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<document id="9938C6E01FAB8CCCEF3FB78833E126DF" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4759.3.11" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3f363c5e-1984-4720-8e5e-d2ed2bb05534" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3742127" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1586191720630" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gill, Sumbul, Rais, Muhammad, Saeed, Muhammad, Ahmed, Waseem &amp; Akram, Ayesha" docDate="2020" docId="039A87993A45AC33FA824947FE40BC3D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4759.3.11.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4759 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Nanorana vicina" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="442" masterDocId="FFA3FFE13A45AC31FFDF4B1CFFC1BE27" masterDocTitle="The tadpoles of Murree Hills Frog Nanorana vicina (Anura: Dicroglossidae)" masterLastPageNumber="442" masterPageNumber="440" pageNumber="440" updateTime="1698735985777" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="3AFFBC2C0887A49CFA063B5BF2B09A58">The tadpoles of Murree Hills Frog Nanorana vicina (Anura: Dicroglossidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EB501206015F3B6EEFE496CC5F2A2C7E">Gill, Sumbul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="28CFF99BD3B846A2697C1DBAD4E78235">Rais, Muhammad</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4C1D5E14D2C568CE58EA1C8759A28B69">Saeed, Muhammad</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FBB7FE83657EB5BFE247E84FD02B6051">Ahmed, Waseem</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="86A4C443DA56F4A876F1F9600DBD34C7">Akram, Ayesha</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="84D84ABED6642248BCED718C45044AB1">4759</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039A87993A45AC33FA824947FE40BC3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810027" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163477537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810027" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87993A45AC33FA824947FE40BC3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87993A45AC33FA824947FE40BC3D" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">
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<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A45AC31FA824947FEEBBCBF" blockId="0.[151,1437,603,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">. Murree Hills Frog</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32965043A45AC31FEEE499CFE51BCB0" box="[305,400,640,663]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A45AC31FEEE499CFE51BCB0" blockId="0.[151,1437,603,2031]" box="[305,400,640,663]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A45AC31FEEE499CFE51BCB0" ID-CoL="45N7Z" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[305,400,640,663]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicina">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A45AC31FEEE499CFE51BCB0" box="[305,400,640,663]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">N. vicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A45AC31FE4E499CFCA1BCF8" blockId="0.[151,1437,603,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">
,
<subSubSection id="C32965043A45AC31FE424963FCA1BCF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" type="distribution">
is an endemic species of Southeast Asian uplands in
<collectingCountry id="F324761F3A45AC31FC154963FBE5BCB0" box="[970,1060,639,663]" name="Pakistan" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F324761F3A45AC31FB874963FB4EBCB0" box="[1112,1167,639,663]" name="India" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">India</collectingCountry>
and was first reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A45AC31FF4849BFFE89BC9C" author="Stoliczka, F." box="[151,328,675,699]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" pagination="124 - 131" refId="ref2208" refString="Stoliczka, F. (1872) Notes on some new species of Reptilia and Amphibia, collected by Dr. W. Waagen in North-Western Punjab. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1872, 124 - 131." type="journal article" year="1872">Stoliczka (1872)</bibRefCitation>
from Murree,
<collectingRegion id="49F7F86D3A45AC31FE3B49BFFD57BC9C" box="[484,662,675,699]" country="India" name="Punjab" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Punjab Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F324761F3A45AC31FD7F49BFFD3FBC9C" box="[672,766,675,699]" name="Pakistan" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
. Later
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A45AC31FC9949BFFC3FBC9C" author="Rais, M. &amp; Abbassi, S. &amp; Batool, T. &amp; Jilani, M. J. &amp; Assadi, M. A. &amp; Mubarak, H. &amp; Baloch, S." box="[838,1022,675,699]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" pagination="455 - 458" refId="ref2137" refString="Rais, M., Abbassi, S., Batool, T., Jilani, M. J., Assadi, M. A., Mubarak, H. &amp; Baloch, S. (2014) A note on recapture of Nanorana vicina (Anura: Amphibia) from Murree, Pakistan. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24, 455 - 458." type="journal article" year="2014">
Rais
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A45AC31FCA349B8FC6ABC9C" box="[892,939,675,699]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
recaptured it from its
<typeStatus id="5488882D3A45AC31FB3449B8FAD8BC9B" box="[1259,1305,676,700]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">type</typeStatus>
locality and described morphology of one juvenile female and one adult male.
</subSubSection>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C32965043A45AC31FCB849DBFADBBD24" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A45AC31FCB849DBFADBBD24" blockId="0.[151,1437,603,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">The species is listed as Least Concern in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species while the EDGE (Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered) score is 2.64.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32965043A45AC31FAC049F0FD27BDB4" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A45AC31FAC049F0FD27BDB4" blockId="0.[151,1437,603,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">
In
<collectingCountry id="F324761F3A45AC31FAE449F7FA59BD24" box="[1339,1432,747,771]" name="Pakistan" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, it is reported from brook water springs and streams of Murree, Galiat (North
<collectingRegion id="49F7F86D3A45AC31FC1E4813FBD1BD00" box="[961,1040,783,807]" country="Pakistan" name="Punjab" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Punjab</collectingRegion>
), Ayubia (
<collectingRegion id="49F7F86D3A45AC31FBA74813FAA4BD00" box="[1144,1381,783,807]" country="Pakistan" name="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</collectingRegion>
), and parts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A45AC31FDC5482FFD08BD6C" author="Rais, M. &amp; Abbassi, S. &amp; Batool, T. &amp; Jilani, M. J. &amp; Assadi, M. A. &amp; Mubarak, H. &amp; Baloch, S." box="[538,713,819,843]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" pagination="455 - 458" refId="ref2137" refString="Rais, M., Abbassi, S., Batool, T., Jilani, M. J., Assadi, M. A., Mubarak, H. &amp; Baloch, S. (2014) A note on recapture of Nanorana vicina (Anura: Amphibia) from Murree, Pakistan. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24, 455 - 458." type="journal article" year="2014">
Rais
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A45AC31FD8D4828FD48BD6C" box="[594,649,819,843]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Although the adult form has been characterized (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A45AC31FB39482FFAA3BD6C" author="Khan, M. S." box="[1254,1378,819,843]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" refId="ref2004" refString="Khan, M. S. (2006) Amphibians and reptiles of Pakistan. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 311 pp." type="book" year="2006">Khan 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A45AC31FAB2482FFECEBD48" author="Rais, M. &amp; Abbassi, S. &amp; Batool, T. &amp; Jilani, M. J. &amp; Assadi, M. A. &amp; Mubarak, H. &amp; Baloch, S." pageId="0" pageNumber="440" pagination="455 - 458" refId="ref2137" refString="Rais, M., Abbassi, S., Batool, T., Jilani, M. J., Assadi, M. A., Mubarak, H. &amp; Baloch, S. (2014) A note on recapture of Nanorana vicina (Anura: Amphibia) from Murree, Pakistan. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24, 455 - 458." type="journal article" year="2014">
Rais
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A45AC31FF484844FF0FBD48" box="[151,206,855,879]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
), the morphology of the tadpoles have not yet been described. The current study aimed to describe external morphology and morphometry of tadpoles of
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<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A45AC31FDA14860FD1EBDB4" box="[638,735,892,915]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">N. vicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32965043A45AC31FF1848BCFF38BADC" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A45AC31FF1848BCFF38BADC" blockId="0.[151,1437,603,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">
We collected
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<specimenCount id="9D35FD063A45AC31FEBF4883FE2DBD90" box="[352,492,927,951]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">154 tadpoles</specimenCount>
during
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<collectingDate id="EFC9E9A73A45AC31FD984883FD0DBD90" box="[583,716,927,951]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" value="2018-03">March 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
<location id="8EEC60543A45AC31FD074883FBADBD90" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87993A45AC33FA824947FE40BC3D:8EEC60543A45AC31FD074883FBADBD90" box="[728,1132,927,951]" country="Pakistan" name="from the streams of Village Perhana" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" stateProvince="Province Punjab">from the streams of Village Perhana</location>
(UTMX
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, UTMY
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, zone
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),
<location id="8EEC60543A45AC31FEA048DFFD37BDFC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87993A45AC33FA824947FE40BC3D:8EEC60543A45AC31FEA048DFFD37BDFC" box="[383,758,963,987]" country="Pakistan" name="Tehsil Murree, District Rawalpindi" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" stateProvince="Province Punjab">Tehsil Murree, District Rawalpindi</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F7F86D3A45AC31FCDF48DFFC73BDFC" box="[768,946,963,987]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Province Punjab</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F324761F3A45AC31FC6348DFFBDBBDFC" box="[956,1050,963,987]" name="Pakistan" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
. All were studied alive and later one tadpole of each
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A45AC31FE9E48FBFE1DBDD8" author="Gosner, K. L." box="[321,476,999,1023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" pagination="183 - 190" refId="ref1889" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183 - 190." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosner (1960)</bibRefCitation>
stage (26 to 41) was euthanized and preserved in 20% Bouin’s solution (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A45AC31FB3948FBFAA3BDD8" author="Khan, M. S." box="[1254,1378,999,1023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" pagination="133 - 145" refId="ref1971" refString="Khan, M. S. (1982) Key for the identification of amphibian tadpoles from the plains of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 14, 133 - 145." type="journal article" year="1982">Khan 1982</bibRefCitation>
). The samples were housed at the lab of
<location id="8EEC60543A45AC31FE224F10FC45BA03" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A87993A45AC33FA824947FE40BC3D:8EEC60543A45AC31FE224F10FC45BA03" box="[509,900,1035,1060]" country="Pakistan" county="University of Agriculture Faisalabad" municipality="Central Hi-Tech Lab" name="Department of Wildlife Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Department of Wildlife Management</location>
at PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, with voucher numbers SG-19926 to SG-19941. The morphological terminology followed
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A45AC31FBBC4F33FB28BA60" author="Altig, R." box="[1123,1257,1071,1095]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" pagination="71 - 74" refId="ref1616" refString="Altig, R. (2007) A primer for the morphology of anuran tadpoles. Herpetological Conservation Biology, 2, 71 - 74." type="journal article" year="2007">Altig (2007)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A45AC31FAFF4F33FE8FBA4C" author="McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Altig, R." pageId="0" pageNumber="440" refId="ref2068" refString="McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Altig, R. (1999) Tadpoles: The biology of anuran larvae. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 444 pp." type="book" year="1999">McDiarmid and Altig (1999)</bibRefCitation>
. Twenty tadpoles of stage 36 (SG-19936) were used to describe the external morphology. The photographs were taken with the help of Canon EOS D60 DSLR with EF-S
<quantity id="4CCB9B6A3A45AC31FC5F4F6BFC33BAA8" box="[896,1010,1143,1167]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="36.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="18.0">18–55 mm</quantity>
lens. Eighteen variables were measured with INSIZE Electronic Calipers series 1112 (
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). One specimen at stage 36 was studied using scanning electron microscope (2380
<collectorName id="26C653593A45AC31FE894FA3FE7EBAF0" box="[342,447,1215,1239]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">N Hitachi</collectorName>
) for studying the oral apparatus at
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE8ACF53A45AC31FCF34FA3FBC8BAF0" box="[812,1033,1215,1239]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Central Hi-Tech Lab</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="62ED4E033A45AC31FBCD4FA3FA59BAF0" box="[1042,1432,1215,1239]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">University of Agriculture Faisalabad</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingCountry id="F324761F3A45AC31FF484FFFFF34BADC" box="[151,245,1251,1275]" name="Pakistan" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32965043A45AC30FF184E1BFE5ABFF5" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="441" pageId="0" pageNumber="440" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A45AC30FF184E1BFEAEBEDE" blockId="0.[151,1437,603,2031]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,153,466]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="441" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A45AC31FF184E1BFE17BB38" bold="true" box="[199,470,1287,1311]" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Description of tadpoles.</emphasis>
The morphological measurements are given in mm as mean ± standard error: total length (TL) = 50.96 ± 4.14, snout-vent distance (SVL) = 22.37 ± 1.45, body length (BL) = 18.9 ± 1.48, maximum body width (MBW) = 10.76 ± 0.95, body height (BH) = 6.52 ± 0.87, eye diameter (ED) = 1.8 ± 0.23, internarial distance (IND) = 1.66 ± 0.26, interorbital distance (IOD) = 3.93 ± 0.52, snout-narial distance (SND) = 2.33 ± 0.44, orbito-narial distance (OND) = 1.33 ± 0.28, snout-spiracle distance (SSD) = 12.14 ± 0.87, tail length (TLL) = 36.55 ± 3.46, maximum tail height (MTH) = 7.17 ± 0.85, tail muscle height (TMH) = 5.16 ± 0.7, tail muscle width (TMW) = 4.58 ± 0.56, dorsal fin height (DFH) = 2.44 ± 0.33, ventral fin height (VFH) = 2.36 ± 0.37 and oral disc width (ODW) = 5.84 ± 0.49. The tadpoles were medium sized. Body depressed in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="13082A0A3A45AC31FD4D4D1FFD25B83C" box="[658,740,1539,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpoles of Murree Hills Frog (Nanorana vicina). Lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) views, and detail of the oral disc (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3742129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3742129/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
) and oval in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="13082A0A3A45AC31FC234D1FFB8EB83C" box="[1020,1103,1539,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpoles of Murree Hills Frog (Nanorana vicina). Lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) views, and detail of the oral disc (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3742129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3742129/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
); longer than broad (BL/MBW = 1.76) and broader than deep (MDW/BH = 1.67). Snout broad and round in dorsal view, slightly sloped and pointed in lateral view. Interorbital distance more than twice the internarial distance (IOD/IND = 2.4). Nares small, rounded, slightly rimmed and closer to eyes than snout (SND/END = 1.79). Eyes round, small, positioned dorsally and directed dorsolaterally (
<figureCitation id="13082A0A3A45AC31FF104D8FFEE5B88C" box="[207,292,1683,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpoles of Murree Hills Frog (Nanorana vicina). Lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) views, and detail of the oral disc (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3742129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3742129/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Spiracle single, sinistral, distinct, oval opening, posterodorsally directed, spiracular tube attached to the body, visible in lateral, dorsal and ventral views. Tail robust, muscular and well-developed, more than 1.5 times longer than body length (TLL/BL = 1.93), tail length five times the tail height (TLL/MTH = 5.13), tail height similar to body height (MTH/BH = 1.11); tail tip widely rounded. Tail muscle height slightly greater than tail muscle width (TMH/TMW = 1.13), dorsal and ventral fin origin nonparallel, fins of same height (DFH/VFH = 1.04), tail muscle height more than twice dorsal fin height (TMH/DFH = 2.14) and ventral fin height (TMH/VFH = 2.22). Dorsal fin originates posteriorly on the body; ventral fin originates attached to the vent tube. Vent tube medial, attached to the left side of the ventral tail fin with dextral opening (
<figureCitation id="13082A0A3A45AC31FE5B4C93FE19B980" box="[388,472,1935,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpoles of Murree Hills Frog (Nanorana vicina). Lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) views, and detail of the oral disc (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3742129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3742129/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="440">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
). Oral disc medium sized (MBW/ODW = 1.85), anteroventral, not emarginated. Marginal papillae continuous on posterior labium with a wide dorsal gap on anterior labium; submarginal papillae larger, arranged in a single row in posterior labium and some scattered at the lateral margins of the anterior labium and posterior labium. Labial tooth row formula (LTRF) 5(3-5)/3(1). The jaw sheaths fully keratinized, dark, serrated (22 serrations/mm), upper sheath widely arched and lower sheath wide ‘V’-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13082A0A3A44AC30FD234BA2FC90BEF1" box="[764,849,190,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpoles of Murree Hills Frog (Nanorana vicina). Lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) views, and detail of the oral disc (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3742129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3742129/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
). Labial teeth (35/
<quantity id="4CCB9B6A3A44AC30FBC24BA1FBB1BEF1" box="[1053,1136,189,214]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
) with narrow base and head with multiple cusps.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A44AC30FF184A1AFE5ABFF5" blockId="1.[151,1437,153,466]" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">
Color in life. The body dorsum was dark, greenish-brown or greenish-gray, while the ventral side was transparent with visible digestive tract. Tail was greenish-gray in dorsal view having dark greenish-brown speckles. In lateral view tail muscle was darker dorsally and gradually became lighter creamish-green color ventrally. The speckles also decreased gradually from dorsal to ventral side and anterior to posterior side of the tail. Color in preservative: The body dorsum dark, green in appearance; ventral side yellow with visible intestines. Yellow staining due to picric acid in Bouin’s solution (
<figureCitation id="13082A0A3A44AC30FF104AA6FE4EBFF5" box="[207,399,442,466]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,489,1844]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpoles of Murree Hills Frog (Nanorana vicina). Lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) views, and detail of the oral disc (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3742129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3742129/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">Fig. 1 A, B and C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4C66073A44AC30FF484C52FF7EB9AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3742129" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3742129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3742129/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" startId="1.[151,244,1870,1892]" targetBox="[151,1436,489,1844]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A44AC30FF484C52FF7EB9AE" blockId="1.[151,1437,1870,1929]" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FF484C52FECFB944" bold="true" box="[151,270,1870,1892]" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Tadpoles of Murree Hills Frog (
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FD924C53FD30B943" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[589,753,1871,1892]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicina">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FD924C53FD30B943" box="[589,753,1871,1892]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">Nanorana vicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) views, and detail of the oral disc (D).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32965043A44AC33FF184CA5FE40BC3D" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A44AC33FF184CA5FC9FBF89" blockId="1.[151,1436,1977,2037]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,154,538]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">
The comparison of the tadpoles of
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FDE24CA6FD30B9F6" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[573,753,1978,2001]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicina">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FDE24CA6FD30B9F6" box="[573,753,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">Nanorana vicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with other studied tadpoles of the genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FB6E4CA6FAD0B9F6" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1201,1297,1978,2001]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FB6E4CA6FAD0B9F6" box="[1201,1297,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FAC14CA6FF7DB9D2" baseAuthorityName="Liu, Hu &amp; Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1960" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unculuanus">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FAC14CA6FF7DB9D2" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. unculuanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FF154CC2FE9FB9D2" baseAuthorityName="Ye in Sichuan Institute of Biology Herpetology Department" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[202,350,2013,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chayuensis">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FF154CC2FE9FB9D2" box="[202,350,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. chayuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FEB44CC2FE35B9D2" authorityName=", in Huang &amp; Fei" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Fei &amp; Huang" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[363,500,2014,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conaensis">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FEB44CC2FE35B9D2" box="[363,500,2014,2037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. conaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FDDE4CC2FD46B9D2" baseAuthorityName="Liu, Hu &amp; Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[513,647,2013,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculosa">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FDDE4CC2FD46B9D2" box="[513,647,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. maculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FD4B4CC2FCEEB9D2" authorityName=", in Fei" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Fei &amp; Ye" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[660,815,2013,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medogensis">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FD4B4CC2FCEEB9D2" box="[660,815,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. medogensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FCE24CC2FC1DB9D2" baseAuthorityName="Chen &amp; Jiang" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[829,988,2013,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taihangnica">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FCE24CC2FC1DB9D2" box="[829,988,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. taihangnica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FC364CC2FB96B9D2" baseAuthorityName="Stejneger" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1001,1111,2013,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FC364CC2FB96B9D2" box="[1001,1111,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. parkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A44AC30FBBA4CC2FB0FB9D2" box="[1125,1230,2013,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pleskei">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC30FBBA4CC2FB0FB9D2" box="[1125,1230,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. pleskei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A44AC33FADD4CC2FF01BE95" italics="true" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="1" pageNumber="441">N. ventripunc- tata</emphasis>
, showed that the posterior labium had three labial tooth rows with one medially interrupted 3(1) in all species while five anterior tooth rows of
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A47AC33FE684BA3FDD6BEF2" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[439,535,190,214]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicina">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FE684BA3FDD6BEF2" box="[439,535,190,214]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">N. vicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a shared character with
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A47AC33FC934BA3FC14BEF2" authorityName=", in Huang &amp; Fei" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Fei &amp; Huang" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[844,981,190,214]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conaensis">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FC934BA3FC14BEF2" box="[844,981,190,214]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">N. conaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Two rows of papillae on posterior labium were also common in all except
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A47AC33FE304BFFFD9DBEDD" baseAuthorityName="Stejneger" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[495,604,226,250]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FE304BFFFD9DBEDD" box="[495,604,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">N. parkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A47AC33FD504BFFFD39BEDD" box="[655,760,226,250]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pleskei">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FD504BFFFD39BEDD" box="[655,760,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">N. pleskei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tadpoles. Tail end was also round in most with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A47AC33FF484A1BFEEDBF39" baseAuthorityName="Ye in Sichuan Institute of Biology Herpetology Department" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[151,300,262,286]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chayuensis">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FF484A1BFEEDBF39" box="[151,300,262,286]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">N. chayuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A47AC33FEBD4A1BFE29BF39" baseAuthorityName="Liu, Hu &amp; Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[354,488,262,286]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculosa">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FEBD4A1BFE29BF39" box="[354,488,262,286]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">N. maculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A47AC33FE294A1AFD38BF39" author="Chuaynkern, C. &amp; Kaewtongkum, N. &amp; Ohler, A. &amp; Duengkae, P. &amp; Duangjai, S. &amp; Makchai, S. &amp; Chuaynkern, Y." box="[502,761,262,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" pagination="93 - 108" refId="ref1731" refString="Chuaynkern, C., Kaewtongkum, N., Ohler, A., Duengkae, P., Duangjai, S., Makchai, S. &amp; Chuaynkern, Y. (2018) First description of the Nanorana (Chaparana) aenea (Smith, 1922) tadpole from northern Thailand and additional information on the Quasipaa (Eripaa) fasciculispina (Inger, 1970) tadpole buccopharyngeal anatomy. Alytes, 36, 93 - 108." type="journal article" year="2018">
Chuaynkern
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FD5D4A1BFD78BF39" box="[642,697,262,286]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A47AC33FCDB4A1AFC64BF39" author="Fei, L. &amp; Ye, C. &amp; Jiang, J." box="[772,933,262,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" refId="ref1813" refString="Fei, L., Ye, C. &amp; Jiang, J. (2012) Colored atlas of Chinese amphibians and their distributions. Sichuan Publishing Group, Chengdu, 620 pp." type="book" year="2012">
Fei
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FCF14A1BFCA5BF39" box="[814,868,262,286]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). The tadpole of Murree Hills Frog (
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A47AC33FAEF4A1BFF19BF66" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicina">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FAEF4A1BFF19BF66" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">Nanorana vicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were
<typeStatus id="5488882D3A47AC33FEFC4A36FE90BF65" box="[291,337,298,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">type</typeStatus>
IV
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A47AC33FEA54A36FDC7BF65" author="Orton, G. L." box="[378,518,298,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" pagination="63 - 75" refId="ref2103" refString="Orton, G. L. (1953) The systematics of vertebrate larvae. Systematic Zoology, 2, 63 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2411661" type="journal article" year="1953">Orton (1953)</bibRefCitation>
and
<typeStatus id="5488882D3A47AC33FDE54A36FDA9BF65" box="[570,616,298,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">type</typeStatus>
5
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A47AC33FD5D4A36FC99BF65" author="Inthara, C. &amp; Lauhachinda, V. &amp; Nabhitabhata, J. &amp; Chuaynkern, Y. &amp; Kumtong, P." box="[642,856,298,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" pagination="55 - 78" refId="ref1920" refString="Inthara, C., Lauhachinda, V., Nabhitabhata, J., Chuaynkern, Y. &amp; Kumtong, P. (2005) Mouth part structures and distribution of some tadpoles from Thailand. The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal, 1, 55 - 78." type="journal article" year="2005">
Inthara
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FD0A4A37FCC5BF65" box="[725,772,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
larvae. Some features, such as anteroventral oral disc, dorsoventrally flattened body and low tail fins, are frequent in tadpoles of shallow, permanent lotic water bodies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A47AC33FA8D4A52FECCBFAD" author="Ampai, N. &amp; Rujirawan, A. &amp; Arkajag, J. &amp; McLeod, D. S. &amp; Aowphol, A." pageId="2" pageNumber="442" pagination="508 - 520" refId="ref1642" refString="Ampai, N., Rujirawan, A., Arkajag, J., McLeod, D. S. &amp; Aowphol, A. (2015) Description of the tadpoles of two endemic frogs: the Phu Luang cascade frog Odorrana aureola (Anura: Ranidae) and the Isan big-headed frog Limnonectes isanensis (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Thailand. Zootaxa, 3981 (4), 508 - 520. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3981.4.3" type="journal article" year="2015">
Ampai
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FF484A6FFF0CBFAD" box="[151,205,370,394]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
). The anteroventral placement of the oral disc, and the structure of keratinized mouthparts suggest a detritivorous and suspension-rasper feeding ecology (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B7E3A47AC33FDA74A8AFC92BF89" author="Khan, M. S. &amp; Mufti, S. A." box="[632,851,406,430]" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" pagination="25 - 30" refId="ref2030" refString="Khan, M. S. &amp; Mufti, S. A. (1994) Oral disc morphology of amphibian tadpole and its functional correlates. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 26, 25 - 30." type="journal article" year="1994">Khan &amp; Mufti 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C368F3A47AC33FF184AA6FE40BC3D" blockId="2.[151,1436,154,538]" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">
The description of
<taxonomicName id="4C334D0C3A47AC33FE4A4AA7FD8BBFF6" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[405,586,442,466]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicina">
<emphasis id="B947EA9D3A47AC33FE4A4AA7FD8BBFF6" box="[405,586,442,466]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="442">Nanorana vicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provides an essential morphological basis for the identification and classification. Further study on buccopharyngeal morphology, diet analysis and population dynamics may help understand natural history of the species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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