF1060FF81FFF1FC7917CBFC1DFD5D" box="[908,994,721,745]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1911-03-01" valueMax="1911-05-01" valueMin="1911-03-01">1-3-5-11</date>
|
||
(424)-11(429)-
|
||
<date id="FFAF1060FF81FFF1FB7917CBFB0EFD5D" box="[1164,1265,721,745]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1914-12-16">12-14-16</date>
|
||
A-17-20-26A- 30(66)-47-49A-51-70-71-79-86E.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6E6628FF81FFF1FF62129DFEB7F808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277202/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[151,1436,834,1869]" targetPageId="45">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF81FFF1FF62129DFEB7F808" blockId="45.[151,1436,1927,1980]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF81FFF1FF62129DFEE0F828" bold="true" box="[151,287,1927,1950]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 33.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF81FFF1FED1129DFE02F829" box="[292,509,1927,1949]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF81FFF1FED1129DFE02F829" box="[292,509,1927,1949]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Molgula pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A, specimen with short peduncle; B, papillae on the tunic; C, specimen with long peduncle ventrally opened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6E6628FF82FFF2FF621254FA6BF8D0" box="[151,1428,1870,1893]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277203/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1848]" targetPageId="46">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF82FFF2FF621254FA6BF8D0" blockId="46.[151,1428,1870,1893]" box="[151,1428,1870,1893]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF82FFF2FF621254FEE0F8D7" bold="true" box="[151,287,1870,1893]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 34.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF82FFF2FED01254FE00F8D0" box="[293,511,1870,1892]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF82FFF2FED01254FE00F8D0" box="[293,511,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Molgula pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A, body of a specimen with short peduncle ventrally opened; B, part of the branchial sac.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF83FFF3FF62158DFDB8FC83" blockId="47.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The large bodies are erect on a peduncle of variable length. In a sparse distribution the peduncle is short (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FAC0158DFA82FF1B" box="[1333,1405,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,834,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,834,1905]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 33. Molgula pedunculata: A, specimen with short peduncle; B, papillae on the tunic; C, specimen with long peduncle ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277202/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig.33</figureCitation>
|
||
A) and the internal organs thicker (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FDF915A6FD9EFF60" box="[524,609,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,177,1848]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 34. Molgula pedunculata: A, body of a specimen with short peduncle ventrally opened; B, part of the branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277203/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
A) when in crowded populations the peduncle is long (fig. 35) and the organs more spread out on the body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FD9B15C5FD3EFF43" box="[622,705,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,834,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,834,1905]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 33. Molgula pedunculata: A, specimen with short peduncle; B, papillae on the tunic; C, specimen with long peduncle ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277202/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Small individuals have short papillae on the whole tunic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FA9B15C5FF4AFEA8" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,834,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,834,1905]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 33. Molgula pedunculata: A, specimen with short peduncle; B, papillae on the tunic; C, specimen with long peduncle ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277202/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
B), in largest specimens papillae only occur on the siphons. In Terre Adélie the body reaches
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B45FF83FFF3FB35141EFAFBFEA8" box="[1216,1284,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length, the longest peduncles are often broken in trawls. The musculature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FC94143DFC4CFE8B" box="[865,947,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,834,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,834,1905]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 33. Molgula pedunculata: A, specimen with short peduncle; B, papillae on the tunic; C, specimen with long peduncle ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277202/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 34A) comprises: the siphonal sphincters, thin circular fibres included into the large velum in each siphon, ribbons issued from the siphons spreading on each side until the middle of the body, and thinner transverse fibres. The body wall extends into the peduncle with muscles. The branchial sac has 7 folds. The number of longitudinal vessels increases with the body size and the folds become more spaced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FE7A14ADFE1DFE7B" box="[399,482,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,177,1848]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 34. Molgula pedunculata: A, body of a specimen with short peduncle ventrally opened; B, part of the branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277203/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The dorsal lamina is high and joined to the branchial folds on the left side. The gut loop has a different shape in specimens with a long or a short peduncle, with intermediate situations. In specimens with a long stem the gut is in vertical position in a long straight loop (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FC3414E5FBE9FDA3" box="[961,1046,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,834,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,834,1905]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 33. Molgula pedunculata: A, specimen with short peduncle; B, papillae on the tunic; C, specimen with long peduncle ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277202/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
