368 lines
44 KiB
XML
368 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title>Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Filander, Zoleka N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Biodiversity and Coastal Research, Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Forestry, and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa & Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Kitahara, Marcelo V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ciencias do Mar, Santos, Brazil & Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Sebastiao, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Sink, Kerry J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa & Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Lombard, Amanda T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>1066</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="189600035" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9AF0A0B7702A2620C95DD4A971E9DE3E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9AF0A0B7702A2620C95DD4A971E9DE3E" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Pourtales, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Pourtales" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Stenocyathidae" genus="Stenocyathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocyathus vermiformis" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vermiformis">
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Stenocyathus vermiformis (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pourtalès">Pourtales</normalizedToken>
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, 1868)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. A, B. Letepsammia formosissima (SAM _ H 1429, off Kidds Beach, 79 m) A calicular view B basal view C, D Letepsammia franki (SAMC _ A 090070, off Durban, 95 m) C calicular view D basal view E, F Rhombopsammia niphada (SAM _ H 1390, off Port Alfred, 90 m) E calicular view F basal view G, H Stephanophyllia fungulus (SAMC _ A 073106, Cape Vidal, 140 m) G calicular view H basal view I Madrepora oculata (SAM _ H 3038, off St Lucia, 825 m) full view J, L Culicia sp. cf. Culicia australiensis (SAMC _ A 073032, off Shaka's Rock, 50 m) J calicular view K full view L septa details M, N Culicia excavata. M (UCTES _ DBN 85 H, off Ispongo, depth unknown): full view N (BMNH 1840.09.30.19, Cape of Good Hope, depth unknown): Calicular view O, P Stenocyathus vermiformis (SAM _ H 3213, off Cintsa, 630 m) O calicular view P lateral view Scale bars: 10 mm (A-H, J-N); 100 mm (I); 2 mm (O, P)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/604117" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 14O, P</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pourtales" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Stenocyathidae" genus="Coenocyathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coenocyathus vermiformis" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vermiformis">Coenocyathus vermiformis</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pourtalès">Pourtales</normalizedToken>
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, 1868: 133-134.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pourtales" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Stenocyathidae" genus="Stenocyathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocyathus vermiformis" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vermiformis">Stenocyathus vermiformis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Pourtales, L de" journalOrPublisher="Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B224" refString="Pourtales, L de, 1871. Deep-sea corals. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 4: 1 - 93" title="Deep-sea corals." volume="4" year="1871">
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. -
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pourtalès">Pourtales</normalizedToken>
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1871
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 10, pl. 1, figs 1, 2, pl. 3, figs 11-13
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<bibRefCitation author="Pourtales, L de" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="197 - 212" refId="B226" refString="Pourtales, L de, 1878. Report on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, by the U.S. Margin Survey Steamer Blake. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard) 5 (9): 197 - 212" title="Report on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, by the U. S. Margin Survey Steamer Blake." volume="5" year="1878">
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. -
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pourtalès">Pourtales</normalizedToken>
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1878
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 202
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<bibRefCitation author="Pourtales, L de" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 120" refId="B227" refString="Pourtales, L de, 1880. Reports on the results of dredgings, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea, 1878-1879, by the U.S. Margin Survey Steamer Blake. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard) 6 (4): 95 - 120" title="Reports on the results of dredgings, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea, 1878 - 1879, by the U. S. Margin Survey Steamer Blake." volume="6" year="1880">
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. -
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pourtalès">Pourtales</normalizedToken>
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1880
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 96, 101 (in part), pl. 1, figs 15, 16
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<bibRefCitation author="Duncan, P" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B74" refString="Duncan, P, 1883. Remarks on an essay by Prof. G. Lindstroem, entitled Contribution to the Actinology of the Atlantic Ocean, and a reply to some of his criticisms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 5, 12(72): 361-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938309459646" title="Remarks on an essay by Prof. G. Lindstroem, entitled Contribution to the Actinology of the Atlantic Ocean, and a reply to some of his criticisms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 5, 12 (72): 361 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938309459646" year="1883">. -Duncan 1883</bibRefCitation>
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: 368. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Agassiz, A" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B3" refString="Agassiz, A, 1888. The cruises of the United States margin and geodetic survey steamer Blake in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the Atlantic margin of the United States, from 1877 to 1880, vol. 2. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard) 15, 220 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.26524" title="The cruises of the United States margin and geodetic survey steamer Blake in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the Atlantic margin of the United States, from 1877 to 1880, vol. 2. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard) 15, 220 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 26524" year="1888">Agassiz 1888</bibRefCitation>
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: 148, fig. 483. -von
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<bibRefCitation author="Marenzeller, von E" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B177" refString="Marenzeller, von E, 1904a. Steinkorallen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898-1899 7(3): 261-318." title="Steinkorallen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899 7 (3): 261 - 318." year="1904 a">Marenzeller 1904a</bibRefCitation>
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: 298-300, pl. 18, fig. 16
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<bibRefCitation author="Gravier, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique (Monaco)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 22" refId="B113" refString="Gravier, C, 1915. Note preliminaire sur les Madreporaires receuilles au cours des croisieres de la Princesse - Alice et de l'Hirondelle, de 1893 a 1913 inclusivement. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique (Monaco) 304 (12): 1 - 22" title="Note preliminaire sur les Madreporaires receuilles au cours des croisieres de la Princesse - Alice et de l'Hirondelle, de 1893 a 1913 inclusivement." volume="304" year="1915">. -Gravier 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 2. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Gravier, C" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert I, Prince Souverain de Monaco" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 123" refId="B114" refString="Gravier, C, 1920. Madreporaires provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse - Alice et Hirondelle II (1893-1913). Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert I, Prince Souverain de Monaco 55: 1 - 123" title="Madreporaires provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse - Alice et Hirondelle II (1893 - 1913)." volume="55" year="1920">Gravier 1920</bibRefCitation>
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: 30-32, pl. 3, figs 35-37, pl. 13, figs 193-197
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<bibRefCitation author="Gardiner, J" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="167 - 202" refId="B104" refString="Gardiner, J, Waugh, P, 1938. The flabellid and turbinolid corals. The John Murray Expedition 1933-34. Scientific Reports 5 (7): 167 - 202" title="The flabellid and turbinolid corals. The John Murray Expedition 1933 - 34." volume="5" year="1938">. -Gardiner and Waugh 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 172
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<bibRefCitation author="Wells, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletins of American Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="163 - 176" refId="B302" refString="Wells, J, 1947. Coral studies. Part III. Three new Cretaceous corals from Texas and Alabama. Part IV: A new species of Phyllangia from the Florida Miocene. Part V: A new Coenocyathus from Florida. Bulletins of American Paleontology 31: 163 - 176" title="Coral studies. Part III. Three new Cretaceous corals from Texas and Alabama. Part IV: A new species of Phyllangia from the Florida Miocene. Part V: A new Coenocyathus from Florida." volume="31" year="1947">. -Wells 1947</bibRefCitation>
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: 167, pl. 10, figs 1-5. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Wells, J" journalOrPublisher="Reports (Series B)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="257 - 275" refId="B304" refString="Wells, J, 1958. Scleractinian corals. B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. Reports (Series B) 6 (11): 257 - 275" title="Scleractinian corals. B. A. N. Z. A. R. E." volume="6" year="1958">Wells 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 262. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Squires, D" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 42" refId="B259" refString="Squires, D, 1959a. Deep-sea corals collected by the Lamont Geological Observatory. 1) Atlantic Corals. American Museum Novitates 165: 1 - 42" title="Deep-sea corals collected by the Lamont Geological Observatory. 1) Atlantic Corals." volume="165" year="1959 a">Squires 1959a</bibRefCitation>
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: 23
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<bibRefCitation author="Zibrowius, H" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="325 - 330" refId="B328" refString="Zibrowius, H, 1969. Note preliminaire sur la presence a Marseille de quatre Madreporaires peu connus: Desmophyllum fasciculatum (Risso, 1826), Guynia annulata (Duncan, 1872), Stenocyathus vermiformis (Pourtales, 1868) et Conotrochus magnaghii (Cecchini, 1914). Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France 93 (2): 325 - 330" title="Note preliminaire sur la presence a Marseille de quatre Madreporaires peu connus: Desmophyllum fasciculatum (Risso, 1826), Guynia annulata (Duncan, 1872), Stenocyathus vermiformis (Pourtales, 1868) et Conotrochus magnaghii (Cecchini, 1914)." volume="93" year="1969">. -Zibrowius 1969</bibRefCitation>
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: 328. -Laborel 1970: 153
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<bibRefCitation author="Zibrowius, H" journalOrPublisher="Rapports et process-verbaux des reunions - Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="243 - 245" refId="B329" refString="Zibrowius, H, 1971. Remarques sur la faune sessile des grottes sous-marines et de l'etage bathyal en Mediterranee. Rapports et process-verbaux des reunions - Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee 20 (3): 243 - 245" title="Remarques sur la faune sessile des grottes sous-marines et de l'etage bathyal en Mediterranee." volume="20" year="1971">. -Zibrowius 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 244. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 27" refId="B28" refString="Cairns, S, 1977b. Stony corals. I. Caryophylliina and Dendrophylliina (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). St. Petersburg, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 3 (4): 1 - 27" title="Stony corals. I. Caryophylliina and Dendrophylliina (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). St. Petersburg, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory." volume="3" year="1977 b">Cairns 1977b</bibRefCitation>
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: 5. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="216 - 221" refId="B29" refString="Cairns, S, 1978. New genus and species of ahermatypic coral (Scleractinia) from the western Atlantic. Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington 91 (1): 216 - 221" title="New genus and species of ahermatypic coral (Scleractinia) from the western Atlantic." volume="91" year="1978">Cairns 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 11. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 341" refId="B30" refString="Cairns, S, 1979. The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 57 (1): 1 - 341" title="The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters." volume="57" year="1979">Cairns 1979</bibRefCitation>
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: 168-170, pl. 32, figs 8-10, pl. 33, figs 1, 2. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Zibrowius, H" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B337" refString="Zibrowius, H, 1980. Les Scleractiniaires de la Mediterranee et de l'Atlantique nord-oriental. Memoires de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco" title="Les Scleractiniaires de la Mediterranee et de l'Atlantique nord-oriental." year="1980">Zibrowius 1980</bibRefCitation>
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: 163-165, pl. 84, figs A-Q. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Antarctic Research Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 74" refId="B32" refString="Cairns, S, 1982. Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia. Antarctic Research Series 34 (1): 1 - 74" title="Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia." volume="34" year="1982">Cairns 1982</bibRefCitation>
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: 52, pl. 16, figs 8-11
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 30" refId="B33" refString="Cairns, S, 1984. New records of ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) from the Hawaiian and Line Islands. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 25 (10): 1 - 30" title="New records of ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) from the Hawaiian and Line Islands." volume="25" year="1984">. -Cairns 1984</bibRefCitation>
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: 23, 25, pl. 5, fig. C. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B59" refString="Cairns, S, Calder, D, Brinc kmann-Voss, A, Castro, C, Pugh, P, Cutress, C, Jaap, W, Fautin, D, Larson, R, Harbison, R, Arai, M, Opresko, D, 1991. Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 22: e75." title="Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 22: e 75." year="1991">Cairns et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 48
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Monograph Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 82" refId="B52" refString="Cairns, S, Parker, S, 1992. Review of the Recent Scleractinia of South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania. Records of the South Australian Museum. Monograph Series 3: 1 - 82" title="Review of the Recent Scleractinia of South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania. Records of the South Australian Museum." volume="3" year="1992">. -Cairns and Parker 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 43, fig. 14B, C. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: 273, fig. 12E, F
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 150" refId="B37" refString="Cairns, S, 1994. Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 557: 1 - 150" title="Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific." volume="557" year="1994">. -Cairns 1994</bibRefCitation>
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: 69-70, pl. 22, fig. G, pl. 29, figs C, F. -
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 210" refId="B38" refString="Cairns, S, 1995. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 103: 1 - 210" title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa)." volume="103" year="1995">Cairns 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 94-95, pl. 30, figs C-G. -
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Atoll Research Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="13 - 46" refId="B57" refString="Cairns, S, Hoeksema, B, van der Land, J, 1999. Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals. Atoll Research Bulletin 459: 13 - 46" title="Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals." volume="459" year="1999">Cairns et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 33. -
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 215" refId="B43" refString="Cairns, S, 2000. A revision of the shallow-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia of the western Atlantic. Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region 75: 1 - 215" title="A revision of the shallow-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia of the western Atlantic." volume="75" year="2000">Cairns 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 151-153, fig. 178
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="259 - 329" refId="B45" refString="Cairns, S, 2004a. The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259 - 329" title="The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia." volume="56" year="2004 a">. -Cairns 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 302. -
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Paper of the Bernice P Bishop Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="45 - 53" refId="B47" refString="Cairns, S, 2006. New records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Hawaiian Islands. Occasional Paper of the Bernice P Bishop Museum 87: 45 - 53" title="New records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Hawaiian Islands." volume="87" year="2006">Cairns 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 48
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="497 - 518" refId="B150" refString="Kitahara, M, 2007. Species richness and distribution of azooxanthellate Scleractinia in Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science 81 (3): 497 - 518" title="Species richness and distribution of azooxanthellate Scleractinia in Brazil." volume="81" year="2007">. -Kitahara 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 504, 505, 511, 512, fig. 5F. -
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Paper of the Bernice P Bishop Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B48" refString="Cairns, S, 2009. Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7548" title="Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 7548" year="2009">Cairns 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 22. -
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B157" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, Stolarski, J, Blair, D, Miller, D, 2010b. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO1 sequence data. PLoS ONE 5: e11490. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011490" title="A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO 1 sequence data. PLoS ONE 5: e 11490. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0011490" year="2010 b">Kitahara et al. 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. -
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 559-561, figs 308D-F, 309.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duncan" authorityYear="1878" class="Anthozoa" family="Stenocyathidae" genus="Caryophyllia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caryophyllia simplex" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Caryophyllia simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
Duncan, 1878: 237, pl. 43, figs 32-34.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duncan" authorityYear="1878" class="Anthozoa" family="Stenocyathidae" genus="Caryophyllia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caryophyllia carpenteri" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carpenteri">Caryophyllia carpenteri</taxonomicName>
|
||
Duncan, 1878: 237, pl. 43, figs 28-31.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Off Florida Keys, United States; 274-329 m (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 341" refId="B30" refString="Cairns, S, 1979. The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 57 (1): 1 - 341" title="The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters." volume="57" year="1979">Cairns 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Syntypes are deposited at the MCZ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 341" refId="B30" refString="Cairns, S, 1979. The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 57 (1): 1 - 341" title="The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters." volume="57" year="1979">Cairns 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="St Lucia Estuary" elevation="550" latitude="-27.991667" location="Eastern" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.68" municipality="Cape Vidal" specimenCount="2">
|
||
SAM_H1699 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9AF0A0B7702A2620C95DD4A971E9DE3E:C6BFED57A42FB9F8A63F78EDE5A30CF5" county="St Lucia Estuary" latitude="-27.991667" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.68" municipality="Cape Vidal" name="Eastern">Eastern</location>
|
||
margin,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Cape Vidal</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
/
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="km" value="23.0">23 km</quantity>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingCounty>St Lucia Estuary</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="30.00" value="-27.991667">27°59'30.00"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="47.99" value="32.68">32°40'47.99"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" unit="m" value="550.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" unit="m" value="550.0">550 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="Mgwalana Estuary" elevation="80" latitude="-33.49" location="Southern" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.35333" municipality="Port Alfred" specimenCount="1">
|
||
SAM_H3212 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9AF0A0B7702A2620C95DD4A971E9DE3E:84D27B0BA5C3324D510F99A1EFF18C2D" county="Mgwalana Estuary" latitude="-33.49" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.35333" municipality="Port Alfred" name="Southern">Southern</location>
|
||
margin,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" unit="km" value="46.0">46 km</quantity>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Port Alfred</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
/
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingCounty>Mgwalana Estuary</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="south" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="24.00" value="-33.49">33°29'24.00"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="27" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="11.99" value="27.35333">27°21'11.99"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="m" value="80.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="m" value="80.0">80 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="Cwili Estuary" elevation="630" latitude="-32.916664" location="Southern" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="28.516665" municipality="Cintsa" specimenCount="2">
|
||
SAM_H3213 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9AF0A0B7702A2620C95DD4A971E9DE3E:AE5B0479D4ADEB2AC6105135E9E93BA7" county="Cwili Estuary" latitude="-32.916664" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="28.516665" municipality="Cintsa" name="Southern">Southern</location>
|
||
margin,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Cintsa</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
/
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" unit="km" value="29.0">29 km</quantity>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingCounty>Cwili Estuary</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="59.99" value="-32.916664">32°54'59.99"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="east" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="59.99" value="28.516665">28°30'59.99"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" unit="m" value="630.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" unit="m" value="630.0">630 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="Kobole Estuary" elevation="743" latitude="-32.476665" location="Southern" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="28.980001" municipality="Mazeppa Bay" specimenCount="1">
|
||
SAM_H3214 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9AF0A0B7702A2620C95DD4A971E9DE3E:C6AB9C890060562D3A2473B71EF69E10" county="Kobole Estuary" latitude="-32.476665" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="28.980001" municipality="Mazeppa Bay" name="Southern">Southern</location>
|
||
margin,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Mazeppa Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
/
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" unit="km" value="24.0">24 km</quantity>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingCounty>Kobole Estuary</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="36.00" value="-32.476665">32°28'36.00"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="east" minutes="58" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="48.00" value="28.980001">28°58'48.00"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.425" metricValueMax="7.75" metricValueMin="7.1" unit="m" value="742.5" valueMax="775.0" valueMin="710.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.425" metricValueMax="7.75" metricValueMin="7.1" unit="m" value="742.5" valueMax="775.0" valueMin="710.0">710-
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">775 m.</specimenCount>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Corallum solitary, small, vermiform, usually free, but occasionally attached. Calice cylindrical to sub-cylindrical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.4), calicular margin smooth. Largest specimen examined (SAM_H1699) 4.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.4 mm in CD and 20.0 mm in H. Theca thin, marked with transverse ridges extending from calicular edge to base, and white spots aligned in 24 longitudinal rows. Costae absent. Corallum white with light brown theca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles according to the formula: S1> S3 ≥ S2 (24 septa). S1 extend
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="¾">3/4</normalizedToken>
|
||
distance to columella. S2 half the width of S1, and bear a pali. S3 slightly wider or equal to S2. All septa have sinuous axial edges, and granules arranged perpendicular to septal margin. Pali also granular and sinuous. Columella fascicular in a shallow to moderately deep fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Regional: Southern to eastern margins of South Africa, from off Cintsa extending to Cape Vidal; 80-775 m. Elsewhere: Walters Shoal; St Paul and Amsterdam Islands (von
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marenzeller, von E" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B177" refString="Marenzeller, von E, 1904a. Steinkorallen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898-1899 7(3): 261-318." title="Steinkorallen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899 7 (3): 261 - 318." year="1904 a">Marenzeller 1904a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zibrowius, H" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="767 - 784" refId="B331" refString="Zibrowius, H, 1974a. Caryophyllia sarsiae n. sp. and other recent deep-water Caryophyllia (Scleractina) previously referred to little-known fossil species (C. arcuata, C. cylindracea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54 (4): 767 - 784" title="Caryophyllia sarsiae n. sp. and other recent deep-water Caryophyllia (Scleractina) previously referred to little-known fossil species (C. arcuata, C. cylindracea)." volume="54" year="1974 a">Zibrowius 1974a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); New Zealand (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 210" refId="B38" refString="Cairns, S, 1995. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 103: 1 - 210" title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa)." volume="103" year="1995">Cairns 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Australia
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="259 - 329" refId="B45" refString="Cairns, S, 2004a. The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259 - 329" title="The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia." volume="56" year="2004 a">(Cairns 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); New Caledonia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Mediterranean Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zibrowius, H" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B337" refString="Zibrowius, H, 1980. Les Scleractiniaires de la Mediterranee et de l'Atlantique nord-oriental. Memoires de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco" title="Les Scleractiniaires de la Mediterranee et de l'Atlantique nord-oriental." year="1980">Zibrowius 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from off the United States
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pourtales, L de" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 141" refId="B223" refString="Pourtales, L de, 1868. Contributions to the fauna of the Gulf Stream at great depths. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard) 1 (7): 121 - 141" title="Contributions to the fauna of the Gulf Stream at great depths." volume="1" year="1868">
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pourtalès">Pourtales</normalizedToken>
|
||
1868
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 341" refId="B30" refString="Cairns, S, 1979. The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 57 (1): 1 - 341" title="The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters." volume="57" year="1979">Cairns 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to Brazil
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="497 - 518" refId="B150" refString="Kitahara, M, 2007. Species richness and distribution of azooxanthellate Scleractinia in Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science 81 (3): 497 - 518" title="Species richness and distribution of azooxanthellate Scleractinia in Brazil." volume="81" year="2007">(Kitahara 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and Antarctica (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Antarctic Research Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 74" refId="B32" refString="Cairns, S, 1982. Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia. Antarctic Research Series 34 (1): 1 - 74" title="Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia." volume="34" year="1982">Cairns 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 80-1500 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. vermiformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vermiformis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. vermiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined herein represent new records for the region, thus extending the previously known distribution from south of Madagascar towards South Africa. Furthermore, this is the only species of the family representative in the region and is distinctive in its small vermiform corallum, three septal cycles, and presence of thecal spots aligned in rows. Molecular evidence suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. vermiformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vermiformis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. vermiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Caryophylliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B157" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, Stolarski, J, Blair, D, Miller, D, 2010b. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO1 sequence data. PLoS ONE 5: e11490. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011490" title="A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO 1 sequence data. PLoS ONE 5: e 11490. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0011490" year="2010 b">Kitahara et al. 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and thereby supports the hypothesis that thecal pores originated independently in different scleractinian lineages
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stolarski, J" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="13 - 38" refId="B271" refString="Stolarski, J, 2000. Origin and phylogeny of Guyniidae (Scleractinia) in the light of microstructural data. Lethaia 33: 13 - 38" title="Origin and phylogeny of Guyniidae (Scleractinia) in the light of microstructural data." volume="33" year="2000">(Stolarski 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nonetheless, additional work on the placement of the other species representatives of the family needs to be undertaken.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |