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<mods:title id="EAA0E1EABA98127606F4C2D1BE0D05D4">Revision of the family Chasmocarcinidae Serène, 1964 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Goneplacoidea)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="F16BFB33FFA6FFF2FF6AF8A8FBF4F889" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5617040" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127419526" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5617040" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F16BFB33FFA6FFF2FF6AF8A8FBF4F889" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F16BFB33FFA6FFF2FF6AF8A8FBF4F889" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="31D819AEFFA6FFFEFF6AF8A8FD13F82A" box="[151,734,1913,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA6FFFEFF6AF8A8FD13F82A" bold="true" box="[151,734,1913,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Family
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA6FFFEFF0BF8A8FD13F82A" ID-CoL="7NHWW" authority="Serene, 1964" authorityName="Serene" authorityYear="1964" box="[246,734,1913,1939]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">CHASMOCARCINIDAE Serène, 1964</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA6FFFEFF6AF811FB2FF86F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1984,2037]" box="[151,1250,1984,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="59D26D0BFFA6FFFEFF6AF811FB2FF86F" box="[151,1250,1984,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA6FFFEFF6AF811FDD3F86F" ID-CoL="847DJ" authority="Serene, 1964a: 196" authorityName="Serene" authorityPageNumber="196" authorityYear="1964" box="[151,542,1984,2006]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">
Chasmocarcininae
<treatmentCitation id="F8636C34FFA6FFFEFEA5F811FDD3F86F" author="Serene" box="[344,542,1984,2006]" page="196" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1964">
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA6FFFEFEA5F811FE26F86F" author="Serene" box="[344,491,1984,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Serene, R. (1964 a) Goneplacidae et Pinnotheridae recoltes par le Dr. Mortensen. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916, part 80. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I KObenhavn, 126, 181 - 282, pls. 16 - 24." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Serène, 1964a</bibRefCitation>
: 196
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 1964b: 185.—
<treatmentCitation id="F8636C34FFA6FFFEFD4AF811FCBDF86F" author="Guinot" box="[695,880,1984,2006]" page="699" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA6FFFEFD4AF811FCF0F86F" author="Guinot" box="[695,829,1984,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Guinot, D. (1969) Recherches preliminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les Crustaces Decapodes Brachyoures. VII. Les Goneplacidae. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris), ser. 2, 41 (1), 241 - 265; ser. 2, 41 (2), 507 - 528; ser. 2, 41 (3), 688 - 724." type="journal article" year="1969">Guinot 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 699
</treatmentCitation>
; 1986: 312.—Davie 2002: 192, 196.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA6FFFDFF6AF80FFDF8FF52" blockId="5.[151,1436,1984,2037]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,235]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Chasmocarcinidae—Karasawa &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA6FFFEFE0CF80FFD53F84D" author="Schweitzer" box="[497,670,2014,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Karasawa, H. &amp; Schweitzer, C. E. (2006) A new classification of the Xanthoidea sensu lato (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) based on phylogenetic analysis and traditional systematics and evaluation of all fossil Xanthoidea sensu lato. Contributions to Zoology, 75, 23 - 73." type="journal article" year="2006">Schweitzer 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 55.—
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA6FFFEFD1DF80FFCA6F84D" author="Stevcic" box="[736,875,2014,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Stevcic, Z. (2005) The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Natura Croatica (Fauna Croatica), 14, supplement 1, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Števčić 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 107; 2013: 186.—Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA6FFFEFBA8F831FB47F84D" box="[1109,1162,2014,2037]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
2008: 27, 75, 76, 85.—
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA6FFFDFA80F80FFEB7FF17" author="De" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="De Grave, S., Pentcheff, N. D., Ahyong, S. T., Chan, T. - Y., Crandall, K. A., Dworschak, P. C., Felder, D. L., Feldmann, R. M., Fransen, C. H. J. M., Goulding, L. Y. D., Lemaitre, R., Low, M. E. Y., Martin, J. W., Ng, P. K. L., Schweitzer, C. E., Tan, S. H., Tshudy, D. &amp; Wetzer, R. (2009) A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, suppl. 21, 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="2009">
De Grave
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFEF6FF48FEF2FF17" box="[267,319,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
: 32 [in list].—Castro
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFDAAFF48FD47FF17" box="[599,650,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2010: 36, 37, 41, 51 [in key].—
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFC32FF49FB42FF17" author="Guinot" box="[975,1167,152,174]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Guinot, D., Tavares, M. &amp; Castro, P. (2013) Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa. Zootaxa, 3665 (1), 1 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3665.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Guinot
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFBE2FF48FB9FFF17" box="[1055,1106,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
: 42, 82, 111, 113.—
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFAA5FF49FED0FF75" author="Jagt" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Jagt, J. W. M., Van Bakel, B. W. M., Guinot, D., Fraaije, R. H. B. &amp; Artal, P. (2015) Fossil Brachyura. In: Castro, P., Davie, P. J. F., Guinot, D., Schram, F. &amp; Von Vaupel Klein, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology - The Crustacea, complementary to the volumes translated from the French of the Traite de Zoologie, 9 (C) (I), Decapoda: Brachyura (Part 1), Brill, Leiden, pp. 847 - 920. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004190832 _ 018" type="journal article" year="2015">
Jagt
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFA77FF48FF2FFF75" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
: 879.—
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFE97FF67FD8BFF75" author="Clark" box="[362,582,182,204]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Clark, P. F. &amp; Cuesta, J. A. (2015) Larval systematics of Brachyura. In: Castro, P., Davie, P. J. F., Guinot, D., Schram, F. &amp; Von Vaupel Klein, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology - The Crustacea, complementary to the volumes translated from the French of the Traite de Zoologie, 9 (C) (I), Decapoda: Brachyura (Part 2), Brill, Leiden, pp. 981 - 1148. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004190832 _ 020" type="journal article" year="2015">Clark &amp; Cuesta 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 1011, 1014 [larvae].—
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFCCFFF67FC3EFF75" author="Davie" box="[818,1011,182,205]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Davie, P. J. F., Guinot, D. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (2015 c) Systematics and classification of Brachyura. In: Castro, P., Davie, P. J. F., Guinot, D., Schram, F. &amp; Von Vaupel Klein, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology - The Crustacea, complementary to the volumes translated from the French of the Traite de Zoologie, 9 (C) (I), Decapoda: Brachyura (Part 2), Brill, Leiden, pp. 1049 - 1130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004190832 _ 021" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="c">
Davie
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFC84FF69FC61FF75" box="[889,940,182,205]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2015c
</bibRefCitation>
: 1081, 1082. Chasmocarcinoidea—Števčić 2005: 106.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="31D819AEFFA5FFFDFF6AFEC0FE05FEF4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA5FFFDFF6AFEC0FE05FEF4" blockId="6.[151,658,273,442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFF6AFEC0FED1FE93" bold="true" box="[151,284,273,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Type genus</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFED6FEC0FD5FFE90" authority="Rathbun, 1898" authorityName="Rathbun" authorityYear="1898" box="[299,658,273,298]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Chasmocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFED6FEC0FE2BFE93" box="[299,486,273,298]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chasmocarcinus</emphasis>
Rathbun, 1898
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFF3AFEE4FE0DFEF7" bold="true" box="[199,448,309,334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Subfamilies included</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31D819AEFFA5FFFDFF3AFE88FDC7FE03" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA5FFFDFF3AFE88FDC7FE03" blockId="6.[151,658,273,442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFF3AFE88FDE2FECB" ID-CoL="847DJ" authority="Serene, 1964" authorityName="Serene" authorityYear="1964" box="[199,559,345,370]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae Serène, 1964</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFF3AFEACFDECFE2F" ID-CoL="847GM" authority="Stevcic, 2005" authorityName="Stevcic" authorityYear="2005" box="[199,545,381,406]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Megaesthesiinae">
Megaesthesiinae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFE75FEACFDECFE2F" author="Stevcic" box="[392,545,381,406]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Stevcic, Z. (2005) The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Natura Croatica (Fauna Croatica), 14, supplement 1, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Števčić, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFF3AFE70FDC7FE03" ID-CoL="847KF" authority="Guinot, 1986" authorityName="Guinot" authorityYear="1986" box="[199,522,417,442]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogloplacinae">
Trogloplacinae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFE8BFE70FDC7FE03" author="Guinot" box="[374,522,417,442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Guinot, D. (1986) Description d'un crabe cavernicole aveugle de Nouvelle-Bretagne (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee), Trogloplax joliveti gen. nov. sp. nov., et etablissement d'une sous-famille nouvelle, Trogloplaciinae subfam. nov. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), ser. 3, 303, 307 - 312." type="journal article" year="1986">Guinot, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31D819AEFFA5FFFDFF3AFE33FE52F941" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA5FFFDFF3AFE33FE52F941" blockId="6.[151,1436,482,2032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFF3AFE33FEF7FE42" bold="true" box="[199,314,482,507]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(modified from
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFE01FE32FD56FE42" author="Serene" box="[508,667,482,507]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Serene, R. (1964 a) Goneplacidae et Pinnotheridae recoltes par le Dr. Mortensen. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916, part 80. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I KObenhavn, 126, 181 - 282, pls. 16 - 24." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Serène 1964a</bibRefCitation>
). Carapace subtrapezoidal, subquadrate, quadrate, or subtriangular, high; front almost straight, often bilobed; anteroexternal angle arcuate or straight, usually with minute granules without distinct lobes or teeth. Epistome fused with proepistome (inter-antennular septum), slightly depressed, sometimes reduced; posterior margin delimited, typically with shallow median cleft; proepistome present, narrow, sometimes indistinct, never spiniform. Eye peduncle filling orbit, mobile or immobile (sessile); cornea greatly reduced or normal, with or without pigmentation. Antennule with basal article swollen, tightly fitting in fossa so that antennular flagellum cannot fold completely into fossa (second, third articles not elongated, folding onto swollen basal article [Trogloplacininae]; second, third articles elongated so they cannot fit into the fossa [
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFF60FD2FFEBBFCAE" box="[157,374,766,791]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
]; or second, third articles short, swollen with flagellum bearing elongated plumose aesthetascs, not able to fold into fossa [
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFE34FCF0FD42FC83" box="[457,655,801,826]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Megaesthesiinae">Megaesthesiinae</taxonomicName>
]). Basal antennal article (second article) quadrate to subquadrate, not fused to carapace; flagellum relatively short, usually not extending far beyond lateral edge of carapace. Third maxillipeds completely filling buccal cavern or leaving gap between them when closed; merus varies in shape from subtriangular to quadrate, anteroexternal angle may be auriculiform; ischium varies in shape from elongated to quadrate, same size or longer than merus. Chelipeds subequal in length, dissimilar, heteromorphic in males, propodus of major chela becoming thicker with age in males; anterior portion of meri with large triangular to acute tooth on inner margin. Meri of ambulatory legs smooth or armed. Thoracic sternites 1, 2 completely fused, semicircular or rectangular, proportionally wide, short or narrow; thoracic sternites 3, 4 fused, lateral suture or cleft visible. Thoracic sternites 6–8 visible from posterior view; prominent “supplementary plate” (anterior invagination of sternite 8) present between sternites 7, 8 (
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFA5FFFDFD79FBB0FD0EFBC0" box="[644,707,1121,1146]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1426,1448]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, Acidopsidae: Typhlocarcinodes integrifrons (Miers, 1881), Senegal: lectotype male 6.9 × 8.5 mm (NHM 81.24 a); B, Acidopsidae: Raoulia limosa, Lombok, Indonesia: male 6.5 × 11.8 mm (MZB Cru 3914); C, Acidopsidae: Caecopilumnus crassipes (Tesch, 1918), Indonesia: male 10.1 × 11.8 mm (ZRC 2013.1710); D, Scalopidiidae: Scalopidia spinosipes, Singapore: male 12.2 × 16.7 mm (ZRC 2000.1604); E, Chasmocarcinidae: Chasmocarcinus latipes, Ecuador: male 10.5 × 14.5 mm (AMNH 1941 - 10668). Abbreviations: a 1 ‒ a 6 = pleonites 1 ‒ 6, respectively; cx 3 ‒ cx 5 = coxa of P 3 ‒ P 5, respectively; sp = “ supplementary plate ”; st 5 ‒ st 8 = thoracic sternites 5 ‒ 8, respectively; po = opening of penis; ps = start of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272647/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
E); sternal sutures 4/5, 5/6, 6/7, 7/8 interrupted; thoracic sternites 7, 8 with poorly defined median line (
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFA5FFFDFDB6FB55FD67FB24" box="[587,682,1156,1181]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="125.[151,250,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[187,1392,193,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@125.[187,1392,193,1814]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="FIGURE 52. Anterior thoracic sternum and male pleon of species of Hephthopelta and Angustopelta n. gen. A, Hephthopelta lugubris, Australia: male 7.9 × 8.3 mm (NMV J 61081); B, C, Hephthopelta occidentalis, Madagascar: holotype male 6.1 × 6.6 mm with sacculinid (MNHN-IU- 2010 - 1031); D, Angustopelta aurita, Philippines: male 9.2 × 10.6 mm (ZRC 2015.250); E, Angustopelta cribrorum, Japan: holotype male 13.6 × 14.9 mm (USNM 46388); F, A. cribrorum, Taiwan: male 9.9 × 11.6 mm (ZRC 2015.214); G, Angustopelta robusta n. sp., Vanuatu: holotype male 9.3 × 10.7 mm (MNHN-IU- 2010 - 5616); H, A. modesta n. sp., Solomon Islands: holotype male 13.3 × 15.1 mm (MNHU-IU- 2013 - 9038)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272698/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 52</figureCitation>
D; 56D; also see
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFC92FB55FB89FB24" author="Guinot" box="[879,1092,1156,1181]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Guinot, D., Tavares, M. &amp; Castro, P. (2013) Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa. Zootaxa, 3665 (1), 1 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3665.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Guinot
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFC3BFB57FBCDFB24" box="[966,1024,1156,1181]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
: 265, fig.
<date id="0D7C6CE5FFA5FFFDFB44FB55FB2EFB24" box="[1209,1251,1156,1181]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1956-01">56I</date>
). Sterno-pleonal cavity of male deep, with rounded anterior end. Press-button for pleonal holding as tubercle (
<quantity id="BE3AE7C0FFA5FFFDFB52FB79FB16FB79" box="[1199,1243,1191,1216]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
one species) just posterior to thoracic sternal suture 4/5 at each edge of sterno-pleonal cavity. Large portions of sternum left exposed by pleon (abdomen). Male pleon with somites 3–5 completely fused but sutures may visible as shallow grooves; lateral margins of fused somites 3–5 slightly convex or nearly straight; telson proportionally long or short, fused thoracic sternites 1, 2 short, never extending deep into buccal cavity. Male gonopore coxal; penis coxo-sternal, lying in a channel between sternites 7, 8, anteriorly covered in part by posterior margin of “supplementary plate” between sternites 7, 8, plate varies in length, width, shape, proximity to other plates, stretching across full extent or most of anterior margin of thoracic sternite 8 on each side of posterior, widest portion of pleon; penis may be partially exposed or covered by narrow plate (also see
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFD0AFA12FC08FA65" author="Guinot" box="[759,965,1475,1500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Guinot, D., Tavares, M. &amp; Castro, P. (2013) Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa. Zootaxa, 3665 (1), 1 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3665.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Guinot
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFCB6FA14FC4EFA65" box="[843,899,1475,1500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
: 82, 111, fig. 24). G1 stout, distal segment straight or curved, distal surfaces covered by short and/or long spinules, without long setae. G2 slender, as long as, longer, or shorter than G1. Female pleon triangular, with all somites, telson free, pleopods prolonging beyond pleon margin; telson proportionally long or short. Sterno-pleonal cavity of female shallow, vulvae mesial in flat portion of thoracic sternite 6 (also see
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFE0FF980FD09F9D3" author="Guinot" box="[498,708,1617,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Guinot, D., Tavares, M. &amp; Castro, P. (2013) Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa. Zootaxa, 3665 (1), 1 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3665.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Guinot
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFDBAF983FD4DF9D3" box="[583,640,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
: 42). Vulva wide, occupying most or complete width of thoracic sternite 6 (conspicuously large in
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFDDDF9A4FD00F937" box="[544,717,1653,1678]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogloplacinae">Trogloplacinae</taxonomicName>
), round, flat, with conspicuous margins, covered by chitinised membrane without sternal vulvar cover or operculum. Eggs relatively large, indirect development with planktotrophic larvae (direct in
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFDF6F96DFD74F96C" box="[523,697,1724,1749]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogloplacinae">Trogloplacinae</taxonomicName>
). Marine (shallow to deep water) or freshwater, including land caves (
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFF19F90EFE59F941" box="[228,404,1759,1784]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogloplacinae">Trogloplacinae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31D819AEFFA5FFF3FF3AF8D2FA9BFC71" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA5FFFDFF3AF8D2FAD3F849" blockId="6.[151,1436,482,2032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFF3AF8D2FEF9F8A5" bold="true" box="[199,308,1795,1820]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Remarks</emphasis>
. Many genera of chasmocarcinids were originally described as members of the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFAE0F8D2FE87F886" authority="Stimpson, 1858" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1858" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizopinae">Rhizopinae Stimpson, 1858</taxonomicName>
(or Rhizopidae), but the current concept of this taxon is very different from that conceived or recognised until the 1960s.
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFE2DF898FDA4F8DB" author="Guinot" box="[464,617,1865,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Guinot, D. (1978) Principes d'une classification evolutive des Crustaces Decapodes Brachyoures. Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique, n. s., 112 (3), 211 - 292, figs. 1 - 3, 1 tab." type="journal article" year="1978">Guinot (1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFD8BF89BFD62F8DB" author="Guinot" box="[630,687,1866,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Guinot, D. (1979) Donnees nouvelles sur la morphologie, la phylogenese et la taxonomie des Crustaces Decapodes Brachyoures. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris), (A) Zoologie, 112, 1 - 354, figs. 1 - 70, pls. 1 - 27, tables 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
) restricted the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFCA6F898FC17F8DB" box="[859,986,1865,1890]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizopinae">Rhizopinae</taxonomicName>
s. str. to species in the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFB18F898FAAAF8DB" box="[1253,1383,1865,1890]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pilumnidae</taxonomicName>
, and argued that the “rhizopine” condition is only the broad carapace shape, an adaptation to their habitats in fine sand and mud, a lifestyle termed “luteophilous” by
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFD67F840FCC2F810" author="Ng" box="[666,783,1937,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Ng, P. K. L. (1990) The Indo-Pacific Pilumnidae VI. Luteocarcinus sordidus new genus and species, from mangrove swamps in Peninsular Malaysia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Rhizopinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 103 (1), 95 - 99." type="journal article" year="1990">Ng (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, as well as the coxosternal state of the penis (see
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA5FFFDFACEF841FF36F874" author="Guinot" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Guinot, D., Tavares, M. &amp; Castro, P. (2013) Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa. Zootaxa, 3665 (1), 1 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3665.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Guinot
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFA75F843FF60F874" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
: 112, fig. 24). Ng (1987) reviewed the taxonomy of the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFC63F865FBD3F874" box="[926,1054,1972,1997]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizopinae">Rhizopinae</taxonomicName>
and treated it as a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA5FFFDFF6AF806FED7F849" box="[151,282,2007,2032]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pilumnidae</taxonomicName>
, with many “rhizopines” today classified in a multitude of families (see Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA5FFFDFB91F808FB69F849" box="[1132,1188,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2008: 75).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA4FFFCFF3AFF49FE66FE4C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Serène was the first to treat the genera revised in this study as a separate subfamily,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFB91FF46FAF6FF09" box="[1132,1339,151,176]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
(present
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFF6AFF6DFEA6FF6C" box="[151,363,188,213]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
), of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFE5DFF6DFDF3FF6C" box="[416,574,188,213]" class="Malacostraca" family="Goneplacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Goneplacidae</taxonomicName>
. There is a small issue with the authority for
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFBB1FF6DFAD2FF6C" box="[1100,1311,188,213]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
. The name was first used by Serène in two papers, both published in 1964.
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFCA7FF31FBC9FF41" author="Serene" box="[858,1028,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 a) Goneplacidae et Pinnotheridae recoltes par le Dr. Mortensen. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916, part 80. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I KObenhavn, 126, 181 - 282, pls. 16 - 24." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Serène (1964a)</bibRefCitation>
treated material from the Mortensen Expedition in
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFEC7FED5FB64FEA4" box="[314,1193,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I KØbenhavn</emphasis>
and according to the cover on the original paper, it was issued in
<date id="0D7C6CE5FFA4FFFCFD34FEF6FC90FEF9" box="[713,861,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1964-03">March 1964</date>
.
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFC93FEF9FBEFFEF9" author="Serene" box="[878,1058,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 b) Redescription du genre Megaesthesius Rathbun et definition des Chasmocarcininae, nouvelle sous-famille des Goneplacidae (Decapoda Brachyura). Crustaceana, 7 (3), 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="b">Serène (1964b)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFB3DFEF6FAA8FEF9" box="[1216,1381,295,320]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Megaesthesius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFB3DFEF6FAA8FEF9" box="[1216,1381,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Megaesthesius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and established a new subfamily,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFE23FE9DFD7DFEDC" box="[478,688,332,357]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
, in
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFD2BFE9CFCA8FEDD" box="[726,869,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Crustaceana</emphasis>
, and according to
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFBCEFE9DFAD2FEDD" author="Holthuis" box="[1075,1311,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Holthuis, L. B. (1986) The dates of publication of Crustaceana vols. 1 - 50 and suppl. 1 - 10. Crustaceana, 51 (2), 221 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854086 X 00728" type="journal article" year="1986">Holthuis (1986: 221)</bibRefCitation>
, the part in which it appeared was published on
<date id="0D7C6CE5FFA4FFFCFDCEFEA1FCC9FE31" box="[563,772,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1964-09-07">7 September 1964</date>
. Most authors (e.g., Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFBEBFEA0FB85FE31" box="[1046,1096,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2008) cite
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFB2DFEA1FAB0FE31" author="Serene" box="[1232,1405,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 b) Redescription du genre Megaesthesius Rathbun et definition des Chasmocarcininae, nouvelle sous-famille des Goneplacidae (Decapoda Brachyura). Crustaceana, 7 (3), 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="b">Serène (1964b)</bibRefCitation>
as the authority of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFEB6FE45FDD3FE14" box="[331,542,404,429]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFDD5FE45FCC3FE14" author="Serene" box="[552,782,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 a) Goneplacidae et Pinnotheridae recoltes par le Dr. Mortensen. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916, part 80. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I KObenhavn, 126, 181 - 282, pls. 16 - 24." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Serène (1964a: 196)</bibRefCitation>
, however, in his discussions of the groups, mentioned that a number of genera in the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFE3BFE66FD8BFE69" box="[454,582,439,464]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizopinae">Rhizopinae</taxonomicName>
should be referred to a new subfamily,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFBF0FE66FB12FE69" box="[1037,1247,439,464]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
, although he did not formally diagnose it:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA4FFFCFF38FDF5FBD7FB65" blockId="7.[197,1392,548,1244]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
“
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFF2DFDF4FC2EFDCE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Les six genres représentés dans la présente collection ne permettent pas une révision de l'ensemble de la sousfamille; mais l'étude de la collection Gallardo comprendra une clé de séparation de tous les genres des
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFB05FD93FAA1FDE1" box="[1272,1388,578,600]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizopinae">Rhizopinae</taxonomicName>
, complétant et corrigeant celle de
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFDE1FDB3FD7AFDCE" author="TESCH" box="[540,695,609,631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tesch J. J. (1918) Goneplacidae and Pinnotheridae. The Decapoda Brachyura of the Siboga Expedition, 2. Siboga-Expeditie 39 (c 1), livr. 84, 149 - 295, pls. 7 - 18." type="journal article" year="1918">TESCH (1918)</bibRefCitation>
. Je signale en particulier que
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFC16FDB0FB5FFDCE" box="[1003,1170,609,631]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Chasmocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chasmocarcinus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFB64FDB3FD60FD6A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
appartient au groupe des genres dont le flagelle antennulaire ne peut se rétracter dans les fosses correspondantes et non à l'autre groupe, comme il est classé dans la clé de
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFDD9FD4EFD0DFD0D" author="TESCH" box="[548,704,670,692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tesch J. J. (1918) Goneplacidae and Pinnotheridae. The Decapoda Brachyura of the Siboga Expedition, 2. Siboga-Expeditie 39 (c 1), livr. 84, 149 - 295, pls. 7 - 18." type="journal article" year="1918">TESCH (1918)</bibRefCitation>
. Ce caractère est commun à plusieurs genres de la sous-famille qui constituent un groupe distinct comprenant:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFD3FFD6CFC80FD6A" box="[706,845,701,723]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Hephthopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hephthopelta</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFC99FD6CFBC3FD6A" box="[868,1038,701,723]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Chasmocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chasmocarcinus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFBD8FD6CFB11FD6A" box="[1061,1244,701,723]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Chasmocarcinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chasmocarcinops</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFB0EFD6CFAA6FD6A" box="[1267,1387,701,723]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Camatopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camatopsis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFF38FD0DFE97FD4B" box="[197,346,732,754]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Megaesthesius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megaesthesius</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFE9AFD0CFC34FC32" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Tous ces genres ont d'autres caractères communs (abdomen avec les segments 3 à 5 soudés, pléopode mâle d'un
<typeStatus id="A679F487FFA4FFFCFEC0FD2AFEAAFCA9" box="[317,359,763,784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
particulier) qui pourraient servir à définir et séparer des
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFC02FD2BFBBCFCA9" box="[1023,1137,762,784]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizopinae">Rhizopinae</taxonomicName>
une autre sous-famille (
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFF31FCC8FE5DFC96" box="[204,400,793,815]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
). De toute manière, dans l'actuelle classification, l'abdomen et les pléopodes mâles fournissent un bon caractère de différenciation générique et de séparation de ce groupe dans la sous-famille. A ces niveaux (générique et sous-familial) le mxp 3 fournit un autre caractère qui isole plus ou moins ces genres des autres. Mais c'est à tort, à mon avis, qu'on lui a accordé de l'importance au niveau familial.
</emphasis>
” [The six genera represented in this collection do not allow a revision of the entire subfamily, but the study of the Gallardo collection will include a key to separate all genera of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFE45FC63FDE3FC71" box="[440,558,946,968]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizopinae">Rhizopinae</taxonomicName>
, completing and correcting the key of
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFC2AFC63FBA9FC71" author="Tesch" box="[983,1124,946,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tesch J. J. (1918) Goneplacidae and Pinnotheridae. The Decapoda Brachyura of the Siboga Expedition, 2. Siboga-Expeditie 39 (c 1), livr. 84, 149 - 295, pls. 7 - 18." type="journal article" year="1918">Tesch (1918)</bibRefCitation>
. I note in particular that
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFF38FC00FEA3FC5E" box="[197,366,977,999]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Chasmocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFF38FC00FEA3FC5E" box="[197,366,977,999]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chasmocarcinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the group of genera whose antennular flagellum cannot retract into the corresponding pits and not to the other group, as it is classified in Tesch’s (1918) key. This character is shared by many genera of the subfamily that constitutes a distinct group that comprises:
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFCABFBDFFC2DFB9D" box="[854,992,1038,1060]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Hephthopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFCABFBDFFC2DFB9D" box="[854,992,1038,1060]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hephthopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFC08FBDFFB53FB9D" box="[1013,1182,1038,1060]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Chasmocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFC08FBDFFB53FB9D" box="[1013,1182,1038,1060]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chasmocarcinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFB49FBDFFAA7FB9D" box="[1204,1386,1038,1060]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Chasmocarcinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFB49FBDFFAA7FB9D" box="[1204,1386,1038,1060]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chasmocarcinops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFF38FBFFFEF1FBFA" box="[197,316,1070,1091]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Camatopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFF38FBFFFEF1FBFA" box="[197,316,1070,1091]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Camatopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFEB1FBFCFE2CFBFA" box="[332,481,1069,1091]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Megaesthesius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFEB1FBFCFE2CFBFA" box="[332,481,1069,1091]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Megaesthesius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All these genera have other common characteristics (pleon with segments 3‒5 fused, male pleopod of a particular
<typeStatus id="A679F487FFA4FFFCFE12FB9CFDD1FBDB" box="[495,540,1101,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
) that could be used to identify and separate the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFBF0FB9DFB4DFBDB" box="[1037,1152,1100,1122]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizopinae">Rhizopinae</taxonomicName>
into another subfamily (
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFF31FBBBFE43FB39" box="[204,398,1130,1152]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
). In any case, in the present classification, the pleon and the male pleopods provide good characters for generic differentiation and the separation of this group in the subfamily. At these levels (generic and sub-familial) the mxp 3 provides another character that more or less separates these genera from others. But it is wrong, in my opinion, for this group to be granted the importance of a family level.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA4FFFCFF3AFAD8FE85FA37" blockId="7.[151,1437,1289,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Although
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFEC4FADBFE28FA9B" author="Serene" box="[313,485,1289,1314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 a) Goneplacidae et Pinnotheridae recoltes par le Dr. Mortensen. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916, part 80. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I KObenhavn, 126, 181 - 282, pls. 16 - 24." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Serène (1964a)</bibRefCitation>
did not “formally” name the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFCC8FAD8FBC9FA9B" box="[821,1028,1289,1314]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
as new, the current zoological code (
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFF63FAFFFEE9FAFF" author="ICZN" box="[158,292,1326,1350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="ICZN, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. Adopted by the XXI General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, in association with the British Museum (Natural History), London, 338 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
) allows for this as long as there is a diagnosis, and he clearly states characters that distinguish the group. As such, the authorship and year for the group should be
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFC65FA80FAC1FAD3" authority="Serene, 1964" authorityName="Serene" authorityYear="1964" box="[920,1292,1361,1386]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae Serène, 1964</taxonomicName>
, as given in
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFF6AFAA7FE89FA37" author="Serene" box="[151,324,1397,1422]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 a) Goneplacidae et Pinnotheridae recoltes par le Dr. Mortensen. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916, part 80. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I KObenhavn, 126, 181 - 282, pls. 16 - 24." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Serène (1964a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFA4FFF3FF3AFA4BFD1AFF41" blockId="7.[151,1437,1289,2034]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
In the modern classification of the Brachyura adopted since
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFC96FA48FBC0FA0B" author="Guinot" box="[875,1037,1433,1458]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Guinot, D. (1978) Principes d'une classification evolutive des Crustaces Decapodes Brachyoures. Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique, n. s., 112 (3), 211 - 292, figs. 1 - 3, 1 tab." type="journal article" year="1978">Guinot (1978)</bibRefCitation>
, the “
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFBB1FA48FAEDFA0B" box="[1100,1312,1433,1458]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
” of
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFAADFA4BFF2AFA6F" author="Serene" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 a) Goneplacidae et Pinnotheridae recoltes par le Dr. Mortensen. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916, part 80. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I KObenhavn, 126, 181 - 282, pls. 16 - 24." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Serène (1964a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFF0EFA6CFECFFA6F" author="Serene" box="[243,258,1469,1494]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 b) Redescription du genre Megaesthesius Rathbun et definition des Chasmocarcininae, nouvelle sous-famille des Goneplacidae (Decapoda Brachyura). Crustaceana, 7 (3), 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
) should clearly now be treated as a family grouping. In particular, it is the only goneplacoid taxon with a unique apomorphy in the “supplementary plate” on the male thoracic sternum. The “supplementary plate” is considered an invagination of thoracic sternite 8 as defined by
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFCAAF9D4FBFDF9A7" author="Guinot" box="[855,1072,1541,1566]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Guinot, D., Tavares, M. &amp; Castro, P. (2013) Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa. Zootaxa, 3665 (1), 1 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3665.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Guinot
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFC51F9D7FC29F9A7" box="[940,996,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
(2013
</bibRefCitation>
: 87, 111; see
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFB3AF9D4FA95F9A7" author="Guinot" box="[1223,1368,1541,1566]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Guinot, D. (1986) Description d'un crabe cavernicole aveugle de Nouvelle-Bretagne (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee), Trogloplax joliveti gen. nov. sp. nov., et etablissement d'une sous-famille nouvelle, Trogloplaciinae subfam. nov. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), ser. 3, 303, 307 - 312." type="journal article" year="1986">Guinot 1986</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, fig. D;
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFF17F9F8FE28F9FB" author="Davie" box="[234,485,1577,1602]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Davie, P. J. F. &amp; Guinot, D. (1996) Two new freshwater species in Australocarcinus Davie, with remarks on Trogloplacinae Guinot and Goneplacidae Macleay [sic] (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, 277 - 287." type="journal article" year="1996">Davie &amp; Guinot 1996</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7) (“complete invagination of sternite
<quantity id="BE3AE7C0FFA4FFFCFC2FF9FBFC33F9FB" box="[978,1022,1577,1602]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
the form of two contiguous plates”) (see
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFA4FFFCFF2EF99CFEC3F9DF" box="[211,270,1613,1638]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1426,1448]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, Acidopsidae: Typhlocarcinodes integrifrons (Miers, 1881), Senegal: lectotype male 6.9 × 8.5 mm (NHM 81.24 a); B, Acidopsidae: Raoulia limosa, Lombok, Indonesia: male 6.5 × 11.8 mm (MZB Cru 3914); C, Acidopsidae: Caecopilumnus crassipes (Tesch, 1918), Indonesia: male 10.1 × 11.8 mm (ZRC 2013.1710); D, Scalopidiidae: Scalopidia spinosipes, Singapore: male 12.2 × 16.7 mm (ZRC 2000.1604); E, Chasmocarcinidae: Chasmocarcinus latipes, Ecuador: male 10.5 × 14.5 mm (AMNH 1941 - 10668). Abbreviations: a 1 ‒ a 6 = pleonites 1 ‒ 6, respectively; cx 3 ‒ cx 5 = coxa of P 3 ‒ P 5, respectively; sp = “ supplementary plate ”; st 5 ‒ st 8 = thoracic sternites 5 ‒ 8, respectively; po = opening of penis; ps = start of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272647/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig.1</figureCitation>
E). The “supplementary plate” has also been referred to as “intercalated” (
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFB5EF99CFA42F9DF" author="Rathbun" box="[1187,1423,1613,1638]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Rathbun, M. J. (1914) A new genus and some new species of crabs of the family Goneplacidae. Scientific Results of the Philippine cruise of the Fisheries Streamer &quot; Albatross, &quot; 1907 - 1910 - No. 32. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 48 (2067), 137 - 154." type="journal article" year="1914">Rathbun 1914: 149</bibRefCitation>
), “supplementary plate” (Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFE2EF9A3FDCBF933" box="[467,518,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2008), and “accessory plates” (
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFC81F9A0FB94F933" author="Davie" box="[892,1113,1649,1674]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Davie, P. J. F., Guinot, D. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (2015 b) Phylogeny of Brachyura. In: Castro, P., Davie, P. J. F., Guinot, D., Schram, F. &amp; Von Vaupel Klein, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology - The Crustacea, complementary to the volumes translated from the French of the Traite de Zoologie, 9 (C) (I), Decapoda: Brachyura (Part 2), Brill, Leiden, pp. 922 - 979. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004190832 _ 019" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="b">
Davie
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFC37F9A3FBC8F933" box="[970,1029,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
2015b
</bibRefCitation>
). While the presence of this plate is now regarded as diagnostic for the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFD6EF944FCAFF917" box="[659,866,1685,1710]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFC59F944FB6BF917" author="Davie" box="[932,1190,1685,1710]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Davie, P. J. F. &amp; Guinot, D. (1996) Two new freshwater species in Australocarcinus Davie, with remarks on Trogloplacinae Guinot and Goneplacidae Macleay [sic] (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, 277 - 287." type="journal article" year="1996">Davie &amp; Guinot 1996</bibRefCitation>
), Serène’s (1964a, b) original concept of the taxon (as the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFD38F968FC5BF96B" box="[709,918,1721,1746]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
) actually did not include anything about the “supplementary plate” and also included
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFD8CF90CFC6AF94F" authority="Stimpson, 1858" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1858" box="[625,935,1757,1782]" class="Malacostraca" family="Scalopidiidae" genus="Scalopidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFD8CF90CFD24F94F" box="[625,745,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Scalopidia</emphasis>
Stimpson, 1858
</taxonomicName>
. As was discussed by Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFB24F90FFAD9F94F" box="[1241,1300,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
(2008: 85),
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFF6AF8D0FEC2F8A3" box="[151,271,1793,1818]" class="Malacostraca" family="Scalopidiidae" genus="Scalopidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFF6AF8D0FEC2F8A3" box="[151,271,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Scalopidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is now placed in its own family,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFD73F8D0FC01F8A3" authority="Stevcic, 2005" authorityName="Stevcic" authorityYear="2005" box="[654,972,1793,1818]" class="Malacostraca" family="Scalopidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Scalopidiidae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFCD2F8D0FC01F8A3" author="Stevcic" box="[815,972,1793,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Stevcic, Z. (2005) The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Natura Croatica (Fauna Croatica), 14, supplement 1, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Števčić, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as it does not possess a “supplementary plate” and the penis lies in a deep groove between sternites 7 and 8 (see also Ng &amp; Castro 2013;
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFB37F8F4FA55F887" author="Guinot" box="[1226,1432,1829,1854]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Guinot, D., Tavares, M. &amp; Castro, P. (2013) Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa. Zootaxa, 3665 (1), 1 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3665.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Guinot
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFA4FFFCFAE3F8F7FA9BF887" box="[1310,1366,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
: 118). A second character unique to
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFDB4F898FCD6F8DB" box="[585,795,1865,1890]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
, which was observed by
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFBACF89BFB36F8DB" author="Serene" box="[1105,1275,1865,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 a) Goneplacidae et Pinnotheridae recoltes par le Dr. Mortensen. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916, part 80. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening I KObenhavn, 126, 181 - 282, pls. 16 - 24." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Serène (1964a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFA4FFFCFAF1F898FAD1F8DB" author="Serene" box="[1292,1308,1865,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Serene, R. (1964 b) Redescription du genre Megaesthesius Rathbun et definition des Chasmocarcininae, nouvelle sous-famille des Goneplacidae (Decapoda Brachyura). Crustaceana, 7 (3), 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
), is in the morphology of the antennules. The peduncle, or basal article, is so large and swollen that the flagellum cannot retract into the antennular fossa at all, with the subsequent articles short and swollen (
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFB9EF840FAECF813" box="[1123,1313,1937,1962]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Megaesthesiinae">Megaesthesiinae</taxonomicName>
) or simply too long (
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFEFFF864FE15F877" box="[258,472,1973,1998]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chasmocarcininae">Chasmocarcininae</taxonomicName>
). Even when the articles are relatively short and slender (
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFA4FFFCFBA5F864FACAF877" box="[1112,1287,1973,1998]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogloplacinae">Trogloplacinae</taxonomicName>
), they cannot retract into the fossa since the peduncle already completely fills it. Among the Heterotremata, the inability of the antennular articles to completely retract into the fossae is a character chasmocarcinids share only with the pseudozioid
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FEDAFF6DFCD5FF6D" authority="Naruse &amp; Ng, 2014" authorityName="Naruse &amp; Ng" authorityYear="2014" box="[295,792,188,213]" class="Malacostraca" family="Christmaplacidae" genus="Christmaplax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FEDAFF6DFDE3FF6C" box="[295,558,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Christmaplax mirabilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FDCAFF6CFCD5FF6D" author="Naruse" box="[567,792,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Naruse, T. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (2014) A new family, genus and species of cavernicolous crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pseudozioidea) from Christmas Island, Australia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30, 263 - 273." type="journal article" year="2014">Naruse &amp; Ng, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FCD5FF6DFB16FF6D" authority="Naruse &amp; Ng, 2014" authorityName="Naruse &amp; Ng" authorityYear="2014" box="[808,1243,188,213]" class="Malacostraca" family="Christmaplacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Christmaplacidae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FC0AFF6CFB16FF6D" author="Naruse" box="[1015,1243,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Naruse, T. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (2014) A new family, genus and species of cavernicolous crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pseudozioidea) from Christmas Island, Australia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30, 263 - 273." type="journal article" year="2014">Naruse &amp; Ng, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) from
<collectingCountry id="01D50AB5FFABFFF3FAD7FF6DFF16FF41" name="Christmas Island" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
in the Indian Ocean (see
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FE04FF31FD1DFF41" author="Naruse" box="[505,720,224,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Naruse, T. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (2014) A new family, genus and species of cavernicolous crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pseudozioidea) from Christmas Island, Australia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30, 263 - 273." type="journal article" year="2014">Naruse &amp; Ng 2014</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFABFFF3FF3AFED5FD20FE31" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">While the characters discussed above easily distinguish male specimens of chasmocarcinids from all confamilials, separating juveniles and females is not always easy. Their close resemblance to rhizopines is also substantial; the easiest character to use is the structure of the antennules, the peduncle and most of the flagellum neatly folding into the antennular fossa in rhizopines.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFABFFF3FF3AFE44FA9BFC71" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FF0CFE44FEE6FE14" box="[241,299,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(2008: 76) briefly discussed the status of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FCF6FE45FB99FE14" authority="Guinot, 1986" authorityName="Guinot" authorityYear="1986" box="[779,1108,404,429]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogloplacinae">
Trogloplacinae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FC41FE45FB99FE14" author="Guinot" box="[956,1108,404,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Guinot, D. (1986) Description d'un crabe cavernicole aveugle de Nouvelle-Bretagne (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee), Trogloplax joliveti gen. nov. sp. nov., et etablissement d'une sous-famille nouvelle, Trogloplaciinae subfam. nov. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), ser. 3, 303, 307 - 312." type="journal article" year="1986">Guinot, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. As a family,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FB09FE45FA51FE14" box="[1268,1436,404,429]" class="Malacostraca" family="Trogloplacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trogloplacidae</taxonomicName>
(see Davie 2002) only contains two genera,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FD7AFE66FC17FE69" authority="Davie, 1988" authorityName="Davie" authorityYear="1988" box="[647,986,439,464]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Australocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FD7AFE66FC8AFE69" box="[647,839,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Australocarcinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FCB3FE66FC17FE69" author="Davie" box="[846,986,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Davie, P. J. F. (1988) A new genus and species of goneplacid (Crustacea: Brachyura) from Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 25, 259 - 264." type="journal article" year="1988">Davie, 1988</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FBEBFE66FAE3FE69" authority="Guinot, 1986" authorityName="Guinot" authorityYear="1986" box="[1046,1326,439,464]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Trogloplax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FBEBFE66FB5DFE69" box="[1046,1168,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Trogloplax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FB6AFE66FAE3FE69" author="Guinot" box="[1175,1326,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Guinot, D. (1986) Description d'un crabe cavernicole aveugle de Nouvelle-Bretagne (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee), Trogloplax joliveti gen. nov. sp. nov., et etablissement d'une sous-famille nouvelle, Trogloplaciinae subfam. nov. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), ser. 3, 303, 307 - 312." type="journal article" year="1986">Guinot, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FA99FE68FA51FE69" box="[1380,1436,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(2008) argued that it should be recognised as a subfamily of the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FC9FFE0DFBF9FE4C" box="[866,1076,476,501]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
, noting that the basal antennular article of trogloplacines is normal and not swollen and the G2 is always longer than the G1 (basal article bulbous and swollen, G2 shorter than the G
<quantity id="BE3AE7C0FFABFFF3FDE3FDF5FD88FD84" box="[542,581,548,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
most chasmocarcinines). This revision of the family shows that the gonopod differences are not effective, with species of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FD74FD96FCEFFDD9" box="[649,802,583,608]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Hephthopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FD74FD96FCEFFDD9" box="[649,802,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hephthopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="50852B4CFFABFFF3FCD5FD99FCAFFDE6" box="[808,866,584,607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FC6AFD96FBEDFDD9" box="[919,1056,583,608]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Tenagopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FC6AFD96FBEDFDD9" box="[919,1056,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tenagopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="50852B4CFFABFFF3FBDAFD96FBB8FDD9" box="[1063,1141,583,608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FBDAFD96FBB8FDD9" bold="true" box="[1063,1141,583,608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
also possessing a long G2 that is longer than the G1 (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FDF7FDBDFD90FD3D" box="[522,605,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 71" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[188,1361,207,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[179,1389,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 71. Gonopods of Hephthopelta lugubris. A ‒ E, Australia: male 7.9 × 8.3 mm (NMV J 61081); F ‒ I, Solomon Is: male 8.3 × 9.1 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 9040); J, Solomon Is: male 7.3 × 7.8 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 9037); K ‒ M, Fiji: male 6.3 × 6.5 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 9028). A, B, F, J, K, ventral view of left G 1; C, H, ventral view of distal part of left G 1; D, I, dorsal view of distal part of left G 1; E, M, left G 2; G, L, dorsal view of left G 1. Scales: A, B, E, F, G, J ‒ M = 0.5 mm; C, D, H, I = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272717/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
E). The structure of the antennules can still separate trogloplacines from chasmocarcinines, with the basal antennular article of trogloplacines rectangular in shape but still too swollen and the articles of the flagellum too long to fit into the fossa (
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FCEDFD65FCACFD75" box="[784,865,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 94" captionStartId="167.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1564]" captionTargetId="figure@167.[151,1436,193,1564]" captionTargetPageId="167" captionText="FIGURE 94. Frontal view and third maxilliped of species of Australocarcinus and Trogloplax. A, Australocarcinus riparius, Australia: male 8.8 × 10.2 mm (ZRC 2006.167); B, Australocarcinus kanaka, New Caledonia: female 8.5 × 9.8 mm (ZRC 2009.111); C, D, Australocarcinus palauensis, Palau: holotype female (5.8 × 7.1 mm) (USNM 277853); E, Trogloplax joliveti, New Britain: male 15.7 × 18.6 mm (MNHN-B 20136); F, Trogloplax joliveti, New Britain: female 14.1 × 16.8 mm (ZRC 2015.295); G, Australocarcinus riparius, Australia: holotype male (after Davie 1988: fig. 1 C); H, Australocarcinus kanaka, New Caledonia: paratype female 9.5 × 11.1 mm (after Davie &amp; Guinot 1996: fig. 3 C); I, Australocarcinus palauensis, Palau: holotype female (5.8 × 7.1 mm) (USNM 277853) (after Davie &amp; Guinot 1996: fig. 5 B); J, Trogloplax joliveti, New Britain: holotype male 16.0 × 21.0 mm (MNHN-IU- 2014 - 10457) (after Guinot 1986: pl. 2 B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272740/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
E, F, J). All chasmocarcinines have a more rounded or quadrate antennular peduncle (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FDB6FD06FD51FD49" box="[587,668,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1835,1857]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1813]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,195,1813]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 21. Frontal view of cephalothorax of species of Chasmocarcinus. A, C. typicus, Trinidad: holotype male 7.8 × 8.7 mm (USNM 6901); B C. arcuatus, Brazil: male 5.7 × 7.7 mm (ZRC 2015.221); C, D, C. arcuatus, Brazil: male 3.7 × 5.1 mm (ZRC 2015.220); E, C. chacei, Gulf of Mexico: male 6.6 × 8.0 mm (USNM 61489); F, C. cylindricus, Puerto Rico: neotype female 4.6 × 6.1 mm (USNM 23765); G, C. gemmatus n. sp., Costa Rica: male 7.7 × 11.6 mm (SIO C 1205); H, C. hirsutipes, Brazil: holotype female 6.6 × 7.0 mm (after Coelho &amp; Coelho 1998: fig. 5 c)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272667/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
A). In addition, the vulvae of trogloplacines are substantially larger, extending across much of the median portion of thoracic sternite 6, and bordered by well-developed, thick margins (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FF2AFCCEFEE5FC81" box="[215,296,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 99" captionStartId="172.[151,250,1484,1506]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1462]" captionTargetId="figure@172.[151,1436,193,1462]" captionTargetPageId="172" captionText="FIGURE 99. Female pleon and vulvae of species of Australocarcinus and Trogloplax. A, B, Australocarcinus riparius, Australia: female 9.0 × 11.3 mm (ZRC 2006.167); C, D, Australocarcinus kanaka, New Caledonia: female 8.5 × 9.8 mm (ZRC 2009.111); E, F, Australocarcinus palauensis, Palau: holotype female (5.8 × 7.1 mm) (USNM 277853); G, H, Trogloplax joliveti, New Britain: female 14.1 × 16.8 mm (ZRC 2015.295). A, C, E, G, thoracic sternum with pleon; B, D, F, H, female sterno-pleonal cavity with vulvae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272745/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
F), in contrast to the smaller vulva of chasmocarcinines, which typically occupies a smaller portion of thoracic sternite 6 and is typically bordered by simple margins (
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FC89FC95FBCDFCE5" box="[884,1024,836,861]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 89" captionStart-1="FIGURE 90" captionStart-2="FIGURE 91" captionStart-3="FIGURE 92" captionStartId-0="162.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionStartId-1="163.[151,250,1295,1317]" captionStartId-2="164.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionStartId-3="165.[151,250,934,956]" captionTargetBox-0="[234,1352,221,1751]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1273]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,1634]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,193,912]" captionTargetId-0="figure@162.[234,1352,221,1751]" captionTargetId-1="figure@163.[151,1436,193,1273]" captionTargetId-2="figure@164.[151,1436,193,1634]" captionTargetId-3="figure@165.[151,1436,193,912]" captionTargetPageId-0="162" captionTargetPageId-1="163" captionTargetPageId-2="164" captionTargetPageId-3="165" captionText-0="FIGURE 89. Vulvae of species of Chasmocarcinus, Amboplax n. gen. and Deltopelta n. gen. A, Chasmocarcinus typicus, Trinidad: paratype female 6.5 × 6.8 mm (USNM 6901); B, Chasmocarcinus arcuatus, Brazil: female 4.4 × 6.2 mm (ZRC 2015.222); C, Chasmocarcinus chacei, Gulf of Mexico: female 7.8 × 9.5 mm (USNM 61489); D, Chasmocarcinus cylindricus, Puerto Rico: female 6.9 × 9.2 mm (USNM 24551); E, Chasmocarcinus latipes, Mexico: holotype female 12.4 × 14.4 mm (USNM 21592); F, C. latipes, Mexico: female 9.2 × 13.0 mm (AMNH 16262, holotype female of Chasmocarcinus ferrugineus Glassell, 1936); G, Chasmocarcinus longipes, Colombia: paratype female 5.6 × 6.8 mm (USNM 78785); H, Chasmocarcinus mississippiensis, Gulf of Mexico: female 9.6 × 12.4 mm (USNM 150090); I, Amboplax peresi, Brazil: ovigerous female 4.9 × 6.2 mm (ZRC 2015. 217); J, Deltopelta obliquus, Belize: female 10.7 × 13.0 mm (PMNH, holotype of Hephthopelta superba)." captionText-1="FIGURE 90. Vulvae of species of Camatopsis and Chasmocarcinops. A, Camatopsis rubida, Australia: female 6.0 × 7.0 mm (NMV J 61082); B, Camatopsis africana n. sp., Mozambique Channel: paratype female 9.4 × 11.0 mm (MNHN-IU- 2008 - 10288); C, Camatopsis leptomerus n. sp., Philippines: paratype female 12.7 × 13.2 mm (ZRC 2015.170); D, Camatopsis thula n. sp., Taiwan: paratype female 7.1 × 7.6 mm (ZRC 2009.0348); E, Camatopsis valida n. sp., Fiji: paratype female 3.5 × 4.3 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 9467); F, Chasmocarcinops gelasimoides, Singapore: female 9.3 × 10.6 mm (ZRC 2013.1411)." captionText-2="FIGURE 91. Vulvae of species of Hephthopelta, Angustopelta n. gen., Chinommatia n. gen., Statommatia n. gen. and Tenagopelta n. gen. A, Hephthopelta lugubris, Australia: ovigerous female 6.3 × 6.6 mm (NMV J 61083); B, Angustopelta aurita, Philippines: female 8.7 × 10.0 mm (ZRC 2015.253); C, Angustopelta robusta n. sp., Vanuatu: paratype female 13.4 × 15.1 mm (MNHN-IU- 2010 - 5616); D, Chinommatia cavimanus, Philippines: female 7.6 × 9.0 mm (ZRC 2015.228); E, Statommatia apta, Philippines: female 8.5 × 10.6 mm (ZRC 2015.238); F, Statommatia malagasy n. sp., Madagascar: paratype female 9.4 × 8.1 mm (ZRC 2015.215); G, Tenagopelta pacifica n. sp., Philippines: female 9.2 × 10.4 mm (ZRC 2015.187); H, Tenagopelta brachyphallus n. sp., Australia: female 6.9 × 7.6 mm (NMV J 61680)." captionText-3="FIGURE 92. Vulvae of species of Microtopsis and Megaesthesius. A, Microtopsis takedai, Japan: paratype female 3.6 × 2.7 mm (ZRC 2012.0146); B, Megaesthesius sagedae, Singapore: female carapace length 2.9 mm, sides damaged (ZRC 1995.883); C, Megaesthesius migmus n. sp., Philippines: paratype female 3.9 × 4.5 mm (ZRC 2015.245); D, Alainthesius bertrandi n. sp., Papua New Guinea: female 5.6 × 6.9 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 9012)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/272735/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/272736/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/272737/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/272738/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 89‒92</figureCitation>
). This is almost certainly associated with large eggs, which develop directly into megalopae (see
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FCACFCB6FB83FC39" author="Davie" box="[849,1102,871,896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Davie, P. J. F. &amp; Guinot, D. (1996) Two new freshwater species in Australocarcinus Davie, with remarks on Trogloplacinae Guinot and Goneplacidae Macleay [sic] (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, 277 - 287." type="journal article" year="1996">Davie &amp; Guinot 1996</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 2, 6), in contrast to the relatively smaller eggs of chasmocarcinines, which show indirect development with the release of planktotrophic larvae. For these reasons, the recognition of two subfamilies in the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FC7AFC7EFB9BFC71" box="[903,1110,943,968]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
thus seems warranted.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31D819AEFFABFFF3FF3AFC05FD22F8BD" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFABFFF3FF3AFC05FB3DFB7C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FF3AFC05FDE6FC55" authority="Alcock, 1900" authorityName="Alcock" authorityYear="1900" box="[199,555,980,1005]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Typhlocarcinodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FF3AFC05FE41FC54" box="[199,396,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Typhlocarcinodes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FE69FC05FDE6FC55" author="Alcock" box="[404,555,980,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Alcock, A. (1900) The Brachyura Catometopa or Grapsoidea. Materials for a carcinological fauna of India, no. 6. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 69, 279 - 456." type="journal article" year="1900">Alcock, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type species
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FD31FC05FB5EFC55" authority="Miers, 1881" authorityName="Miers" authorityYear="1881" box="[716,1171,980,1005]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" genus="Typhlocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integrifrons">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FD31FC05FBCEFC55" box="[716,1027,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Typhlocarcinus integrifrons</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FBF7FC05FB5EFC55" author="Miers" box="[1034,1171,980,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Miers, E. J. (1881) On a collection of Crustacea made by Baron Hermann-Maltzam at Goree Island, Senegambia. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 5 8, 204 - 220, 259 - 281, 364 - 377, pls. 3 - 16." type="journal article" year="1881">Miers, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FB2EFC05FA51FC55" authority="Ng, 1987" authorityName="Ng" authorityYear="1987" box="[1235,1436,980,1005]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Raoulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FB2EFC05FAE1FC54" box="[1235,1324,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raoulia</emphasis>
Ng, 1987
</taxonomicName>
(type species
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FEC9FC26FD9BFBA9" authority="Ng, 1987" authorityName="Ng" authorityYear="1987" box="[308,598,1015,1040]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Raoulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limosa">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FEC9FC26FE2CFBA9" box="[308,481,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raoulia limosa</emphasis>
Ng, 1987
</taxonomicName>
) were provisionally placed in the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FC19FC26FB7EFBA9" ID-CoL="7NHWW" box="[996,1203,1015,1040]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
by Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FAF0FC28FA85FBA9" box="[1293,1352,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(2008) although they concluded that the systematics of these two genera needed more study.
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FB99FBCDFB70FB8C" box="[1124,1213,1052,1077]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Raoulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FB99FBCDFB70FB8C" box="[1124,1213,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raoulia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was excluded from
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FF6AFBEEFEABFBE1" ID-CoL="7NHWW" box="[151,358,1087,1112]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FE5CFBEEFD5FFBE1" author="Guinot" box="[417,658,1087,1112]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Guinot, D., Tavares, M. &amp; Castro, P. (2013) Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa. Zootaxa, 3665 (1), 1 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3665.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Guinot et al. (2013</bibRefCitation>
: 113).
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FD12FBEEFC56FBE1" author="Stevcic" box="[751,923,1087,1112]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Stevcic, Z. (2005) The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Natura Croatica (Fauna Croatica), 14, supplement 1, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Števčić (2005)</bibRefCitation>
had placed both genera in new families,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FF6AFBB5FDD6FBC4" authority="Stevcic, 2005" authorityName="Stevcic" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,539,1124,1149]" class="Malacostraca" family="Typhlocarcinodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Typhlocarcinodidae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FE80FBB5FDD6FBC4" author="Stevcic" box="[381,539,1124,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Stevcic, Z. (2005) The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Natura Croatica (Fauna Croatica), 14, supplement 1, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Števčić, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FDA4FBB5FCB5FBC4" authority="Stevcic, 2005" authorityName="Stevcic" authorityYear="2005" box="[601,888,1124,1149]" class="Malacostraca" family="Raouliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Raouliidae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FD26FBB5FCB5FBC4" author="Stevcic" box="[731,888,1124,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Stevcic, Z. (2005) The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Natura Croatica (Fauna Croatica), 14, supplement 1, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Števčić, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, respectively, but without explanation. Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FA9FFBB4FA51FBC4" box="[1378,1436,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(2008: 75) provisionally treated
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FDF0FB56FD4BFB19" box="[525,646,1159,1184]" class="Malacostraca" family="Raouliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Raouliidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FD3EFB56FC6CFB19" box="[707,929,1159,1184]" class="Malacostraca" family="Typhlocarcinodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Typhlocarcinodidae</taxonomicName>
as synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FB94FB56FAF5FB19" ID-CoL="7NHWW" box="[1129,1336,1159,1184]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
pending documentation of sternal, pleonal and gonopodal characters, features poorly known in most genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFABFFF3FF3AFB01FD22F8BD" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
We examined the
<typeStatus id="A679F487FFABFFF3FE4FFB01FE20FB51" box="[434,493,1232,1256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">types</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FDD7FB1EFD22FB51" box="[554,751,1231,1256]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Typhlocarcinodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FDD7FB1EFD22FB51" box="[554,751,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Typhlocarcinodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FCC0FB1EFC5BFB51" box="[829,918,1231,1256]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Raoulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FCC0FB1EFC5BFB51" box="[829,918,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raoulia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and on the basis of the characters for
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FF6AFB25FEABFAB4" ID-CoL="7NHWW" box="[151,358,1268,1293]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
discussed above, these two genera cannot be placed in this family. Both are allied to
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FF6AFAC6FDDBFA89" authority="Borradaile, 1902" authorityName="Borradaile" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,534,1303,1328]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" genus="Caecopilumnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FF6AFAC6FE88FA89" box="[151,325,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caecopilumnus</emphasis>
Borradaile, 1902
</taxonomicName>
, a genus provisionally placed in
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FC5BFAC6FB3BFA89" ID-CoL="7NKGZ" authority="Samouelle, 1819" authorityName="Samouelle" authorityYear="1819" box="[934,1270,1303,1328]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819</taxonomicName>
, by Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FAA3FAC8FA51FA89" box="[1374,1436,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(2008). Species of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FE8DFAEDFDF8FAEC" box="[368,565,1340,1365]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Typhlocarcinodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FE8DFAEDFDF8FAEC" box="[368,565,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Typhlocarcinodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FDB8FAEDFD53FAEC" box="[581,670,1340,1365]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Raoulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FDB8FAEDFD53FAEC" box="[581,670,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raoulia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FD23FAEDFC41FAEC" box="[734,908,1340,1365]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" genus="Caecopilumnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FD23FAEDFC41FAEC" box="[734,908,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caecopilumnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not possess the diagnostic “supplementary plate” on the male thoracic sternum (
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FDC1FA8EFD5FFAC1" box="[572,658,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1426,1448]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, Acidopsidae: Typhlocarcinodes integrifrons (Miers, 1881), Senegal: lectotype male 6.9 × 8.5 mm (NHM 81.24 a); B, Acidopsidae: Raoulia limosa, Lombok, Indonesia: male 6.5 × 11.8 mm (MZB Cru 3914); C, Acidopsidae: Caecopilumnus crassipes (Tesch, 1918), Indonesia: male 10.1 × 11.8 mm (ZRC 2013.1710); D, Scalopidiidae: Scalopidia spinosipes, Singapore: male 12.2 × 16.7 mm (ZRC 2000.1604); E, Chasmocarcinidae: Chasmocarcinus latipes, Ecuador: male 10.5 × 14.5 mm (AMNH 1941 - 10668). Abbreviations: a 1 ‒ a 6 = pleonites 1 ‒ 6, respectively; cx 3 ‒ cx 5 = coxa of P 3 ‒ P 5, respectively; sp = “ supplementary plate ”; st 5 ‒ st 8 = thoracic sternites 5 ‒ 8, respectively; po = opening of penis; ps = start of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272647/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
–C), which is diagnostic for
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FC2AFA8EFB6BFAC1" ID-CoL="7NHWW" box="[983,1190,1375,1400]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
(see review by Ng &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FF6AFA55FEFDFA25" author="Rahayu" box="[151,304,1412,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Rahayu, D. L. (2014) Revision of the family Acidopsidae Stevcic, 2005, and the systematic position of Typhlocarcinodes Alcock, 1900, Caecopilumnus Borradaile, 1902, and Raoulia Ng, 1987, with descriptions of two new genera and five new species (Crustacea: Brachyura: Goneplacoidea). Zootaxa, 3773, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="2014">Rahayu 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Their male pleons and gonopods are nevertheless similar to those of chasmocarcinids. While genera like
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FF35FA76FE40FA79" box="[200,397,1447,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Typhlocarcinodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FF35FA76FE40FA79" box="[200,397,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Typhlocarcinodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FE3EFA76FDD1FA79" box="[451,540,1447,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Raoulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FE3EFA76FDD1FA79" box="[451,540,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raoulia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a narrow plate-like structure between thoracic sternites 7 that superficially resembles the chasmocarcinid “supplementary plate”, we do not think they are homologous. This absence of homology between apparently similar dispositions was stressed by
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FC6FFA3EFBB5F9B1" box="[914,1144,1519,1544]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Guinot, D., Tavares, M. &amp; Castro, P. (2013) Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa. Zootaxa, 3665 (1), 1 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3665.1.1" type="journal article">
Guinot
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FC15FA20FBEFF9B1" box="[1000,1058,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
. These plates are actually part of the penis tube and are not derived from the thoracic sternites. The plate-like structure of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FAD9F9C5FAB0F994" box="[1316,1405,1556,1581]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Raoulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FAD9F9C5FAB0F994" box="[1316,1405,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raoulia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conspicuously narrow and small (
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FDEBF9E6FD9AF9E9" box="[534,599,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1426,1448]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, Acidopsidae: Typhlocarcinodes integrifrons (Miers, 1881), Senegal: lectotype male 6.9 × 8.5 mm (NHM 81.24 a); B, Acidopsidae: Raoulia limosa, Lombok, Indonesia: male 6.5 × 11.8 mm (MZB Cru 3914); C, Acidopsidae: Caecopilumnus crassipes (Tesch, 1918), Indonesia: male 10.1 × 11.8 mm (ZRC 2013.1710); D, Scalopidiidae: Scalopidia spinosipes, Singapore: male 12.2 × 16.7 mm (ZRC 2000.1604); E, Chasmocarcinidae: Chasmocarcinus latipes, Ecuador: male 10.5 × 14.5 mm (AMNH 1941 - 10668). Abbreviations: a 1 ‒ a 6 = pleonites 1 ‒ 6, respectively; cx 3 ‒ cx 5 = coxa of P 3 ‒ P 5, respectively; sp = “ supplementary plate ”; st 5 ‒ st 8 = thoracic sternites 5 ‒ 8, respectively; po = opening of penis; ps = start of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272647/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D), whereas that of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FCC0F9E6FBCEF9E9" box="[829,1027,1591,1616]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Typhlocarcinodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FCC0F9E6FBCEF9E9" box="[829,1027,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Typhlocarcinodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively large but is attached to the penis and is mobile (
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FE57F98DFDC9F9CD" box="[426,516,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1426,1448]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, Acidopsidae: Typhlocarcinodes integrifrons (Miers, 1881), Senegal: lectotype male 6.9 × 8.5 mm (NHM 81.24 a); B, Acidopsidae: Raoulia limosa, Lombok, Indonesia: male 6.5 × 11.8 mm (MZB Cru 3914); C, Acidopsidae: Caecopilumnus crassipes (Tesch, 1918), Indonesia: male 10.1 × 11.8 mm (ZRC 2013.1710); D, Scalopidiidae: Scalopidia spinosipes, Singapore: male 12.2 × 16.7 mm (ZRC 2000.1604); E, Chasmocarcinidae: Chasmocarcinus latipes, Ecuador: male 10.5 × 14.5 mm (AMNH 1941 - 10668). Abbreviations: a 1 ‒ a 6 = pleonites 1 ‒ 6, respectively; cx 3 ‒ cx 5 = coxa of P 3 ‒ P 5, respectively; sp = “ supplementary plate ”; st 5 ‒ st 8 = thoracic sternites 5 ‒ 8, respectively; po = opening of penis; ps = start of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272647/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). They are also related to the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FCAFF98DFB43F9CC" ID-CoL="7NKXT" authority="Stevcic, 2005" authorityName="Stevcic" authorityYear="2005" box="[850,1166,1628,1653]" class="Malacostraca" family="Scalopidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Scalopidiidae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FC0FF98DFB43F9CC" author="Stevcic" box="[1010,1166,1628,1653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Stevcic, Z. (2005) The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Natura Croatica (Fauna Croatica), 14, supplement 1, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Števčić, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, members which have a sternal structure similar (
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FE3AF9AEFDC3F921" box="[455,526,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1426,1448]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1405]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, Acidopsidae: Typhlocarcinodes integrifrons (Miers, 1881), Senegal: lectotype male 6.9 × 8.5 mm (NHM 81.24 a); B, Acidopsidae: Raoulia limosa, Lombok, Indonesia: male 6.5 × 11.8 mm (MZB Cru 3914); C, Acidopsidae: Caecopilumnus crassipes (Tesch, 1918), Indonesia: male 10.1 × 11.8 mm (ZRC 2013.1710); D, Scalopidiidae: Scalopidia spinosipes, Singapore: male 12.2 × 16.7 mm (ZRC 2000.1604); E, Chasmocarcinidae: Chasmocarcinus latipes, Ecuador: male 10.5 × 14.5 mm (AMNH 1941 - 10668). Abbreviations: a 1 ‒ a 6 = pleonites 1 ‒ 6, respectively; cx 3 ‒ cx 5 = coxa of P 3 ‒ P 5, respectively; sp = “ supplementary plate ”; st 5 ‒ st 8 = thoracic sternites 5 ‒ 8, respectively; po = opening of penis; ps = start of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272647/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D) to that of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FD39F9AEFC47F921" box="[708,906,1663,1688]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Typhlocarcinodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FD39F9AEFC47F921" box="[708,906,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Typhlocarcinodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FBFBF950FB8AF921" box="[1030,1095,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
2008; Ng &amp; Castro 2013).
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FF6AF975FE91F904" box="[151,348,1700,1725]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Typhlocarcinodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FF6AF975FE91F904" box="[151,348,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Typhlocarcinodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FE96F975FE09F904" box="[363,452,1700,1725]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Raoulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FE96F975FE09F904" box="[363,452,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raoulia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FDFEF975FD7CF904" box="[515,689,1700,1725]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" genus="Caecopilumnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FDFEF975FD7CF904" box="[515,689,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caecopilumnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are closely related in their coxosternal condition of the penis, and Ng &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FF21F916FE4EF959" box="[220,387,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Rahayu, D. L. (2014) Revision of the family Acidopsidae Stevcic, 2005, and the systematic position of Typhlocarcinodes Alcock, 1900, Caecopilumnus Borradaile, 1902, and Raoulia Ng, 1987, with descriptions of two new genera and five new species (Crustacea: Brachyura: Goneplacoidea). Zootaxa, 3773, 1 - 63." type="journal article">Rahayu (2014)</bibRefCitation>
referred them to the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FD90F916FC57F959" ID-CoL="7NH5L" authority="Stevcic, 2005" authorityName="Stevcic" authorityYear="2005" box="[621,922,1735,1760]" class="Malacostraca" family="Acidopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Acidopsidae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FD02F916FC57F959" author="Stevcic" box="[767,922,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Stevcic, Z. (2005) The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Natura Croatica (Fauna Croatica), 14, supplement 1, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Števčić, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in a separate family, Raoulinae
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FAF9F916FA51F959" author="Stevcic" box="[1284,1436,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Stevcic, Z. (2005) The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Natura Croatica (Fauna Croatica), 14, supplement 1, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Števčić, 2005</bibRefCitation>
(see also Ng 2002; Ng &amp; Chen 2004; Ng
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FD9AF93CFD55F8BC" box="[615,664,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 2008).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31D819AEFFABFFF2FF3AF8DEFBF4F889" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFABFFF3FF3AF8DEFEE2F864" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Ovigerous females were rather rare among the chasmocarcinids examined. Chasmocarcinines are known to have relatively large egg, about
<quantity id="BE3AE7C0FFABFFF3FDFBF8E5FDA1F8F5" box="[518,620,1844,1868]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.04">0.04 mm</quantity>
in a female of
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFABFFF3FCE0F8E5FB2CF8F5" authority="Rathbun, 1898" authorityName="Rathbun" authorityYear="1898" box="[797,1249,1844,1869]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Chasmocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typicus">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFABFFF3FCE0F8E5FBFDF8F5" box="[797,1072,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chasmocarcinus typicus</emphasis>
Rathbun, 1898
</taxonomicName>
, but their larvae (none which have been described thus far) are probably still planktonic. Although held by pleopods, many eggs are located outside the pleonal cavity (
<figureCitation id="E1F956A0FFABFFF3FDE6F8ADFDBAF82D" box="[539,631,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[173,1417,481,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[173,1417,481,1803]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 10. Overall dorsal view, frontal view and anterior thoracic sternum of species of Hephthopelta. A ‒ C, H. lugubris, Andaman Sea: female (after Alcock 1899 b: pl. 14 fig. 2, 2 a. 2 b); D, H. lugubris, Australia: male 7.9 × 8.3 mm (NMV J 61081); E, H. lugubris, Australia: ovigerous female 6.3 × 6.6 mm (NMV J 61083); F, H. lugubris, Solomon Is: male 8.3 × 9.1 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 9040); G, H. lugubris, Solomon Is.: male 7.3 × 7.8 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 9037); H, H. lugubris, Fiji: male 6.3 × 6.5 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 9028); I, H. occidentalis n. sp., Madagascar: holotype male 6.1 × 6.6 mm with sacculinid (MNHN-IU- 2010 - 1031); J, H. occidentalis n. sp., Madagascar: paratype male 4.7 × 4.9 mm (ZRC 2015.247)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272656/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
E; 87A). The same seems to be true for megaesthesiines. Trogloplacines have even larger eggs, and
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFABFFF3FE39F871FD05F800" author="Davie" box="[452,712,1952,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Davie, P. J. F. &amp; Guinot, D. (1996) Two new freshwater species in Australocarcinus Davie, with remarks on Trogloplacinae Guinot and Goneplacidae Macleay [sic] (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, 277 - 287." type="journal article" year="1996">Davie &amp; Guinot (1996)</bibRefCitation>
have found megalopae under the female pleon, suggesting direct development.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2DBD1AADFFAAFFF2FF6AFA43FF1EF9D9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272647/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1405]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFAAFFF2FF6AFA43FF1EF9D9" blockId="9.[151,1437,1426,1632]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFAAFFF2FF6AFA43FEDAFA1E" bold="true" box="[151,279,1426,1448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
A,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FEB8FA43FE0AFA11" box="[325,455,1426,1448]" class="Malacostraca" family="Acidopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acidopsidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FE28FA43FC68FA11" authority="Miers, 1881" authorityName="Miers" authorityYear="1881" box="[469,933,1426,1448]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Typhlocarcinodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integrifrons">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFAAFFF2FE28FA43FCC4FA11" box="[469,777,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Typhlocarcinodes integrifrons</emphasis>
(Miers, 1881)
</taxonomicName>
, Senegal: lectotype male 6.9 × 8.5 mm (NHM 81.24a); B,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FEE7FA60FE51FA7E" box="[282,412,1457,1479]" class="Malacostraca" family="Acidopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acidopsidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FE56FA60FD78FA7E" authority="Lombok" authorityName="Lombok" box="[427,693,1457,1479]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Raoulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limosa">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFAAFFF2FE56FA60FD86FA7E" box="[427,587,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Raoulia limosa</emphasis>
, Lombok
</taxonomicName>
, Indonesia: male 6.5 × 11.8 mm (MZB Cru 3914); C,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FAEBFA60FA54FA7E" box="[1302,1433,1457,1479]" class="Malacostraca" family="Acidopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acidopsidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FF6AFA1EFDFAFA5C" authority="Tesch, 1918" authorityName="Tesch" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,567,1487,1509]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pilumnidae" genus="Caecopilumnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassipes">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFAAFFF2FF6AFA1EFE51FA5C" box="[151,412,1487,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Caecopilumnus crassipes</emphasis>
(Tesch, 1918)
</taxonomicName>
, Indonesia: male 10.1 × 11.8 mm (ZRC 2013.1710); D,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FB68FA1EFAEEFA5C" box="[1173,1315,1487,1509]" class="Malacostraca" family="Scalopidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scalopidiidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FACDFA1EFECCF9BD" class="Malacostraca" family="Scalopidiidae" genus="Scalopidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosipes">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFAAFFF2FACDFA1EFECCF9BD" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Scalopidia spinosipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Singapore: male 12.2 × 16.7 mm (ZRC 2000.1604); E,
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FCBDFA3FFC32F9BD" box="[832,1023,1518,1540]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chasmocarcinidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FBF4FA3FFB31F9BD" box="[1033,1276,1518,1540]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Chasmocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latipes">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFAAFFF2FBF4FA3FFB31F9BD" box="[1033,1276,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chasmocarcinus latipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Ecuador: male 10.5 × 14.5 mm (AMNH 1941-10668). Abbreviations: a1‒a6 = pleonites 1‒6, respectively; cx3‒cx5 = coxa of P3‒P5, respectively; sp = “supplementary plate”; st5‒st8 = thoracic sternites 5‒8, respectively; po = opening of penis; ps = start of penis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFAAFFF2FF3AF956FEADF951" blockId="9.[151,1437,1671,1840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Knowledge about the sperm structure in the family is restricted to only one species in the
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FB11F956FA54F919" box="[1260,1433,1671,1696]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trogloplacinae">Trogloplacinae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="BEC231A6FFAAFFF2FF6AF97AFD81F97D" authority="Davie, 1988" authorityName="Davie" authorityYear="1988" box="[151,588,1707,1732]" class="Malacostraca" family="Chasmocarcinidae" genus="Australocarcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis id="4BB69637FFAAFFF2FF6AF97AFE74F97A" box="[151,441,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Australocarcinus riparius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFAAFFF2FE3FF97AFD81F97D" author="Davie" box="[450,588,1707,1732]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Davie, P. J. F. (1988) A new genus and species of goneplacid (Crustacea: Brachyura) from Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 25, 259 - 264." type="journal article" year="1988">Davie, 1988</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(cf.
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFAAFFF2FD7EF97AFC6EF97D" author="Jamieson" box="[643,931,1707,1732]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Jamieson, B. G. M. &amp; Guinot, D. (1996) The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Australocarcinus riparius (Crustacea: Brachyura: Goneplacidae: Trogloplacinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39 (2), 289 - 296." type="journal article" year="1996">Jamieson &amp; Guinot 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1D5337D4FFAAFFF2FC4DF97AFB1DF97D" author="Jamieson" box="[944,1232,1707,1732]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Jamieson, B. G. M. &amp; Tudge, C. C. (2000) Crustacea-Decapoda. In: Adiyodi, K. G. &amp; Adiyodi, R. G. (Eds.), B. G. M. Jamieson (volume Ed.), Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Volume 9, part C. J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="2000">Jamieson &amp; Tudge, 2000</bibRefCitation>
), and as such, not much can be said.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797D4A25FFAAFFF2FF3AF925FBF4F889" blockId="9.[151,1437,1671,1840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<materialsCitation id="C9AA4078FFAAFFF2FF3AF925FBF4F889" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726025" location="eastern Atlantic." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="No">
<collectingRegion id="BB0684C7FFAAFFF2FF3AF925FF24F8B2" box="[199,233,1780,1803]" country="Haiti" name="Nord" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">No</collectingRegion>
chasmocarcinids have been reported from Arctic or Antarctic seas to date; and while they are present in the other oceans, it is noteworthy that none are known as yet from the
<location id="7C1D1CFEFFAAFFF2FC7CF8C9FBF4F889" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F16BFB33FFA6FFF2FF6AF8A8FBF4F889:7C1D1CFEFFAAFFF2FC7CF8C9FBF4F889" box="[897,1081,1815,1840]" name="eastern Atlantic." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="No">eastern Atlantic.</location>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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