C), when in individuals with short peduncle the gut loop is curved and occupies a larger part of the left side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FC1E173EFBC0FD88" box="[1003,1087,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,177,1848]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 34. Molgula pedunculata: A, body of a specimen with short peduncle ventrally opened; B, part of the branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277203/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
A). In both cases the rectum is fused to the stomach on a long distance, leaving a narrow lumen. The hepatic gland is voluminous and covers the whole stomach. The end of the rectum and the smooth edged anus are strongly attached to the dorsal lamina. There is one gonad on each side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FE371795FDE7FD13" box="[450,536,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,834,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,834,1905]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 33. Molgula pedunculata: A, specimen with short peduncle; B, papillae on the tunic; C, specimen with long peduncle ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277202/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figs 33</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 33A), oval and more bulky in stocky individuals and elongate in thinner specimens. In any case the testis vesicles are in small groups along the central ovary. A series of short male papillae open along the internal side of the ovary. The oviduct is short. The proximal part of the left gonad is always fused with the intestine; the proximal tip of the right gonad is joined to the kidney. The arc-shaped kidney (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FAD917E6FA7CFCA0" box="[1324,1411,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,834,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,834,1905]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 33. Molgula pedunculata: A, specimen with short peduncle; B, papillae on the tunic; C, specimen with long peduncle ventrally opened." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277202/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figs 33</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 34A) contains dark spherical granules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF83FFF3FF32165EFE8CFC10" blockId="47.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Sequences from specimen S3 MOL.A 378a (BOLD: ASCAN048-10) and specimen S3 MOL.A 373a (BOLD: ASCAN047-10) display 0.38% divergence. Both sequenced specimens have rather long peduncles. No close hit in BOLD (best: 75%).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF83FFF3FF3216AAFB40FC58" blockId="47.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF83FFF3FF3216AAFE46FC7C" box="[199,441,944,968]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF83FFF3FF3216AAFE46FC7C" box="[199,441,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Molgula pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely distributed in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF83FFF3FD0916B5FC9BFC73" box="[764,868,943,967]" name="Antarctica" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Sub-Antarctic waters from shallow depths to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B45FF83FFF3FF6216CEFF11FC58" box="[151,238,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
, and can constitute dense spectacular populations as shown by pictures
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF83FFF3FBE416CFFBA8FC58" box="[1041,1111,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FB9316CEFB48FC58" box="[1126,1207,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1987,2010]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,193,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[172,1416,193,1969]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 35. Molgula pedunculata: in situ photos (copyright CEAMARC)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277204/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF83FFF3FF621125FEB5FBCE" blockId="47.[151,524,1087,1146]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF83FFF3FF621125FE3AFBED" authority="Monnoit" authorityName="Monnoit" box="[151,453,1087,1113]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riddlei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF83FFF3FF621125FE3AFBED" bold="true" box="[151,453,1087,1113]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF83FFF3FF621125FEACFBED" bold="true" box="[151,339,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Molgula riddlei</emphasis>
|
||
Monnoit
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25657C9FF83FFF3FE38115AFDF3FBEE" box="[461,524,1088,1114]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(Figures 36, 37)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF83FFF3FF6211B0FB23FB76" blockId="47.[151,1244,1194,1219]" box="[151,1244,1194,1219]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The species is named after Dr. Martin Riddle, Chief Scientist on board the RSV
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF83FFF3FBEF11B1FB23FB76" authority="Australis." authorityName="Australis." box="[1050,1244,1195,1219]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Aurora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF83FFF3FBEF11B1FB29FB77" box="[1050,1238,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Aurora Australis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF83FFF3FF6211E8FEE7FABE" blockId="47.[151,280,1266,1290]" box="[151,280,1266,1290]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Station: 80.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF83FFF3FF621020FEB1F9C6" blockId="47.[151,1437,1338,1975]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The single specimen
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B45FF83FFF3FE761020FE2DFAE6" box="[387,466,1338,1362]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter is round, covered with sand and short hairs. The siphons could not be seen externally. After removing the tunic the siphons are sessile, well apart with a thick wall, the body wall is thinner. The musculature is divided in several sectors: strong sphincters around the siphons, 2 separate fields of ribbons issued from each side of both siphons, and very short transversal fibres arranged in 2 parallel lines on each side (Fig. 36). Thinner transverse fibres, which do not extend over the body sides, are dorsal between the siphons. Slen- der oral tentacles are moderately bushy with primary and secondary branches. The peribranchial groove has 2 crests. The dorsal tubercle opens in a vertical slit. The dorsal lamina is high, short, smooth edged (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FB071308FAB8F99E" box="[1266,1351,1554,1578]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1026,1049]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,182,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[195,1391,182,1018]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 37. Molgula riddlei n. sp. branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277205/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
). The 7 branchial folds do not recover each other. There are no longitudinal vessels between the folds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FB30132CFAE5F9FA" box="[1221,1306,1590,1614]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1026,1049]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,182,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[195,1391,182,1018]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 37. Molgula riddlei n. sp. branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277205/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
). The branchial formula is:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF83FFF3FF321365FBF6F922" blockId="47.[151,1437,1338,1975]" box="[199,1033,1662,1687]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
LE -
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF83FFF3FEF51364FDBDF923" bold="true" box="[256,578,1662,1687]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
8- 11 –
|
||
<date id="FFAF1060FF83FFF3FEA01364FDBDF923" box="[341,578,1662,1687]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1911-10-10" valueMax="1911-11-10" valueMin="1911-10-10">11 – 10 – 11 – 10- 10</date>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
–DL –
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF83FFF3FD6C1364FC36F923" bold="true" box="[665,969,1662,1687]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
10 -10 – 11 –
|
||
<date id="FFAF1060FF83FFF3FCC61364FC36F923" box="[819,969,1662,1687]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1911-11-11" valueMax="1911-11-08" valueMin="1911-11-11">11 - 11- 11- 8</date>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
–E R
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF83FFF3FF3213B8FB2EF802" blockId="47.[151,1437,1338,1975]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
There are no intermediate stigmatic spirals but only regular infundibula. The branchial folds join the retropharyngeal band. The gut occupies a small part of the left side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF83FFF3FCC613DCFC78F96A" box="[819,903,1734,1758]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1026,1049]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,182,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[195,1391,182,1018]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 37. Molgula riddlei n. sp. branchial sac." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277205/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
). The round stomach is covered with round low hepatic papillae. The narrow intestine draws a large loop and a deep secondary bend, linked to the stomach and oesophagus, the long rectum attached to the body wall ends in a bilobed anus. A thin pyloric canal crosses the primary intestinal loop. The kidney is voluminous egg-shaped (Fig. 36). There is one gonad on each side (Fig. 36). The left one is oval located in the secondary intestinal loop; the right one is curved pressed against the kidney. The wide oviduct is apical full of eggs (220µm in diameter) and directed toward the atrial opening. The male vesicles form an irregular mass around the ovary. The sperm duct ends in a long tubular papilla (Fig. 36).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6E6628FF9CFFECFF6212D9FC67F86E" box="[151,920,1987,2010]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277204/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" targetBox="[172,1415,193,1965]" targetPageId="48">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9CFFECFF6212D9FC67F86E" blockId="48.[151,920,1987,2010]" box="[151,920,1987,2010]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9CFFECFF6212D9FEDFF86D" bold="true" box="[151,288,1987,2010]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 35.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9CFFECFED012DEFE00F86E" box="[293,511,1988,2010]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9CFFECFED012DEFE00F86E" box="[293,511,1988,2010]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Molgula pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9CFFECFDF912DFFDB4F86E" box="[524,587,1989,2010]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
photos (copyright CEAMARC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9DFFEDFEF512D3FC52F86A" blockId="49.[256,941,1992,2014]" box="[256,941,1992,2014]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9DFFEDFEF512D3FEE0F86A" bold="true" box="[256,287,1993,2014]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">36.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9DFFEDFED012D2FE3AF86A" box="[293,453,1992,2014]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riddlei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9DFFEDFED012D2FE3AF86A" box="[293,453,1992,2014]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Molgula riddlei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25657C9FF9DFFEDFE2712D3FDF6F86A" box="[466,521,1993,2014]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
body ventrally opened, scale bar =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE99B45FF9DFFEDFC8412D2FC56F86A" box="[881,937,1992,2014]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="5.0">5mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6E6628FF9EFFEEFF621118FD65FBAC" box="[151,666,1026,1049]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277205/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[195,1391,182,1017]" targetPageId="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9EFFEEFF621118FD65FBAC" blockId="50.[151,666,1026,1049]" box="[151,666,1026,1049]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9EFFEEFF621118FEDFFBAC" bold="true" box="[151,288,1026,1049]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 37.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9EFFEEFED01118FE39FBAC" box="[293,454,1026,1048]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riddlei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9EFFEEFED01118FE39FBAC" box="[293,454,1026,1048]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Molgula riddlei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25657C9FF9EFFEEFE271119FDF6FBAC" box="[466,521,1027,1048]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
branchial sac.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9EFFEEFF321142FED4FB6F" blockId="50.[151,1437,1111,1243]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Among
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF9EFFEEFED6114DFE74FBDB" box="[291,395,1111,1135]" name="Antarctica" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Sub-Antarctic sandy
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9EFFEEFD461142FCEDFBC4" box="[691,786,1112,1136]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9EFFEEFD461142FCEDFBC4" box="[691,786,1112,1136]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Molgula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with 7 folds on each side
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9EFFEEFB6D1142FAB5FBC4" box="[1176,1354,1112,1136]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riddlei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9EFFEEFB6D1142FAB5FBC4" box="[1176,1354,1112,1136]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Molgula riddlei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9EFFEEFED81166FD73FB27" authority="Sluiter, 1912" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1912" box="[301,652,1147,1172]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="enodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9EFFEEFED81166FE21FB20" box="[301,478,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Molgula enodis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF9EFFEEFE1A1161FD7AFB27" author="Sluiter" box="[495,645,1147,1171]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Sluiter, C. P. (1912) Les ascidiens de l'Expedition antarctique Francaise du ' Pourquoi Pas? ' commandee par le Dr. J. Charcot, 1908 - 1909. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 17 (1), 37 - 38." type="journal article" year="1912">Sluiter, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but the latter has less branchial vessels and a different musculature.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9EFFEEFF6211BAFD9DFB03" authority="Michaelsen, 1922" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,610,1183,1208]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mortenseni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9EFFEEFF6211BAFE83FB0C" box="[151,380,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Molgula mortenseni</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF9EFFEEFE781185FDA5FB03" author="Michaelsen" box="[397,602,1183,1207]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1922) Ascidiae Ptychobranchiae und Diktyobranchiae von Neusealand und den Chatham Inseln. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturistorisk Forening, 73, 359 - 498." type="journal article" year="1922">Michaelsen, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF9EFFEEFD5811BAFCBAFB03" box="[685,837,1183,1207]" name="New Zealand" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
has internal papillae on the branchial vessels and a short rectum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9EFFEEFF621011FDFAFA97" blockId="50.[151,1437,1291,2037]" box="[151,517,1291,1315]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Molecular results and discussion</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9EFFEEFF321035FEE6F904" blockId="50.[151,1437,1291,2037]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">While amplifying and sequencing COI is generally straightforward, problems arise for at least some parts of many taxonomic groups, and can bias the representation of taxa in the sequence databases. We found that relatively few ascidian species are represented in BOLD, probably because of technical difficulties in producing DNA sequences for COI. The depth of sequence divergence makes the use of several pairs of primers necessary. Even so, the COI barcoding of Ascidiacea is technically challenging, and sequences could not be obtained for all specimens and all species. The problem is COI-specific, as other markers could be amplified without problem from the same DNA extracts (data not shown). Moreover, in the two third of our samples (including distantly-related species), replication slippage during PCR on a stretch of ten Ts (around position 150 of the Folmer region) causes a degradation in sequence quality after the poly-T. At least two PCRs had to be sequenced in both directions before obtaining reliable sequences. These technical difficulties might cause considerable troubles for the use of COI barcoding on Ascidiacea.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9EFFEEFF3213A1FBF4F8F4" blockId="50.[151,1437,1291,2037]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Thirty seven sequences were obtained for 26 species (see descriptions part for each species), out of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D17FD29FF9EFFEEFAC013A1FF2DF94C" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">49 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
and 31 species tested. The sequences could be obtained for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AA8802FF9EFFEEFC4E13FBFC14F94D" box="[955,1003,1761,1785]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of two of the three herein described new species and for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AA8802FF9EFFEEFDD3121EFD78F8A8" box="[550,647,1796,1820]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
of the third. The sequences contained no stop codon when analysed using the Ascidian mitochondrial code as implemented in CodonCode Aligner.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9EFFEEFF321256FBAEF840" blockId="50.[151,1437,1291,2037]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
In our Ascidiacea sampling as well as in the sequences available in GenBank, the base composition is heavily skewed towards A and T bases: in our dataset, the average over all sequences calculated with MEGA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF9EFFEEFAFD126AFF2EF81F" author="Tamura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA 4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 1596 - 1599." type="journal article" year="2007">Tamura et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is 40.7% T (min: 34.1%; max: 45.4%), 15.5% C (min: 11.8%; max: 21.1%), 27% A (min: 20.3%; max: 33.1%), 18.8% G (min: 13.8%; max: 24.2%). This might explain the very low primer hybridization temperature (40°C) necessary for successful PCR on the COI gene whatever the primer pair used.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9FFFEFFF32158DFDB0FDA3" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,1580]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Intraspecific divergences ranged from 0% to 20.77%). These values might be underestimations, as we had at most sequences for two specimens per species. Most intraspecific divergences were below or around 1%, but the sequences for the two specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFDDC15FAFD00FF4C" box="[553,767,224,248]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Aplidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balleniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFDDC15FAFD00FF4C" box="[553,767,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Aplidium balleniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverged by 2.46%, and this divergence went to 11.79% for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFF62141FFE9AFEA8" box="[151,357,260,284]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bouvetensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFF62141FFE9AFEA8" box="[151,357,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Pyura bouvetensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and to 20.77% for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFDC9141EFCEFFEA8" box="[572,784,260,284]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Didemnum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biglans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFDC9141EFCEFFEA8" box="[572,784,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Didemnum biglans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Interspecific distances were generally above 6.9% (mean 22.39%), except for the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFE291432FDBBFEF4" box="[476,580,296,320]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Holozoidae" genus="Distaplia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFE291432FDBBFEF4" box="[476,580,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Distaplia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFD271433FCA3FEF4" box="[722,860,296,320]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Holozoidae" genus="Distaplia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colligans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFD271433FCA3FEF4" box="[722,860,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">D. colligans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFC611433FBD5FEF4" box="[916,1066,296,320]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Holozoidae" genus="Holozoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFC611433FBD5FEF4" box="[916,1066,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">D. cylindrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which differed only by 0.17%. The anatomy of these two species is very similar, and only the shape of the colonies differs slightly. When analyzing the other 751 Ascidiacea sequences available in BOLD, similar high intraspecific values and low interspecific values are found. The level of maximal and minimal inter and intraspecific variability for COI can vary even between closely related
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF9FFFEFFE5614ADFDF4FE7B" box="[419,523,439,463]" name="Antarctica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
species (Dettai et al. 2010). Further studies combining multiple sequence datasets and morphology, and including a larger number of specimens are needed to explore both interspecific and intraspecific variability for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF9FFFEFFE8414E5FE26FDA3" box="[369,473,511,535]" name="Antarctica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
ascidians.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9FFFEFFF32173FFB9EFD30" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,1580]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
No sequences from outside our dataset provided close hits in the complete BOLD database. A search using the species names showed that for most species from our dataset all sequences come from our study (24 species out of 26), which therefore provides a much needed reference dataset for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF9FFFEFFC711776FC13FD30" box="[900,1004,620,644]" name="Antarctica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
ascidians.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9FFFEFFF321795FF00FBBB" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,1580]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
This tunicate collection is unique in several respects. Three new species were described. Among these,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFA90178AFEE4FD78" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riddlei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFA90178AFEE4FD78" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Molgula riddlei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found associated to dense coral-sponge communities at the head of the shelf cutting Cuvier Canyon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF9FFFEFFF2017CDFE59FD5B" author="Post" box="[213,422,727,751]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Post, A. L., O'Brien, P. E., Beaman, R. J., Riddle, M. J. & De Santis, L. (2010 b) Physical controls on deep water coral communities on the George V Land slope, East Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 22 (4), 371 - 378." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="b">Post et al. 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B51FF9FFFEFFE4F17C2FE38FD5B" author="Post" box="[442,455,728,751]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Post, A. L., Beaman, R. J., O'Brien, P. E., Eleaume, M. & Riddle, M. J. (2010 a) Community structure and benthic habitats across the George V Shelf, East Antarctica: Trends through space and time. Deep Sea Research, Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography." type="book" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
location which was designated as a VME (Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem) by the CCAMLR. During the CEAMARC cruise, video and still footage revealed for the first time that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFB3B17E6FF3CFC8C" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFB3B17E6FF3CFC8C" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Molgula pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form spectacular monotypic communities associated to iceberg scours (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A2A25FF9FFFEFFC081605FBADFC83" box="[1021,1106,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1987,2010]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,193,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[172,1416,193,1969]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 35. Molgula pedunculata: in situ photos (copyright CEAMARC)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277204/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
). This species is likely to be part of the recovery process of faunal assemblages after iceberg disturbance on the East
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF9FFFEFFB9F165EFB2DFCE8" box="[1130,1234,836,860]" name="Antarctica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
shelf. This is also the first time that so many specimens suitable for DNA sequencing were collected from the East-Antarctic shelf. The combined molecular and morphological approach provided unexpected insight in Ascidiacea taxonomy. This alone will have strong repercussions on our understanding of many crucial aspects of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF9FFFEFFBA316B5FB41FC73" box="[1110,1214,943,967]" name="Antarctica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
scientific and environmental issues, such as circumpolarity, shelf-slope faunal interactions, eurybathy, and patchiness of benthos distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9FFFEFFF321107FC7CFA74" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,1580]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Many species included in this study are thought to be circumpolar in distribution, with sometimes extension of their geographical range to the Sub-Antarctic regions. However, molecular results show that some taxa may be more diverse than previously thought (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFD8C117FFCB7FBC8" box="[633,840,1124,1148]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bouvetensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFD8C117FFCB7FBC8" box="[633,840,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Pyura bouvetensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFC8B117EFBADFBC8" box="[894,1106,1124,1148]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Didemnum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biglans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFC8B117EFBADFBC8" box="[894,1106,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Didemnum biglans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The tunicate biodiversity is therefore likely to be higher and some circumpolar and eurybathic taxa will certainly prove to be of more restricted distribution ranges. Two species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFDFE11B6FD03FB70" box="[523,764,1196,1220]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Bathypera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hastaefera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFDFE11B6FD03FB70" box="[523,764,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Bathypera hastaefera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C114D23FF9FFFEFFCC711B6FBE6FB70" box="[818,1049,1196,1220]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965EAB2FF9FFFEFFCC711B6FBE6FB70" box="[818,1049,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Culeolus antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known from abyssal depths, were found at much shallower depths on the shelf of the study area. These results indicate that some tunicates may have found shelter in slope refuges during the last glacial maximum. This is also indicated by the high rate of eurybathy among the studied species. Species composition of adjacent stations [i.e. 37(146) & 37(147), 36(68) & 36(297), 32A & 33A, 65(318) & 65(322), 27(33) & 27(45) & 27(46), 6(99) & 6(103), 11(424) & 11(429)] differ notably. This shows that the sorting/sampling effort was probably not as homogenous as was done for fish, crustacean and crinoids. However, it may also indicate that the different habitats sampled are excessively patchy and that pseudoreplicate stations are likely to display different faunal associations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE36A0FF9FFFEFFF3210D6FC9BF998" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,1580]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
This unique Ascidiacea collection emphasizes the need to further investigate the systematic of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3067630FF9FFFEFFB0210D6FAA0FA50" box="[1271,1375,1484,1508]" name="Antarctica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
tunicates. It also stresses on the fact that some species may reveal to be model or key organisms to study the dynamic of faunal communities on the shelf and slope around the continent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |