566 lines
97 KiB
XML
566 lines
97 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="22666A4D332AACA61B1F7100728C07C1">Taxonomy of Afrotropical and West Palaearctic ants of the ponerine genus Hypoponera Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).</mods:title>
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<treatment id="98D8250533A21207777A7E5F20F184E3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6191014" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100115007" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6191014" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:98D8250533A21207777A7E5F20F184E3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/98D8250533A21207777A7E5F20F184E3" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="E3334516DBBE85DDF1AAC880F319F7AF" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B4E1938256DD3C514FB5F1289F06ADAF" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="55C987A2F1DEADDDF1E6A9F02A93CC2F" ID-CoL="52V8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C5187B2262C2C03288A50D51149FE5E3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="CEC491CBF2A730C5DF8A273B577522F2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
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Santschi
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E230F0DAEFD0F04BFF3BAF6F8C53DAD1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8DD962F7A874A98B3F2D5D238DAA8C43" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="07AE0A6044F480BAC365ACCC66A29A10" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
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||
Santschi, 1938: 79 [as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="663E946432DCF28F1011A3F41C7BE4D2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
]. Type-species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="443F41CFECB87BF9BF917042F3813B59" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138763" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera abeillei André" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abeillei">
|
||
Ponera abeillei
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<normalizedToken id="BBAC4C2D2A381B43F0C14C558876E5DE" originalValue="André" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Andre</normalizedToken>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, 1881: 61 and xlviii, by original designation. [Raised to genus: Taylor, 1967: 9.]
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C6F8F38FBE0EBC3FD9F9936F9B7F7239" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="983026EC66D13C2961B8E3412B9B7B2F" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis of worker</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD617864249D393553DDBD62FA85D8E9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Members of subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A07C17E901B3AE97F6D36620CAD430C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2261" lsidName-HNS="Ponerinae Lepeletier" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49B83004C6BC49C87FEA06EBFD6F98C5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2307" lsidName-HNS="Ponerini Lepeletier" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu Bolton, 2003) that principally inhabit rotten wood, leaf litter and topsoil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="67DAC61FE48D530E45814AB9DC70F025" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
1 Mandible triangular and stout, short to moderate in length (MI 27
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DBF40C6B8F475341242DB5EBF0E81873" originalValue="–" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">-</normalizedToken>
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||
35), without a basal groove and without a basal pit; with a basal angle between masticatory and basal margins. When mandibles are fully closed there is no space between the masticatory margins, nor between basal margins of mandibles and the clypeus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="24C82F6AA0269CB4DB23022534137087" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2 Masticatory margin of mandible with 7 to about 18 teeth and denticles in total.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C750DB908A90DDB2B8437123EFEC2035" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3 Palp formula 1,1 or 1,2, the maxillary palp usually minute.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE704E89DC41F386BCF81C85D6C84761" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4 Clypeus simple, without extended lobes or teeth on either the median or the lateral portions and usually unarmed anteromedially. Median portion of clypeus inserted as a small narrow triangle between the extreme anterior ends of the frontal lobes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE7D93FA288EA999079D3BEA36A25EE1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5 Frontal lobes small, almost confluent medially, separated only by a median longitudinal impression; the frontal lobes not raised or specialised in any way and their anterior margins well behind the anterior clypeal margin. Frontal carinae and antennal scrobes absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E840040BC282C765C3F5CFAD463CDCBB" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="846B43514AD3C2B4FDDEE7CFA7304F40" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">6</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Eyes absent or present; when present always small (generally of 1 to about 20 ommatidia), lateral and located well in front of the midlength of the head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F7885801993D13922A9399E2E251FAF6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
7 Antenna with 12 segments, the apical 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="997DEA7095A9605A111248222BE550B5" originalValue="–" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
6 antennomeres gradually incrassate; only extremely rarely with a sharply differentiated club.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3546DD026581B64ACE541C288D9C641F" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">8 Dorsum of mesosoma with or without a metanotal groove.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94DD7D323B6200B7F0F7D81444ADCEF" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9 Mesopleuron without a distinct transverse sulcus that conspicuously divides it into anepisternum and katepisternum.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="67E9C63833CFD15765926F23CEF4F3F1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">10 Epimeral sclerite usually absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7924774EF4DC124A279E9DD8F4006037" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11 Metapleural gland orifice small and simple, opening posteriorly.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5DB7342EB48EFAB439FE781D1579BD12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">12 Metasternal process small and simple.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="228E91D1B38EF3B731CB020D1C35EBD8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">13 Propodeal spiracle small, circular to slightly elliptical, located far down on the side, usually close to the bulla of the metapleural gland.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3402C5373FC31BE725CFB005D174A4A1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">14 Propodeum unarmed; propodeal lobes vestigial to absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="61AB92D7257D36F1710A811B07D0FF16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">15 Mesotibiae, metatibiae, mesobasitarsi and metabasitarsi all without spines and without enlarged prominent setae to enhance traction on their dorsal (outer) surfaces.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C3DC324AF87711C56765D24934A2FC34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">16 Mesotibia and metatibia each with only a single spur; metatibial spur always pectinate.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="33C0BF46F5D18440CD7BA3675ABE5A22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">17 Pretarsal claws small and simple, without preapical teeth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="471D10D17FDA7963249146E767993B03" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18 Petiole tergite nodiform to squamiform, always unarmed.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00B90FC374CCA7051BACB54F63D367CD" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
19 Subpetiolar process usually simple, a rounded to angulate ventral lobe; never with paired prominent teeth at the posteroventral corner of the lobe; subpetiolar process usually without an anterior fenestra or thin-spot but a fenestra present in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F25F4C8BDD6F4989CAC8C5DF90858B3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138763" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera abeillei André" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abeillei">abeillei</taxonomicName>
|
||
group members.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A663E57FE164DE0CB6D0FD8118253822" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">20 Articulation of petiole to helcium simple.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6DA69C00D0661C2DFD5B8ABE07AF6836" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">21 Helcium arises low down on anterior face of first gastral tergite (Abd. III) and is always simple; anterior surface of first gastral tergite forms a tall vertical surface above the helcium.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F014081D37F9C82D408F3971E0B065AC" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">22 Prora usually present (absent in only one Afrotropical species): an arched tranverse crest that extends across the first gastral sternite below the helcium; usually the prora extends up the anterior face of the first sternite on each side, so that the entire prora is broadly U-shaped in anterior view.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9842171645F4C1A54B3773BDC49DDC81" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">23 Cinctus of second gastral tergite (Abd. IV) present, usually conspicuous.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7860D8638C072D4D0B71CED408A08CF8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">24 Stridulitrum absent or present on pretergite of abdominal segment IV. In addition, fine sculpture is predominantly present, uncommonly entirely absent. The sculpture is expressed as</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3B74DCCDCCC926C987A3E2074F78B386" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">various forms of punctation, that varies in density and intensity on different parts of the body and sometimes differs between species. Coarse, dense sculpture, such as rugae, costulae, or strong striation, appears never to be developed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6ED10C7B5D8BEDD1E3E78B402783897D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="2243C3C36AADC0FB2F8C50A51DBB8BCC" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Comments on worker characters</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3CD00FF7B9D7FDD7DA7A3F984987B785" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The list of characters above forms a good inclusive diagnosis of the genus, but there is so much convergent evolution and parallelism among smaller species of various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C90B65302F026221E93105548394C9A6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2307" lsidName-HNS="Ponerini Lepeletier" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera, especially those that spend their lives in the leaf litter, topsoil and rotten wood, that no character can currently be singled out as unquestionably autapomorphic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD8F779E1802483C56E2818CCDC37C7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The numbers used below refer to the character numbers listed above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="518A9C3FB5DAA6C003ADAFC8E687928C" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1 MI above applies to Afrotropical species. A few extralimital species were also measured and fell into the same range, but the MI range recorded above does not reflect the world fauna. In all Afrotropical and West Palaearctic species the mandibles are smooth with scattered punctures; no species with mandibles striate or otherwise sculptured has been recorded.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="96149BF455AA242FA9D73552F5DF52BE" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
2 Dentition in Afrotropical species is very uniform across all the species, contrary to Bernard (1953), who was of the opinion that dentition was very diverse between species. There is variation in dentition within species, within nest series and sometimes between left and right mandibles on the same specimen. In general, larger species have proportionately larger teeth and denticles than smaller species. Also, larger species and those with relatively longer mandibles (MI ca 35) usually have more teeth and denticles than smaller species and those with shorter mandibles (MI ca 27). These variations are found in a gradient across the genus, change with overall size, and usually do not isolate individual species. Total dental count (teeth plus denticles) recorded in Afrotropical species is 8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E03559CCE84318724BD9BF9252EE0061" originalValue="–" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
13 and is generally arranged as follows: three teeth apically, apical the largest and the second smaller than the third; then 0
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A29A575722BA558EDF312E409360EAB4" originalValue="–" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
2 denticles followed by a larger fourth tooth that is usually about the same size as the third; basal of this the margin is
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="CB7EB01D383711CB4DA3850C7363FD6C" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">variously</pageBreakToken>
|
||
denticulate to the basal angle, most usually with 1 or 2 of the denticles somewhat larger than their neighbours. On occasion the basalmost section of the masticatory margin is more or less edentate, though this may be due to wear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C7E6C80B3CE56C9EE2584F5229A9C7C3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3 Without dissection the maxillary palp is often extremely difficult to see, even in specimens with the mouthparts fully everted. It may be absent in some species but is never of more than one segment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D93471A5B8223FAC88A4B68745EA821" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
6 In some species eyes are universally present but are always small and usually insignificant. Sometimes just a single ommatidium occurs but often there are 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A1B80EF2584B5C9D064A926E49A53B61" originalValue="–" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
7 present, which may be partially fused. In others, the eye is reduced to a depigmented ommatidium or merely appears as a spot on the cuticle, which may be difficult to discriminate from the surrounding punctate sculpture. In several species eyes are univerally absent. However, there are a number of species where variation is apparent, with some workers eyeless but others with a faint eye spot and still others with a fairly distinct ommatidium. In some species where eyes are present they differ in size between individuals and in extralimital species up to about 20 ommatidia may occur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1111FAEE9A7749E311E45A878CF5FF7A" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
7 Most Afrotropical species have funicular segments 7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5FDCB3AC2D97B8D7264C08558BEA82A7" originalValue="–" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
11 gradually incrassate, some have 6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7716EB494E81FCCE601D17BE0D58278E" originalValue="–" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
11 gradually incrassate. Only a single species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6942A3D663105DD31D748032F55F255F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29447" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera angustata (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustata">angustata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has a marked 4-segmented club.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9EAA85F15B03AE61C55E462D6AE96266" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
8 In the majority of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2838FAC7CE46C186E57C5C8941AC388" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
species there is either a strongly developed metanotal groove that forms a sharply incised narrow impression right across the dorsal mesosoma, or there is no trace of a groove at all. However, many intermediate species exist in which a vestige of the metanotal groove remains. This may take the form of an almost effaced weak concavity, a slight change of slope between mesonotum and propodeum, or merely a discoloured line that appears to represent the last vestige of the groove or perhaps a slight invagination of the cuticle. Taken together, the entire sequence is one of morphoclinal reduction and eventual elimination of the metanotal groove. In the group as a whole the presence or absence of a metanotal groove has variously been used in an attempt to isolate genera or subgenera (e.g. Santschi (1938), Bernard (1953)). The effort was misplaced, as it is now obvious that the metanotal groove comes and goes between various species groups of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4231680257BB06C0C835925158F7A81" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Hypoponera(Taylor (1967) and current study), as well as in other ponerine taxa, such as those currently assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5AD76190D9CAD2B3807B4CD9014A488F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AAF51E0FD11A94C49F351DC85148CF49" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">9 In the vast majority of species the mesopleuron forms a single sclerite. In a few there may be a faint remnant of a transverse impression, but there is never a strong sulcus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="020A5689C5F3C3AADAD0178A1506037B" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
10 Presence or absence of an epimeral sclerite has recently been used as a diagnostic feature of ponerine males (Yoshimura & Fisher, 2007; Bolton & Fisher, 2008c), but has not figured in the diagnoses of ponerine workers. When present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54098E73818B2644B02BF286F8885550" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2307" lsidName-HNS="Ponerini Lepeletier" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers it takes the form of a discrete small sclerite, usually subcircular, that covers the orifice of the metathoracic spiracle and is located on the side of the mesosoma, at the apex of the metapleuron just behind the posterodorsal margin of the mesopleuron, or behind the posterodorsal anepisternum in those taxa where the mesopleuron is subdivided. The sclerite is universally absent in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A651435F9D3C973EFDF2601131161B8A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="82B8E855D2093077A5E409A41BEF39FD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for H.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91D30CBC294CB7512C4C3755B845169D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29572" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera zwaluwenburgi (Wheeler)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zwaluwenburgi">zwaluwenburgi (Wheeler)</taxonomicName>
|
||
where it appears to be present (Imai, et al. 2003: 197).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D05E36034A6CE18886CC81F8EBBBA96F" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">18 In profile the petiole tergite is often a roughly rectangular, fairly narrow, tall node that has a distinct dorsal surface. In a few the node is lower and longer but in some major groups it is considerably narrowed and strongly tapered dorsally, producing a thickly squamiform appearance.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="463E31D61A5C46BA342C7F44A3C7A8E7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
19 Most species of Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86B40E37AF5DBF8C2E0544297543D9E9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a sensory seta that projects laterally or posterolaterally from the lateral surface of the subpetiolar process, close to its anterior margin. In many species where the subpetiolar process is relatively strongly developed, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4770425854E4AAFB5E6C8C51F372C97F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298352" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera importuna Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="importuna">importuna</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02EC6284BEC044A640118E1A2F20E508" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298356" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lepida Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepida">lepida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5310022108C935012C4A2CEA50A8093F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298359" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera molesta Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molesta">molesta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="05045B4456AAEF2E21130E670D82E3D8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29517" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera natalensis (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">natalensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4BFEAD8518712925774BE3854F03C12D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298363" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera producta Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="producta">producta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the basal pit of this seta is large, distinct and quite obviously concave. The pit is even more strongly developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="160EB9C4D0D49B838FE808E225D34CC2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29452" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera boerorum (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boerorum">boerorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C0528FD51883CB0A2D6E2D9325F93C8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29552" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera spei (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spei">spei</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it often appears as a thin spot or fenestra that is reminiscent of the condition universal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB2BA6A07017B0F706C804356534AA89" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Coupled with this, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC2C7403038C350B3EAE32DC06E4A036" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29552" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera spei (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spei">spei</taxonomicName>
|
||
the subpetiolar process often has a distinct sharp posteroventral angle, so that in profile the Ponera-like condition becomes even more apparent. This is probably a convergence phenomenon because, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92648F1B28E81D323C11FEC7D78DCFF7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC1DCE13C8F639915389945E2663E507" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with this fenestra do not have a posteriorly bifurcated ventral surface to the petiole sternite and the posteroventral apex of the subpetiolar process is never produced into a pair of sharp teeth that represent the apices of the bifurcation, such as is universal in genuine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D48F1A08C6760C140A2A32E116A8274" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="56F4E7AEB1C7AE1011AE836566D42226" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Two recently described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5874BFCD1A2FA7996A023891D121170F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C11E085CFB46C11B6C979C7033054DEB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182174" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera nangongshana Xu" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nangongshana">P. nangongshana Xu</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2001) from China and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9AE610BD2E1C49A9FDFAC6E932851E0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298373" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Manual - Ponera yuhuang" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yuhuang">P. yuhuang Terayama</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2009) from Taiwan, are both characterised as lacking posteroventral teeth on the subpetiolar process, but possessing a fenestra anteriorly. In view of the morphoclinal development of a fenestra in Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AD8346D1AB26B9CB6D593443516C5AD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the otherwise universal presence of posteroventral subpetiolar teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA94ED506F313A26A0B1C7D797ED3F9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the generic combination of these two Oriental species should be re-assessed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="69A2D7218A8E8A9E4E8E8BA34B889056" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="A4B655CEF664F9853260C50979198491" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">20</pageBreakToken>
|
||
The sternite of the petiole and the articulation of petiole to helcium does not show any of the derived morphology that was described by Bolton & Fisher (2008a, 2008b) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ED21E3AF2D96870794A041AF7814049" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2363" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Asphinctopone Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asphinctopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E08655CD868D887D5FA662BEB20AC255" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24843" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Phrynoponera Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phrynoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or some other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="420281637092F74308090509814661AD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2307" lsidName-HNS="Ponerini Lepeletier" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups mentioned in those papers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A53D6253DCCD3F48F0AC524116EC614" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
22 The prora in some extralimital species may be represented by a short transverse bar that is slightly concave in frontal view, a reduction from the condition seen in Afrotropical species. In a single Afrotropical species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F8199F514D9BDC3E2D2413ACDC92188" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298339" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera aprora Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aprora">aprora</taxonomicName>
|
||
) the prora has been lost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2EEFDB278B738DA697E6D6A3129D3388" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="FE6AEA93119B94E6788180C2FFCE54FD" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis of worker-queen intercaste (= ergatoid gyne)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="699E0942C59A2EBD74CCE41300BC61CF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Characters as worker but always with much larger eyes than conspecific worker (intercastes with 7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CC7D6E3249041A155361DE8082D32149" originalValue="–" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
30 ommatidia in Afrotropical species in which workers have 0
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5933BCC416164098EBC518E9F23708B4" originalValue="–" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
7 ommatidia), but without ocelli; often with a shorter petiole node in profile and a somewhat enlarged gaster; sometimes with a gyne-like transverse sulcus on mesopleuron. One intercaste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E895C07D951BC3D1385929456FF94DAC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
was dissected: a spermatheca was present and the ovaries were enlarged, though much smaller than in the gyne (see also Yamauchi, et al. (1996)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="46C215B17F3BEC5B132EF2D8DBD2E7F5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Intercastes have been confirmed in the following species that occur in the Afrotropical region.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E70D84942DE1EA0654F4FD6ABE2754F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29441" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.bestMatchDistance="5385" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera abeillei (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abeillei">H. abeillei</taxonomicName>
|
||
group:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F61D9D8723E2C5382F70B9900A1B2A3A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298340" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera austra Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austra">austra</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8394ED240DD688261293CF5AF38B771" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298352" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera importuna Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="importuna">importuna</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C545B9BE93CAC156703352CA0F0793A5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298356" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lepida Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepida">lepida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D4D3086E8C3F4B9EF7C12871F40F82D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298363" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera producta Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="producta">producta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="998558D43247387A1F95C9A5948CDA53" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.bestMatchDistance="5118" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">H. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
group:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40001FB4A3CB8539B147416A517B2EA1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29472" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera eduardi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eduardi">eduardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5226AAC2EBCD4ED45D03B6F75AAD4581" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29538" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ragusai (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F844C27FD4A2DBD9858B627FD0B17A54" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Possible intercastes are also suspected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9A12C4067049BF54DC8446F0EEF3ACF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298351" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ignavia Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignavia">ignavia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="82461D72099E64014245109A657C49EC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29522" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera occidentalis (Bernard)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see discussions of those species). It seems reasonable to assume that intercastes occur in many more species but are not currently represented in collections. It is equally obvious that some species, such as the extremely common
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63600E084E9D6DABF76EA752CD4BB62F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29471" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera dulcis (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulcis">dulcis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, do not produce them. In some previous publications, intercastes have been termed major workers or ergatoid females (e.g. Forel (1894), Le Masne (1956), Brown (1958)). Observations on the reproductive biology of intercastes can be found in Le Masne (1956), Yamauchi, et al. (1996) and Yamauchi, et al. (2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8CACB1018CFB3A682DEDEAFCE3350CDE" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis of queen (gyne)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="38BF0130A57E980DE610DD523505385B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Characters as listed for workers except for worker characters 6, 8, 9; with the following differences.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E01709A663916935463A3C22722C3AFD" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1 Eyes always present and large, usually obviously with> 50 ommatidia. Eyes are located in front of midlength of head and all species examined have small setae that project between the ommatidia.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285E6DF90004134D9DB4586F0B930B79" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2 Ocelli present.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="593FB7F98A7C0D87E491070886BDE40D" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3 Mesopleuron with a well developed transverse suture that divides it into anepisternum and katepisternum.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="77857A032215CDA6B9FAE6575AC3C8F1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4 Mesosoma with a full complement of flight sclerites (alate when virgin).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9AD1E694EEF9BA4CCDA3FDFF46B4C0C1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5 Jugal lobe absent from hindwing.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F06B622DDCB8BCBC557B12C425D47F5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6 Venation almost complete (only cross-vein 1r-rs absent); with 8 or 9 closed cells including the pterostigma (8 cells in those species with Cu2 incomplete or absent); Rs.f5 meets R1.f3 on the anterior margin (i.e. marginal cell always closed); cross-veins 2r-rs, 2rs-m, 1m-cu and cu-a all present; cu-a arises from M+Cu (i.e. proximal of point where M+Cu divides into M and Cu; 2rs-m distal of 2r-rs; a free abscissa of M (M.f2) present between Rs+M and 1m-cu; an angle or bend sometimes present in Rs.f2&3; a fenestra present in cu-a and fenestrae sometimes visible in Rs.f2&3 and 2rs-m, but not in minute species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="124774375E04C478EFB83CBC6A6DC854" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7 Petiole node in profile is usually more slender, and often more tapered dorsally, than in the conspecific worker.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C0A58CD6A42E298A55163A1A89091D76" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Generally slightly larger than conspecific worker; gaster sometimes distinctly larger.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6379B0A66C44FA57CF2AF85F472BEED8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="FE6AB31B30FD6572F770DFE91BB76F3C" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Comments on gyne characters</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="32127A259E5A3CC1529BF96CF7B4EB58" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">The numbers used below refer to the character numbers listed above.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DED63942F344FE886D84CDB6EDB226D5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
1 The presence of short setae that project between the ommatidia has been confirmed in the following species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C34E40C98D18A371C64AAB80B36E283" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29447" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera angustata (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustata">angustata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92A13448CD3BADF11AF4DF828F9D5ACC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298339" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera aprora Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aprora">aprora</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03A3A14F8BAE7459D1E620FD7DBE7239" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298340" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera austra Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austra">austra</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C26FC08D74E09B9E587F8A3A93B98449" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298341" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera blanda Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">blanda</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BD79E3F9627BEBA6ACB89224C085C979" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29461" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera coeca (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeca">coeca</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CBC6E57F22184AEB86ACFAF9733EDE8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298342" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera comis Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comis">comis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E959D7699D1AA6E238E84C17090A02CE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298344" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera dema Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dema">dema</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DD062CFBD05E47F785083FF46D11C482" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29471" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera dulcis (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulcis">dulcis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E6200C32714AF37D8EEA971227C9E4A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29472" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera eduardi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eduardi">eduardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9085D132375DD08607B0DCE708EAC3D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298348" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera fatiga Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatiga">fatiga</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="101291162327633310CA16C92B1F22CF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298350" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera hebes Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hebes">hebes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B30092E5D300FD47CF17B711FC144B3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298351" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ignavia Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignavia">ignavia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFEC28AFC1CE25A2DD4DAD1242AD2386" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298352" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera importuna Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="importuna">importuna</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93B004B37F8EF06570AFCBCF64198337" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29491" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera inaudax (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaudax">inaudax</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D47CA40DADDD35E383B40C34F1F5A056" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298355" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lassa Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lassa">lassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8873B93136CC229A1DCDCDD4F8FEB0BD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298356" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lepida Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepida">lepida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AF29D703F518DF11092EFBEB7CCEFC1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298357" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera meridia Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridia">meridia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF963258BBC2D09A31CA5833D8CB7FBE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298359" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera molesta Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molesta">molesta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E50040AA4347BFD6F1585E386EBFC691" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298360" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera obtunsa Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obtunsa">obtunsa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5AE4BA2A5AF220D898BDD62A7BACE048" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29522" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera occidentalis (Bernard)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6686AC3A51E901CAAD63AF1FAB49529" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298361" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera odiosa Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="odiosa">odiosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE429AEB044D4339B2A0D117BA741282" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298363" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera producta Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="producta">producta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E19FE679DC336CC7D0EDDA2129746CE9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D44B76D701CFD8EF60976F539581FF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29538" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ragusai (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72EBBDF2562B442503E60F43BB746C74" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298368" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera segnis Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="segnis">segnis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AC9E15023F94A8BFB2A695674B51C392" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29552" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera spei (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spei">spei</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sulcatinasis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38878CFE8A0884CF9D4551DFA9E24E48" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298371" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera tristis Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristis">tristis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also in a number of extralimital species from the Holarctic, Oriental, Malesian and Neotropical regions (BMNH).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F0F19463FFA019490DA56F9C0DEF30A1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6 For a recent illustration of general ponerine venation see Yoshimura & Fisher (2007: 24, fig. 1).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="07B088A8446499DA9052AC9DE457A64F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="CC7841CC80E2FD5EDD8B2F6B6DB99E1C" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis of alate male</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0FDDE60D10A7B5EF979027648F511AAE" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1 Mandible lobiform to unidentate (apical tooth only present), not meeting at full closure. Basal cavity of mandible extends to its front face and is visible in full-face view.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3E0AF0352111BE2A48195D61755DE85E" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="9E53B57F4B857050F4855D6F40A26E95" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">2</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Eyes large and conspicuous, with minute setae projecting from between the ommatidia. Three distinct ocelli present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98813D43FF0CB762D1E9EC36CF335E9F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3 Antenna with 13 segments, filiform.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E5618C59EA6A0918CD164F58BCCF729" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4 Scape short, shorter than second funicular segment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C0958AEC4766002E1B404F3E5FF78B05" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5 Second funicular segment longer than the first and also longer than the third.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D9C4C388EDA3219C92235C087AB2AA6D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6 Palp formula 1,1; 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; very rarely maxillary palp of 2 segments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3E302369A717CDB905DCE7FEAF911C87" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7 Mesonotum in profile not overhanging pronotum.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="99D195FFB35E93FD855B12A84D8AFC1F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8 Mesoscutellum convex in profile.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FCDED43DD952CD145463234B8328BA67" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9 Notauli absent; parapsidal grooves present but sometimes very faint.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="77FA69C01A50C00175EB3496712090BA" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10 Epimeral sclerite absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="690D9540FC5E92C5D7A760114C482A63" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">11 Mesotibia and metatibia each with a single spur; metatibial spur always pectinate.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9BE5D3FEC36EF86AFB3E24F2FF68F6A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12 Pretarsal claws simple.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="108F71FA7838873EDD64F0E481C19963" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">13 Venation as alate gyne.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F5A1B5A86536DAEB5E3D3B2207A57B42" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">14 Jugal lobe absent from hindwing.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AC1A83F0DE34F44728054E94118E2531" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15 Petiole unspecialised ventrally; helcium very low on anterior face of first gastral segment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A12D11AF3FFCF700F903584357418D6C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">16 Prora present, small.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="11CC7DF741A0B377EF63FBBB6BB12725" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">17 Cinctus of second gastral tergite (Abd. IV) present.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="87F56D5D7ADFA3FFF8B138D9E6B5105E" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">18 Tergite of abdominal segment VIII (pygidium) without a median downcurved spine.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="90AD48848966FDA36A8B9955A61CBFDA" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">19 Pygostyles (= cerci) present.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E83FA34AC91FF3EB192A54702BA3B77C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="1B9676EA5603BD7455641F16C72E3C06" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comments on alate male characters</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="35302F033AADDB4F627DAC4B398B23E3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Among Afrotropical species alate males that have been found associated with workers are known only for austra,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A6FAD7C6BB5D225D41B96CEA75134C2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29461" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera coeca (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeca">coeca</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F364AF3238C3070357A22428B622850" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29471" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera dulcis (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulcis">dulcis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B48B7030D3D5CBC5B3EC74957866E81C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29472" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera eduardi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eduardi">eduardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9359F8D73418D609F48E0D5ABAC75FF3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298360" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera obtunsa Bolton & Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obtunsa">obtunsa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B3E5E5180E544A6F2593DDEED0F41FE5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29538" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ragusai (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The characters and comments are supplemented with observations based on unidentified males and extralimital species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0CB9B48A0A7C0B374DEFDE420C741302" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
1 The reduced state of the male mandible is characteristic of all alate male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08597C0F4F3B16468DDC0F484FF4DB53" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2307" lsidName-HNS="Ponerini Lepeletier" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bolton, 2003). The basal cavity character was first used by Yoshimua & Fisher (2007) for Malagasy species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="76B51E243C7CB6234DEE940BD76E2976" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2 All alate males examined also have short setae that project between the ommatidia, as in the gynes, but so few are known that the universality of the character is unclear.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D17FB3EBA6D135CF81D99D4DF53C0D1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="82310B08D98D768F518E48FC9527D306" originalValue="–" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5 The configuration of the four basal antennal segments in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C2F7A4C6E83CDEEE38BCA90406034192" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
alate males is extremely common in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D98CAFE95F0A25D51A9663C82168622B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2307" lsidName-HNS="Ponerini Lepeletier" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See for example Ogata (1987), Yoshimura & Fisher (2007), Bolton & Fisher (2008b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE0D7331145C8B59760E3216D8C39723" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6 The palp formulae are originally from Taylor (1967), with additions and confirmations by Bolton (2003). The discovery of a 2-segmented maxillary palp in one Malagasy species is by Yoshimura & Fisher (2007).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="40A778AFEB077E7B140AAFBA305F676D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="9A76B6AB1A2BCD2219EE757C68F8F901" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis of ergatoid male</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B4F7DC5C1BF83F33A444C294C600B386" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1 Body form extremely worker-like but male genitalia present.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C2B281E65263B4E9CBE1B63E1758D765" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2 Mandibles reduced (similar to alate males) or worker-like.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8EA8CA142FC2916BD8F265E677EF95F5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3 Antenna with 12 or 13 segments, worker-like or specialised but without the basal segment arrangement of alate males (male characters 4 and 5, above). Scape distinctly shorter than in conspecific worker.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="50BA914C9B34C1216430D47DBA8CC146" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4 Eyes present or absent.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D4D3FF553ABCA52729DCFE3D8A006F06" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="F94BF155569532A58B3BDB375193B838" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comments on ergatoid male characters</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F2926D4F105AB83F2B15FF10FB37C795" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The production of ergatoid males appears to be restricted to species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="080CEA93881B0E1B8208590C76F2121F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (see below). The characters above are based on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7B2803991B29DD71CABCBD2DAAD4A485" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29472" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera eduardi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eduardi">eduardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7CEC600E8FC958A21BCC2E5AECF38D7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D86FECA50A73EB9CEA28FE88FBF1B60" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29538" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ragusai (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but ergatoid males are also produced by extralimital members of the group, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68789B7AE5437EF8ECFA976870D8F4D1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29524" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera opacior (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacior">opacior (Forel)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFFD696A01841E757676E774FE5F1880" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29523" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera opaciceps (Mayr)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opaciceps">opaciceps (Mayr)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4724D7CBF3B532768B44E9DAD41C764D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152558" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera nubatama Terayama & Hashimoto" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubatama">nubatama</taxonomicName>
|
||
Terayama & Hashimoto.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="08815EFDE2527AE2F1C1EC0F13094935" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
At first glance ergatoid males can easily be mistaken for workers, especially as the characteristic male genitalia are retractile and may be almost entirely concealed within the body. The ergatoid male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEC291D3DF7D5C2ED6848885DC531E7F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29472" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera eduardi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eduardi">eduardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monomorphic, with reduced mandibles, 13-segmented antennae and small eyes present. The ergatoid male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C8F9C89CFBA21F233FEB6B5675ADD8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
is dimorphic. Both morphs have worker-like mandibles and head shape and 12-segmented antennae, but the larger morph is brown and has small eyes, while the smaller morph is yellow and lacks eyes. Ergatoid males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F105DB5F09882C431AFF376D7B1EF9D7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29538" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ragusai (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
|
||
have not yet been found in the Afrotropical region, but specimens from the U.S.A. have a worker-like head and mandibles, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1387026AB794E14B7C2C537F9CCF69CF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but possess 13-segmented antennae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7D57E3B4912D4AC61C9E1068A5987DA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="6C8A633FFA1652DD671296AC3FAA33CD" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="9AD58A12535F0C36CC8CC6CB071F25E0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Separation</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="745824F1FC65C11BE73A9D600F0A7297" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
from convergent genera
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="83B13E1287C2B88E5CD96A68267F676A" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C06997E0F2D4DB5AB018665899A05FC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="008766D664C50F6CAD726D71C485EB1B" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
No native species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71AEFBFAE1705F489CA8DCDE85C5F249" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
has ever been found in sub-Saharan Africa and it is probably now safe to say that the genus is not represented by endemic species in this region. However, some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE452A3B38F7082B02B10333C58D5002" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have tramping ability and one small, as yet unidentified, species has been intercepted in East Africa (BMNH), which is the only confirmed record from the entire Afrotropical region. There are also three species found on islands in the Southwest Indian Ocean, all of which are assumed to be introduced. The West Palaearctic contains two indigenous species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB92C723BA4BE1BA3BDAC53ABAFFADB9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C9F34D5579DF90E27A4674D4D404118" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:35417" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera coarctata (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">coarctata (Latreille)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF75B02E621560B277390B732C1275E0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:195423" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera testacea Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">testacea Emery</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="37D3C3C6A2005A1856637DA5384AC692" originalValue="Csösz" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Csoesz</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2003;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="562F440931BBBD79F7687AC140247AC0" originalValue="Csösz" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Csoesz</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Seifert, 2003). At first glance
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F41E1E6572E5AD8567EBA9B52942DB7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers may be difficult to separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB4696FA386B432A84F294C62A1236F0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1248E4B042F0388E02D9906A6E6B6673" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers (and queens) have a 2-segmented maxillary palp and a specialised subpetiolar process on which an anterior fenestra is present and the posteroventral angles of which project into a pair of sharp teeth (Taylor, 1967). Sometimes the petiolar sternite itself is bifurcated posteriorly. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C142FFBF3ECB1CFC4BEA2807DA9D41C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
the maxillary palp is 1-segmented at most, there is usually no fenestra (but see worker comment 19, above) and the posteroventral angle of the subpetiolar process, no matter how acute, never terminates in a pair of teeth. The males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ACDFD33B26E61D49C4433955BC5D8E1E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
always have the tergite of abdominal segment VIII produced into an elongate, downcurved median spine, whereas in male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67D32D3F0EDD2DB7484FB0E6C538A7F4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
abdominal tergite VIII is a simple triangular sclerite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="19087585040F542135407F30058996C8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8A98C4F9081D57870ED0CF68E7362ECE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24830" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B6EA86E81F3A081E7BA07E03951B8F1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Only a single Afrotropical species seems correctly placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B0C81076096D57C72747FBF33A15702" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24830" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3AA6A862648583260DAC5A49ABA33B0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28491" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone hartwigi Arnold" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartwigi">C. hartwigi Arnold</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1948) from South Africa. Brown (1963: 6) regarded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3F4C88937F6F453B371AE6EB1B9A998" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28491" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone hartwigi Arnold" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartwigi">hartwigi</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23A9858BB3646310FF1A35998F19D2CA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, saying that true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10A3F77D4E4A5A831791253C5E6EE9B8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24830" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
had not been taken in Africa south of the Sahara. This appears to have led Taylor (1967: 12) to transfer
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8184295D84338CA3694C534D59E05219" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28491" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone hartwigi Arnold" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartwigi">hartwigi</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="272255478E5F3242DE022618A9453902" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
as it did not conform to his diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E61168822F358609A6E8F31785467E8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is unlikely that either author had seen an actual specimen at that time. Genuine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7EBDF9F673904546BCFC116194384501" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28491" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone hartwigi Arnold" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartwigi">hartwigi</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers have a basal mandibular pit, a characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5DB3B51241DC313AF8B4B9468B11469E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24830" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
that is absent from all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB705DC643D0259D4609D4A2169C5E9C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E2A12F8F94E37D03F78B72461D407D6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24845" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A second African species, originally described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04F0679E2F560C1917CC543D6C9EBE27" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138767" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone angustata Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustata">Cryptopone angustata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, properly belongs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64445208F05CD890A77486FE64E7FB2F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is discussed below. There is a single West Palaearctic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEA20E35A2CA6BA9D8256586DABA15F4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24830" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D0D2B1BB0D6746A94B6E914FB89F47B7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28494" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Cryptopone ochracea (Mayr)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochracea">ochracea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Mayr), that has a distinct basal mandibular pit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3EE1C1E023E931256E4F0CBA02ACF8F1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="42B3B5C605A163D2A8E071895C93A135" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B4D2E1138F335698886AE3DE75EE9146" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
In the Afrotropical region there is a discrete group of at least three small, yellow
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AAEA20F9EFE255CA1402068691F6D6B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that bear a superficial close resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D22F98D3EE03C9F5A980A455C230E7D3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This group currently contains
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9A410B19031E903B3E6FAF80A4776A9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142123" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Manual - Pachycondyla gulera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gulera">
|
||
Pachycondyla gulera
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FF28AFFD19A80EFBCD934316BC60F41B" originalValue="Özdikmen" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oezdikmen</normalizedToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2010: 992 (a replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13D6A9F0BB605BB4B15F5C888424880E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142123" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ambigua Weber" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">Ponera ambigua Weber</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1942: 46, which was a junior secondary homonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8738DA315D93638258BE58F0B7FDC085" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33213" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla ambigua André" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
|
||
Pachycondyla ambigua
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E74A0231AF46BD758549452732AB2D8E" originalValue="André" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Andre</normalizedToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1890: 316), P. w e b e r i (Bernard, 1953: 194), and a third, apparently undescribed species from Cameroun and Gabon (CASC).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCDF2C4ACB27D8D1232F106884FF4EC4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142123" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.bestMatchDistance="67" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Manual - Pachycondyla gulera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gulera">P. gulera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the undescribed species will run to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7CAB4763683CEDD8276FED22CE548005" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
in standard keys to genera because they have lost the anterior mesotibial and metatibial spurs. The absence of these features gives them, convergently, the same spur formula as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2611A16E80D40C66476B7B9789CF045A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the anterior spurs on both tibiae are retained in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95C00B8418DC6C81D220C4DEC5DBDD90" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33410" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla weberi (Bernard)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">weberi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Taken together the three species are quickly distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5BDA53F1901F96A020945CF3B32713C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
by their elongate triangular mandibles (MI ca 45
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CE69B647A69F0A77B63FABF00A079FBB" originalValue="–" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">-</normalizedToken>
|
||
50) and palp formula of 3,3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BBF1AF5C37693AFBBDA4010D07CBEADE" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
In West and Central Africa there are also two apparently undescribed species of eyeless but darkly coloured
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE1798199AFD3F891077BB5ED4C0C096" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH, CASC) in which the subpetiolar process terminates posteroventrally in a Ponera-like pair of teeth. These species retain mesotibial and metatibial anterior spurs and have an epimeral sclerite, and by in situ count appear to have a palp formula higher than 2,2. At first glance they are reminiscent of the very common and widespread
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23E4A16BB5A9B7DEBA8DBCBC4A662A75" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33229" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla brunoi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunoi">P. brunoi Forel</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Brown, 1963), but are considerably different in detail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="30BB63BDA39E9367FF849509B8BB2287" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="15CC7A9DC5EAA535330D94182D9DE262" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Afrotropical and West Palaearctic species groups of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE21A6F7918164A840C5512722D1AAEF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EE94DA3F4EACEFCED13C600F92FAAF9C" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="001216027B2D22A5B4A8F220D003408F" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">The groups as presently constituted are designated and defined only to reflect what is seen in the Afrotropical and West Palaearctic faunae; some of them may prove to be inaccurate or artificial on a world-wide basis.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |