325 lines
43 KiB
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325 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="0947CD87AF3126D41D15215BC2ACBE0C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5392741" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5392741" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630317360611" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Seifert, Bernhard" docDate="2000" docId="03BB87B2FF97F1754D22F9E8FE78FA2B" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.2000.22.3.517-568.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 22 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:64A3174DE33E974D4EB6573A0A793B12.4:Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="64A3174DE33E974D4EB6573A0A793B12" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Formica bruni Kutter 1967" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="541" masterDocId="FF82FFCAFF82F16D4E19FFECFF83FFC7" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the ant subgenus Coptoformica Mueller, 1923 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="568" masterPageNumber="517" pageNumber="538" updateTime="1699224723493" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:mods id="953F527EB8C10F1DDD3A52E4D485EF70" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="29FC329FEB2839687CBA1F8BC7EE5F50">
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<mods:title id="344BE4434E33F81D9884621FF8B55A2E">A taxonomic revision of the ant subgenus Coptoformica Mueller, 1923 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="56D4BD0861CBE571AAFE33DEC75A1245" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="3FFC2650DE97B0E02EEE1E436BF46CA8">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C195F8ED9ACEC36446B47784EADD48A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BDEB9A4927818D48F16F8FBA72A818FF">Seifert, Bernhard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="ABD5A6C032FC03C9A9E959F126F64DA2">Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Goerlitz, PSF 300154, D- 02806 Goerlitz (Allemagne).</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="29ED0DEAFCFEAFE6257CA99B603D5C1E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="6CD92C9F523F51AE6642B357B22F4B52">
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<mods:title id="6675E0C163E0E66E875963C40FAA9832">Zoosystema</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5571D25F0B0D9D230641B4FB3C11F894">
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<mods:date id="631D20385111F68512D38603A2CE5467">2000</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="64781CE74F01E1EE5250B301AD9F428D" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="543329E1AB162D30968937A289F6C1B7">22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="FCE17846577C25EDD700C6B8FBD4E547" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="9B8A3F9B49A48B2036740EBE14469557">3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="492B23B8F16758B90965604275FB6097" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="87E694970F958A7F048B506DEE98E5AE">517</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="66D9EBD92BB7AE9CF4453F228FD3893A">568</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="4DEDED0E5124037FA0815D731F7104AF">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A9141730EBAEE7FDCAA6EE5FA9A6D9A4" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5392741</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="58BAE6D5947D97DE856B01163D87DC5B" type="ISSN">1638-9387</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0371C2065FEE8A3D80C6D13F5F75D783" type="Zenodo-Dep">5392741</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03BB87B2FF97F1754D22F9E8FE78FA2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB87B2FF97F1754D22F9E8FE78FA2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87B2FF97F1754D22F9E8FE78FA2B" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="541" pageId="21" pageNumber="538">
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<subSubSection id="C308652FFF97F1784D22F9E8FBEDF9D8" box="[827,1134,1540,1567]" pageId="21" pageNumber="538" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF97F1784D22F9E8FBEDF9D8" blockId="21.[714,1247,1540,1665]" box="[827,1134,1540,1567]" pageId="21" pageNumber="538">
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<heading id="D0E581C8FF97F1784D22F9E8FBEDF9D8" box="[827,1134,1540,1567]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="538" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF97F1784D22F9E8FBEDF9D8" ID-CoL="6JH6D" authority="Kutter, 1967" authorityName="Kutter" authorityYear="1967" box="[827,1134,1540,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="538" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruni">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF97F1784D22F9E8FC59F9D8" bold="true" box="[827,986,1540,1567]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="538">Formica bruni</emphasis>
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Kutter, 1967
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C308652FFF97F17B4CD3F9C2FE84FEF9" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="539" pageId="21" pageNumber="538" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF97F1784CD3F9C2FBDCF980" blockId="21.[714,1247,1540,1665]" box="[714,1119,1582,1607]" pageId="21" pageNumber="538">
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<typeStatus id="54A98806FF97F1784CD3F9C2FD78F983" box="[714,763,1582,1605]" pageId="21" pageNumber="538">TYPE</typeStatus>
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LOCALITY. — Zermatt,
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<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF97F1784DFFF9C3FBDFF980" box="[998,1116,1583,1607]" name="Switzerland" pageId="21" pageNumber="538">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF97F1784CD3F9A3FC7BF946" blockId="21.[714,1247,1540,1665]" pageId="21" pageNumber="538">
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TYPE MATERIAL. —
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<typeStatus id="54A98806FF97F1784DB3F9BCFB8EF9AF" box="[938,1037,1616,1640]" pageId="21" pageNumber="538" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
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<specimenCount id="9D14FD2DFF97F1784A0EF9BCFBE5F9AF" box="[1047,1126,1616,1640]" pageId="21" pageNumber="538" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
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, 4 queens,
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<specimenCount id="9D14FD2DFF97F1784CD3F985FCAAF946" box="[714,809,1641,1665]" pageId="21" pageNumber="538" type="worker">3 workers</specimenCount>
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED03AE61FF97F1784D2EF985FCE3F946" box="[823,864,1641,1665]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="21" pageNumber="538">MZ</collectionCode>
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) [investigated].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF94F17B4E8EFF4BFE84FEF9" blockId="22.[151,684,167,318]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">
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GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF THE MATERIAL STUDIED. — The numerically evaluated
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<specimenCount id="9D14FD2DFF94F17B4FBDFF2DFDB6FF1E" box="[420,565,193,217]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" type="generic">201 specimens</specimenCount>
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(
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<specimenCount id="9D14FD2DFF94F17B4C5DFF2DFF34FF37" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" type="worker">161 workers</specimenCount>
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, 17 queens,
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<specimenCount id="9D14FD2DFF94F17B4F5BFF36FE20FF35" box="[322,419,218,242]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" type="male">23 males</specimenCount>
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) came from
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<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF94F17B4C29FF36FD02FF35" box="[560,641,218,242]" name="Sweden" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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25,
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<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF94F17B4E8EFF1FFF77FECC" box="[151,244,243,267]" name="Germany" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Germany</collectingCountry>
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8,
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<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF94F17B4F01FF1FFED8FECD" box="[280,347,243,266]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">France</collectingCountry>
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23,
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<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF94F17B4F92FF1FFE7CFECC" box="[395,511,243,267]" name="Switzerland" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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105,
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<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF94F17B4C24FF1FFD07FECC" box="[573,644,243,267]" name="Austria" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Austria</collectingCountry>
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28,
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<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF94F17B4E8EFEE1FE86FEE2" box="[151,261,269,293]" name="Serbia" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Yugoslavia</collectingCountry>
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9,
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<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF94F17B4F32FEE1FEE6FEE2" box="[299,357,269,293]" name="Spain" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Spain</collectingCountry>
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3. Total number of specimens seen> 350.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C308652FFF94F17A4E8EFE8BFD27FEA5" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="540" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF94F17B4E8EFE8BFEABFEB8" blockId="22.[151,684,359,1282]" box="[151,296,359,385]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF94F17B4E8EFE64FEFFFE66" blockId="22.[151,684,359,1282]" box="[151,380,391,418]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4E8EFE64FEFFFE66" box="[151,380,391,418]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">
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Worker (
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<figureCitation id="13292A21FF94F17B4EEBFE6BFECBFE66" box="[242,328,391,417]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="10.[151,162,1628,1645]" captionStartId-1="19.[151,162,933,950]" captionStartId-2="19.[237,248,1649,1666]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1190,194,1585]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1231,171,897]" captionTargetBox-2="[248,1106,1027,1594]" captionTargetId-0="figure-22@10.[170,1235,166,1657]" captionTargetId-1="figure-28@19.[156,1245,513,909]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="19" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionText-0="FIG. 2. — Hind tibiae in workers of Formica exsecta, suecica, fennica, bruni, forsslundi, and pressilabris. The view is not fully directed on the large tibial diameter; there is a slight tilt for better visualisation of setae on outer margin of flexor profile. Scale bar: 400 µm." captionText-1="FIG. 3. — Setae and pubescence on clypeus of Formica foreli, bruni, pressilabris, and fennica; the arrows in fore point to the tentorial pits. Scale bar: 400 µm." captionText-2="FIG. 4. — Pubescence in the ocellar region of Formica foreli, bruni, pressilabris, and fennica. Scale bar: 300 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392745" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392747" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392749" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5392745/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5392747/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5392749/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Figs 2-4</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13292A21FF94F17B4F4EFE6BFEF7FE66" box="[343,372,391,417]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="39.[151,162,730,747]" captionTargetBox="[156,1247,166,694]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIG. 15. — Formica bruni worker; SEM picture of clypeus showing first and second level seta and subdecumbent pubescence hairs surpassing anterolateral clypeal margin. Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5392767/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">15</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF94F17B4E8EFE44FD8EFAC5" blockId="22.[151,684,359,1282]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">
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Medium-sized species (CL 1305 ± 72, 1090- 1484; CW 1244 ± 77, 1033-1449). Head of average
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4EDAFE0BFECDFDC6" authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1923" box="[195,334,487,513]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Coptoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4EDAFE0BFECDFDC6" box="[195,334,487,513]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Coptoformica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shape (CL/CW 1.050 ± 0.016, 0.999-1.096). Scape rather long (SL/CL 1.013 ± 0.025, 0.941-1.082). Setae only present on anterior clypeus, long decumbent pubescence hairs on frontolateral clypeus always present (ClySet 1.77 ± 0.49,1-3; ClyPub 3.79 ± 1.17, 1.0-6.5;
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<figureCitation id="13292A21FF94F17B4EEDFD44FEB5FD05" box="[244,310,680,706]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[151,162,933,950]" captionTargetBox="[159,1231,171,897]" captionTargetId="figure-28@19.[156,1245,513,909]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 3. — Setae and pubescence on clypeus of Formica foreli, bruni, pressilabris, and fennica; the arrows in fore point to the tentorial pits. Scale bar: 400 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5392747/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13292A21FF94F17B4F5AFD44FEE2FD05" box="[323,353,680,706]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="39.[151,162,730,747]" captionTargetBox="[156,1247,166,694]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIG. 15. — Formica bruni worker; SEM picture of clypeus showing first and second level seta and subdecumbent pubescence hairs surpassing anterolateral clypeal margin. Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5392767/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">15</figureCitation>
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). Lateral semierect setae in the ocellar triangle rarely present (OceSet 22%). Eye hairs more or less developed, maximum eye hair length at least in few specimens of a nest sample> 10 µm (EyeHL 15.4 ± 5.2, 4-29). Pubescence hairs in the occellar triangle short and very dense (
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<figureCitation id="13292A21FF94F17B4E86FC84FF5CFC45" box="[159,223,872,898]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[237,248,1649,1666]" captionTargetBox="[248,1106,1027,1594]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 4. — Pubescence in the ocellar region of Formica foreli, bruni, pressilabris, and fennica. Scale bar: 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5392749/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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, sqrtPDF 4.40 ± 0.41, 3.31-5.87). Craniad profile of forecoxae without or very few semierect setae (nCOXA 0.22 ± 0.55, 0-3). Dorsal mesosoma, lateral metapleuron and ventrolateral propodeum without standing setae (nMET 0.00 ± 0.04, 0-0.5). Outer edge of the hind tibial flexor side on the distal half with few subdecumbent setae(
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<figureCitation id="13292A21FF94F17B4F17FBA4FECCFBA5" box="[270,335,1096,1122]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[151,162,1628,1645]" captionTargetBox="[192,1190,194,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-22@10.[170,1235,166,1657]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 2. — Hind tibiae in workers of Formica exsecta, suecica, fennica, bruni, forsslundi, and pressilabris. The view is not fully directed on the large tibial diameter; there is a slight tilt for better visualisation of setae on outer margin of flexor profile. Scale bar: 400 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5392745/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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, nHTFL 4.11 ± 1.33, 1.0-8.0). Semierect setae on gaster tergites usually beginning at posterior border of third or fourth tergite (TERG 3.23 ± 0.70, 2-5). Pubescence density on first gaster tergite variable but usually rather low (sqrtPDG 6.36 ± 0.51, 5.10-7.75).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF94F17B4E8EFACBFF58FA86" blockId="22.[151,684,1319,1666]" box="[151,219,1319,1345]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4E8EFACBFF58FA86" box="[151,219,1319,1345]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Queen</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF94F17B4E8EFAA4FC5BFC25" blockId="22.[151,684,1319,1666]" lastBlockId="22.[714,1247,167,994]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Medium-sized (CL 1429 ± 37, 1354-1488; CW 1430 ± 44, 1340-1518; ML 2359 ± 91, 2232- 2535). Head slightly elongated, but shorterheaded specimens occur (CL/CW 1.000 ± 0.025, 0.935-1.030), scape long (SL/CL 0.949 ± 0.016, 0.926-0.982). Setae restricted to anterior clypeus. Clypeus lateral of the tentorial pit level with pubescence hairs surpassing the anterior margin by more than 10 µm. Lateral semierect setae in the ocellar triangle usually absent but differentiation from pubescence difficult. Eye hairs relatively long (EyeHL 23.9 ± 4.8, 16-34). Pubescence in the occellar triangle short and extremely dense (sqrtPDF 3.46 ± 0.29, 3.05- 3.98). Occipital corners of head with subdecumbent to decumbent pubescence (OccHD 23.6 ± 5.4, 12-30). Dorsal head surface relatively matt or weakly shining (GLANZ 1.33 ± 0.28, 1.0-2.0). Craniad profile of forecoxae without or very few decumbent setae but differentiation from pubescence difficult (nCOXA 1.00 ± 1.02, 0-3). Dorsum of head, mesosoma, and gaster with profuse and dense subdecumbent to decumbent pubescence. Dorsal mesosoma usually without clearly-defined strong setae but always with dense and long subdecumbent pubescence hairs single hairs of which approach in strength to setae (MnHL 73.2 ± 10.6, 48-91). Outer edge of the hind tibial flexor side on the distal half with few subdecumbent setae and with short decumbent pubescence (nHTFL 3.41 ± 1.37, 2.0-7.0). Semierect setae on gaster tergites usually beginning on the second to fourth tergite (TERG 2.88 ± 1.05, 1-4). Pubescence on first gaster tergite very dense (sqrtPDG 4.54 ± 0.47, 3.76-5.28).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF94F17B4CD3FBEBFB8BFBD8" blockId="22.[714,1247,1031,1666]" box="[714,1032,1031,1057]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">TAXONOMIC COMMENTS AND</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF94F17B4CD3FBC0FC57FBF8" blockId="22.[714,1247,1031,1666]" box="[714,980,1068,1087]" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF94F17A4CD3FBA4FD27FEA5" blockId="22.[714,1247,1031,1666]" lastBlockId="23.[151,684,168,354]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="540" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4CD3FBA4FCEBFBA5" authorityName="Kutter" authorityYear="1967" box="[714,872,1096,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruni">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4CD3FBA4FCEBFBA5" box="[714,872,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Formica bruni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shows rather constant characters throughout its geographic range and is usually well-separable from the other species. However, specimens with reduced eye hairs could be confused in particular with
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4DFBFB24FB99FB25" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1909" box="[994,1050,1224,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foreli">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4DFBFB24FB99FB25" box="[994,1050,1224,1250]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">foreli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and occasionally with
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4D1CFB04FCF4FAC5" authorityName="Nylander" authorityYear="1846" box="[773,887,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pressilabris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4D1CFB04FCF4FAC5" box="[773,887,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">pressilabris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In such cases, both species can be separated from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4D88FAE4FC48FAE5" authorityName="Kutter" authorityYear="1967" box="[913,971,1288,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruni">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4D88FAE4FC48FAE5" box="[913,971,1288,1314]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">bruni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the absence of projecting frontolateral clypeal pubescense and the absence of second level clypeal setae.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4A75FAA4FD73FA45" authorityName="Nylander" authorityYear="1846" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pressilabris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4A75FAA4FD73FA45" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">F. pressilabris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
additionally differs by the shorter SL/CL and very sparse frontal pubescence. Details of the most useful characters to differentiate
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4A7EFA44FB22FA05" authorityName="Kutter" authorityYear="1967" box="[1127,1185,1448,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruni">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4A7EFA44FB22FA05" box="[1127,1185,1448,1474]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">bruni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4AA9FA4BFD5AFA25" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foreli">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4AA9FA4BFD5AFA25" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">foreli</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4D0FFA24FC06FA25" authorityName="Nylander" authorityYear="1846" box="[790,901,1480,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pressilabris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4D0FFA24FC06FA25" box="[790,901,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">pressilabris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are given in
|
|
<tableCitation id="C690031FFF94F17B4A16FA24FBE6FA26" box="[1039,1125,1479,1506]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="43.[151,162,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 7. — Morphometric data of worker individuals of species with mean EyeHL <17 µm. Given are arithmetic mean ± standard deviation [lower extreme, upper extreme]; n, number of evaluated specimens." pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Table 7</tableCitation>
|
|
. Queens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF94F17B4CD3FA04FC87F9C5" authorityName="Kutter" authorityYear="1967" box="[714,772,1512,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruni">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4CD3FA04FC87F9C5" box="[714,772,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">bruni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are separable from each W Palaearctic species on the individual level; the data in
|
|
<tableCitation id="C690031FFF94F17B4A98F9E4FB5CF9E6" box="[1153,1247,1543,1570]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="43.[151,162,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 7. — Morphometric data of worker individuals of species with mean EyeHL <17 µm. Given are arithmetic mean ± standard deviation [lower extreme, upper extreme]; n, number of evaluated specimens." pageId="22" pageNumber="539">Tables 7</tableCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<tableCitation id="C690031FFF94F17B4CE2F9C4FC8AF985" box="[763,777,1576,1602]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="45.[151,162,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 8. — Morphometric data of queen individuals of rather large species with mean EyeHL> 20 µm. Given are arithmetic mean ± standard deviation [lower extreme, upper extreme]; n, number of evaluated specimens. The prediction for manchu is derived from queen data given by Agosti (1989) and from correlation analysis of worker and queen data in Coptoformica." pageId="22" pageNumber="539">8</tableCitation>
|
|
need no further comment. The best difference to the long-headed, continental
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF94F17B4A99F9A4FC9DF946" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="539">manchufennica</emphasis>
|
|
group is the more dense frontal and tergite pubescence and the sigificantly shorter head. The most reliable difference to large
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4C6EFF24FD2FFF25" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1909" box="[631,684,200,226]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foreli">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4C6EFF24FD2FFF25" box="[631,684,200,226]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">foreli</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
queens with above-average EyeHL is the presence of lateral, projecting clypeal pubescence and of long and strong subdecumbent pubescence on promesonotum (MnHL> 40, in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4FE7FEA4FDB0FEA5" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1909" box="[510,563,328,354]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foreli">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4FE7FEA4FDB0FEA5" box="[510,563,328,354]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">foreli</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
always 0).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C308652FFF95F1754E8EFE6BFE78FA2B" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="541" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" type="biology_ecology">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4E8EFE6BFE49FE58" blockId="23.[151,684,391,994]" box="[151,458,391,417]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">BIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4E8EFE44FEC9FE06" blockId="23.[151,684,391,994]" box="[151,330,424,450]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4E8EFE44FEC9FE06" box="[151,330,424,450]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Geographic range</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4E8EFE24FDEFFC26" blockId="23.[151,684,391,994]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4E8EFE24FEBBFE25" authorityName="Kutter" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,312,456,482]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruni">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4E8EFE24FEBBFE25" box="[151,312,456,482]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Formica bruni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
represents a submediterraneansuboceanic
|
|
<typeStatus id="54A98806FF95F17A4F01FE0BFEC4FDC6" box="[280,327,487,513]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">type</typeStatus>
|
|
with European origin. The frequent confusion with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4F90FDE4FE3DFDE5" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1909" box="[393,446,520,546]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foreli">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4F90FDE4FE3DFDE5" box="[393,446,520,546]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">foreli</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4FEFFDE4FDE6FDE5" authorityName="Nylander" authorityYear="1846" box="[502,613,520,546]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pressilabris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4FEFFDE4FDE6FDE5" box="[502,613,520,546]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">pressilabris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
led to an underestimation of its distribution. 112 samples identified by the author came from altogether 50 localities in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4FA2FD84FD83FD45" box="[443,512,616,642]" name="Spain" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4C17FD8BFDE3FD46" box="[526,608,615,641]" name="France" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">France</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4C76FD84FD24FD45" box="[623,679,616,642]" name="Italy" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4E8EFD64FE8EFD65" box="[151,269,648,674]" name="Serbia" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Yugoslavia</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4F01FD64FE1AFD65" box="[280,409,648,674]" name="Switzerland" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4FBCFD64FE76FD65" box="[421,501,648,674]" name="Austria" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4C18FD64FDE4FD65" box="[513,615,648,674]" name="Germany" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
|
and S
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4E8EFD44FF6DFD05" box="[151,238,680,706]" name="Sweden" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
|
(two sites in
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49D6F846FF95F17A4F88FD44FE58FD05" box="[401,475,680,706]" country="Sweden" name="Skane" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Skåne</collectingRegion>
|
|
). The French and Swiss Alps seem to be a distributional centre with 31 known sites. A record from the North Sea island of Terschelling/
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4F8AFCE4FD99FCE5" box="[403,538,776,802]" name="Netherlands" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
|
(leg. Preuss) given by Agosti (1989) seems credible but needs confirmation. The vertical distribution in the W Alps ranges from
|
|
<quantity id="4CEA9B41FF95F17A4F66FC84FDABFC46" box="[383,552,871,898]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" metricValueMax="2.15" metricValueMin="0.37" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" unit="m" value="1260.0" valueMax="2150.0" valueMin="370.0">370 to 2150 m</quantity>
|
|
and is, as a consequence of grassland distribution, bimodal: 13 sites are situated at 708 ± 289 [370-1240] m and 18 sites at 1638 ± 231 [1380-2150] m.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4E8EFBE4FEC6FBE5" blockId="23.[151,684,1032,1346]" box="[151,325,1032,1058]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4E8EFBE4FEC6FBE5" box="[151,325,1032,1058]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Habitat selection</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4E8EFBC4FD2FFA85" blockId="23.[151,684,1032,1346]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4E8EFBC4FF6CFB85" authorityName="Kutter" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,239,1064,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruni">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4E8EFBC4FF6CFB85" box="[151,239,1064,1090]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">F. bruni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a specialised species of thermophilous, oligotrophic grasslands. In the W Alps, the main habitats of the colline/submontane population are xerothermous grasslands (preferentially on limestone) and the montane/subalpine population is usually found on sunny, S-exposed pastures or hay meadows. The German, Austrian, and Swedish populations were found in xerothermous to semidry grasslands on limestone or sand.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4E8EFA8BFE29FA46" blockId="23.[151,684,1383,1506]" box="[151,426,1383,1410]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4E8EFA8BFE29FA46" box="[151,426,1383,1410]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Status as threatened species</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4E8EFA6BFDFDFA26" blockId="23.[151,684,1383,1506]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
In
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4EA0FA64FEA2FA65" box="[185,289,1416,1442]" name="Germany" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
|
one (threatened by extinction). In
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4E8EFA44FE9BFA05" box="[151,280,1448,1474]" name="Switzerland" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
|
probably two (severely threatened). The causes of decline are similar as in
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4C2BFA24FDFDFA26" box="[562,638,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4C2BFA24FDF9FA26" authorityName="Nylander" authorityYear="1846" box="[562,634,1480,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exsecta">exsecta</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4E8EF9E4FED4F9E5" blockId="23.[151,683,1544,1666]" box="[151,343,1544,1570]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4E8EF9E4FED4F9E5" box="[151,343,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Colony foundation</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4E8EF9C4FBB4FF25" blockId="23.[151,683,1544,1666]" lastBlockId="23.[714,1247,167,226]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
The host species for socially parasitic foundation is unknown. Isolated, monogynous colonies are rare, i.e. the transition from monogyny to polygyny is apparently easier than in
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4A30FF44FBF5FF06" box="[1065,1142,168,193]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4A30FF44FBF2FF06" authorityName="Nylander" authorityYear="1846" box="[1065,1137,168,193]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exsecta">exsecta</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
As a rule, large polycalic colonies are found.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4CD3FEE4FCF8FEE6" blockId="23.[714,1248,264,642]" box="[714,891,264,289]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4CD3FEE4FCF8FEE6" box="[714,891,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Nest construction</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4CD3FEC4FC3AFD46" blockId="23.[714,1248,264,642]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
There is no difference to the normal
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4A4AFECBFB5CFE86" authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1923" box="[1107,1247,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Coptoformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4A4AFECBFB5CFE86" box="[1107,1247,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Coptoformica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<typeStatus id="54A98806FF95F17A4CD3FEABFD7FFEA6" box="[714,764,327,353]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">type</typeStatus>
|
|
. The mounds do not reach the size known for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF95F17A4CE0FE84FCC9FE46" authorityName="Nylander" authorityYear="1846" box="[761,842,360,385]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exsecta">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4CE0FE84FCC9FE46" box="[761,842,360,385]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">exsecta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and their diameter is normally <
|
|
<quantity id="4CEA9B41FF95F17A4CFAFE64FCB6FE66" box="[739,821,391,418]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
|
. According to Feller (1985), nest entrances are always situated at the mound base. The subterranean part of an excavated summer nest showed a central vertical duct from which horizontal galleries branched off to chambers of
|
|
<quantity id="4CEA9B41FF95F17A4CD3FDC4FC9BFD86" box="[714,792,551,578]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1-2 cm</quantity>
|
|
diameter that were distributed from near the surface down to
|
|
<quantity id="4CEA9B41FF95F17A4DB0FDA4FC6DFDA6" box="[937,1006,583,610]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
|
|
depth. Each chamber contained 2-3 queens.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4CD3FD44FB1CFD06" blockId="23.[714,1247,680,994]" box="[714,1183,680,706]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4CD3FD44FB1CFD06" box="[714,1183,680,706]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Development and microclimatic requirements</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4CD3FD2BFB40FC25" blockId="23.[714,1247,680,994]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
In a polycalic colony near Martigny/
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4A47FD24FB5CFD25" box="[1118,1247,712,738]" name="Switzerland" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
|
investigated by M. A. Schneider, oviposition usually begins in late March. Males and queens develop from the egg to the imago within 55- 60 days (i.e., the first emerge from the pupae in late May). The developmental time of workers is 50 days in spring (first callows appear in mid- May) and 40 days in summer. The bulk of worker offspring ecloses from mid-July to mid-August.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F17A4CD3FBE4FB9CFBE5" blockId="23.[714,1247,1031,1666]" box="[714,1055,1031,1058]" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF95F17A4CD3FBE4FB9CFBE5" box="[714,1055,1031,1058]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Demography of nests and colonies</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF95F1754CD3FBCBFE99FE85" blockId="23.[714,1247,1031,1666]" lastBlockId="24.[151,684,168,322]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="541" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">
|
|
Two polycalic colonies in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF95F17A4DF0FBC4FBE4FB85" box="[1001,1127,1064,1090]" name="Switzerland" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
|
comprised 250 nests/
|
|
<quantity id="4CEA9B41FF95F17A4D54FBA4FC33FBA6" box="[845,944,1095,1122]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.644" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" unit="m" value="5644.0">5644 m</quantity>
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<superScript id="7C679BECFF95F17A4DABFBAFFC3FFB91" attach="left" box="[946,956,1091,1110]" fontSize="8" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">2</superScript>
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(near Martigny, M.A. Schneider) and 61 nests/
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<quantity id="4CEA9B41FF95F17A4DCCFB84FBAAFB46" box="[981,1065,1127,1154]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
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<superScript id="7C679BECFF95F17A4A30FB8FFBB0FBB1" attach="left" box="[1065,1075,1123,1142]" fontSize="8" pageId="23" pageNumber="540">2</superScript>
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(near Genolier, C. Feller). All nests were mutually friendly and exchanged populations. Two nests of
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<quantity id="4CEA9B41FF95F17A4A6BFB44FB5DFB06" box="[1138,1246,1191,1218]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" unit="cm" value="35.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="30.0">30-40 cm</quantity>
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diameter were censused by Schneider for their winter population in late March. One nest contained 47500 workers and 79 queens and the other 51279 workers and 326 queens. Nest splitting in spring leads to a higher number of less populous summer nests. The corrected estimate of Feller (1985) for an “average” summer nest of
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<quantity id="4CEA9B41FF95F17A4CD3FA44FC8CFA06" box="[714,783,1447,1474]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="540" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
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diameter was a total of 3500 workers and 24 queens (site near Genolier). Population concentration in autumn is believed to reduce winter mortality and dispersing in spring improves economic recource utilization and territory defence. 25% of the nests in Martigny and 20% of those in Genolier produced alates. A bimodal but largely overlapping size distribution of the workers was observed by C. Feller; the larger workers preferentially performed Innendienst tasks and the smaller workers mainly Aussendienst tasks.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF9AF1754E8EFE86FE82FE43" blockId="24.[151,685,362,872]" box="[151,257,362,388]" pageId="24" pageNumber="541">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF9AF1754E8EFE86FE82FE43" box="[151,257,362,388]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="541">Swarming</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF9AF1754E8EFE61FE76FCAF" blockId="24.[151,685,362,872]" pageId="24" pageNumber="541">
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In Central Europe, mature alates are found in the nests 19 July ± 12.0 d (15 June-13 Aug, n = 15). Observations on swarming and mating were made in
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<collectingCountry id="F3057634FF9AF1754EEEFE02FEF6FDCF" box="[247,373,494,520]" name="Switzerland" pageId="24" pageNumber="541">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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(Schneider pers. comm.): in polycalic colonies only about 5% of females fly, the others are inseminated at the nest mounds. Micraners fly higher and farther than macraners. Macraners stay near the nest and transmit more sperm per mating: 220000 sperm cells against
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<quantity id="4CEA9B41FF9AF1754E8EFD42FE8AFD0F" box="[151,265,686,712]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="24" pageNumber="541" unit="in" value="120000.0">120000 in</quantity>
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micraners. Sufficient air temperatures given, swarming takes place from 7.00 to 11.00 h a.m., as soon as the first direct sunlight hits the mound surface. Completely clouded sky prevents the flight and beginning sunshine in the second half of the day can not release it.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF9AF1754E8EFC7CFE95FC6E" blockId="24.[151,685,912,1517]" box="[151,278,912,938]" pageId="24" pageNumber="541">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF9AF1754E8EFC7CFE95FC6E" box="[151,278,912,938]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="541">Food sources</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A4FF9AF1754E8EFC5EFE78FA2B" blockId="24.[151,685,912,1517]" pageId="24" pageNumber="541">
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF9AF1754E8EFC5EFF77FC0A" authorityName="Kutter" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,244,946,973]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruni">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB6FF9AF1754E8EFC5EFF77FC0A" box="[151,244,946,973]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="541">F. bruni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can use a wide range of food sources. Trophobiosis with
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF9AF1754F74FC3FFE50FC2A" box="[365,467,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Aphidina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphidina</taxonomicName>
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is most important.
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D27FF9AF1754E8EFC1FFF79FBCA" box="[151,250,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coccidae</taxonomicName>
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are used less frequent and also Cicadina sucking at the roots and lowest sprout parts of herbs are tended; in the latter case the Cicadina colonies are protected by walls of plant material. Floral and extrafloral nectaries of diverse plant species in the field layer are intensively exploited. Zoophagous activity may be considerable: different developmental stages of insects, spiders, and earthworms are consumed. The foraging activity is mainly diurnal. Nocturnal activity is 25% of the diurnal activity in mid-summer; in spring and autumn it is lower (Schneider pers. comm.). Foraging completely stops at surface temperatures> 40 °C. Different polygynous societies that do not exchange workers or broods may share territories and even food sources.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |