treatments-xml/data/03/96/87/039687B70D14E0537DA024D06735FD92.xml

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<mods:title id="B5D787161B6B0429BBD01F6B88B3CBDA">Shallow water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the 2002 NOWRAMP cruise to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5DBDE5C6DF75ABFA68506AB2C0E88750">Faucci, Anuschka</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="039687B70D14E0537DA024D06735FD92" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687B70D14E0537DA024D06735FD92" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687B70D14E0537DA024D06735FD92" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<subSubSection id="C325652A0D14E0517DA024D0666FFC6A" box="[151,638,895,922]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D14E0517DA024D0666FFC6A" blockId="48.[151,638,895,958]" box="[151,638,895,922]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<heading id="D0C881CD0D14E0517DA024D0666FFC6A" bold="true" box="[151,638,895,922]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517DA024D0666FFC6A" ID-CoL="3WVLJ" authority="(Lamouroux, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[151,638,895,922]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517DA024D0666FFC6A" bold="true" box="[151,638,895,922]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517DA024D06596FC6A" bold="true" box="[151,391,895,922]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lytocarpia flexuosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517CA124D06667FC6A" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[406,630,896,922]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref61161" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 560 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11172" type="book" year="1816">Lamouroux, 1816</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C325652A0D14E0517DA024F464E2FC4E" box="[151,243,932,958]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D14E0517DA024F464E2FC4E" blockId="48.[151,638,895,958]" box="[151,243,932,958]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<figureCitation id="13042A240D14E0517DA024F464E2FC4E" box="[151,243,932,958]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1641,1665]" captionTargetBox="[345,1229,201,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-19@49.[345,1242,181,1617]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 14. Aglaopheniidae. a, Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913, part of a cladium with two hydrothecae, Gardner Pinnacles, ROMIZ B5462. Scale equals 0.1 mm. b, Aglaophenia suensonii Jäderholm, 1896, part of a cladium with three hydrothecae, Laysan Island, ROMIZ B5463. Scale equals 0.1 mm. c, Aglaophenia suensonii Jäderholm, 1896, corbula, Laysan Island, ROMIZ B5463. Scale equals 0.2 mm. d, Aglaophenia whiteleggei Bale, 1888, part of a cladium with two hydrothecae, Pearl &amp; HermesAtoll, ROMIZ B5464. Scale equals 0.1 mm. e, Lytocarpia flexuosa (Lamouroux, 1816), part of a cladium with three hydrothecae, Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll, ROMIZ B5479. Scale equals 0.1 mm. f, Lytocarpia phyteuma (Stechow, 1919b), part of a cladium with two hydrothecae, Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll, ROMIZ B5468. Scale equals 0.1 mm. g, Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872, part of a cladium with two hydrothecae, Midway Atoll, ROMIZ B5470. Scale equals 0.1 mm. h, Macrorhynchia phoenicea (Busk, 1852), part of a cladium with three hydrothecae, Gardner Pinnacles, ROMIZ B5475. Scale equals 0.1 mm. i, Macrorhynchia phoenicea (Busk, 1852), one phylactocarp, without gonothecae, Gardner Pinnacles, ROMIZ B5475. Scale equals 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5802960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5802960/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 14e</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C325652A0D14E0517DA024B8667BFBF0" box="[151,618,1000,1024]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D14E0517DA024B8667BFBF0" blockId="48.[151,618,1000,1024]" box="[151,618,1000,1024]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2F118F0D14E0517DA024B8667BFBF0" box="[151,618,1000,1024]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9E10B00D14E0517DA024B86677FBF0" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[151,614,1000,1024]" page="167" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" year="1816">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517DA024B86677FBF0" ID-CoL="8TG5B" authority="Lamouroux, 1816: 167" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityPageNumber="167" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,614,1000,1024]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517DA024B86562FBF0" box="[151,371,1000,1024]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aglaophenia flexuosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517C4D24B96677FBF0" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[378,614,1000,1024]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref61161" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 560 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11172" type="book" year="1816">Lamouroux, 1816: 167</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C325652A0D14E0517DA0237F663AFB61" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D14E0517DA0237F66EBFBBA" blockId="48.[151,1437,1070,2033]" box="[151,762,1070,1098]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517DA0237F6551FBB8" bold="true" box="[151,320,1070,1097]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<typeStatus id="548488030D14E0517DA0237F64C3FBB9" box="[151,210,1071,1097]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Type</typeStatus>
Locality.
</emphasis>
“Indes Orientales” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517F12237F66FCFBBA" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[549,749,1071,1098]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref61161" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 560 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11172" type="book" year="1816">Lamouroux 1816</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D14E0517DF02303663AFB61" blockId="48.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517DF02303658CFB9C" bold="true" box="[199,413,1106,1133]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Voucher material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B573CFC0D14E0517C9323036637FB61" collectingDate="2002-09-19" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="A. Faucci" location="Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" specimenCode="B5479" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8EE0607A0D14E0517C9323036689FB9D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687B70D14E0537DA024D06735FD92:8EE0607A0D14E0517C9323036689FB9D" box="[420,664,1107,1133]" name="Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll</location>
, unattached, 
<date id="FF8110610D14E0517E1E230367B2FB9D" box="[809,931,1107,1133]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="2002-09-19">
<collectingDate id="EFC5E9890D14E0517E1E230367B2FB9D" box="[809,931,1107,1133]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="2002-09-19">19.ix.2002</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D39FD280D14E0517E98230367C8FB9D" box="[943,985,1107,1133]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">two</specimenCount>
colonies, to 
<quantity id="4CC79B440D14E0517951230360A0FB9D" box="[1126,1201,1107,1133]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="cm" value="4.4">4.4 cm</quantity>
high, without corbulae, coll. 
<collectorName id="26CA53770D14E0517DCB2327657DFB61" box="[252,364,1143,1169]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">A. Faucci</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE640D14E0517C40232765C0FB61" box="[375,465,1143,1169]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DB999EDA0D14E0517CEF23266637FB61" box="[472,550,1142,1169]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">B5479</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C325652A0D14E0537DF023CB6735FD92" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D14E0517DF023CB6713FA41" blockId="48.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517DF023CB652AFB45" bold="true" box="[199,315,1179,1205]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</emphasis>
Most records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517F3223CB67DFFB46" authority="(Lamouroux, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[517,974,1179,1206]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517F3223CB66F7FB45" box="[517,742,1179,1205]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lytocarpia flexuosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517FC023CB67D4FB46" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[759,965,1179,1206]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref61161" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 560 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11172" type="book" year="1816">Lamouroux, 1816</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
to date have been from locations in the western Indian Ocean (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517CE323EF6675FB29" author="Billard, A." box="[468,612,1215,1241]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="335 - 396" refId="ref50451" refString="Billard, A. (1907) Hydroides de Madagascar et du sud-est de l' Afrique. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 4 e Serie, 7, 335 - 396." type="journal article" year="1907">Billard 1907</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517FB823EF677BFB29" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1907" box="[655,874,1215,1241]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giardi">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517FB823EF677BFB29" box="[655,874,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Thecocarpus giardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517E4D23EF6001FB29" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[890,1040,1214,1241]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref63991" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E051790C23EF613FFB29" authority="flexuosus" authorityName="flexuosus (Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[1083,1326,1215,1241]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="flexuosus" subSpecies="flexuosus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E051790C23EF613FFB29" box="[1083,1326,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. flexuosus flexuosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; GravierBonnet 1979, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517C6423B365C6FB0D" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[339,471,1251,1277]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517C6423B365C6FB0D" box="[339,471,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. flexuosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517CD123B366F5FB0D" author="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W." box="[486,740,1251,1277]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref67115" refString="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517FD823B3606CFB0E" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C." box="[751,1149,1251,1278]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="123 - 132" refId="ref58462" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C. (2006) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of coral reefs: preliminary results on community structure, species distribution and reproductive biology in Juan de Nova Island (southwest Indian Ocean). Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 5, 123 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.4314 / wiojms. v 5 i 2.28504" type="journal article" year="2006">Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud 2006</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E05179B823B3618DFB0D" author="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W." box="[1167,1436,1251,1277]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref67115" refString="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort (1987)</bibRefCitation>
considered reports of the species from the East Indies by Lamouroux (1916, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E051791B22576130FAD1" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[1068,1313,1287,1313]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E051791B22576130FAD1" box="[1068,1313,1287,1313]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aglaophenia flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and from 
<collectingCountry id="F32876310D14E0517DA0227B64EFFAB5" box="[151,254,1323,1349]" name="Australia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Australia</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517C10227B661BFAB5" author="Kirchenpauer, G. H." box="[295,522,1323,1349]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref60698" refString="Kirchenpauer, G. H. (1872) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 5 (3), 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer (1872</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517F05227B66BFFAB5" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[562,686,1323,1349]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517F05227B66BFFAB5" box="[562,686,1323,1349]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">A. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to be dubious inasmuch as it has not been recorded again from the Tropical Western Pacific. Its discovery far to the east at Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll in this study may reduce some of the doubt. The reported range of the species now extends from 
<collectingCountry id="F32876310D14E0517E04222367D3FA7D" box="[819,962,1395,1421]" name="South Africa" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517EE722236077FA7D" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[976,1126,1394,1421]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref63991" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
) and the Red Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E051780D22236555FA41" author="Mergner, H." pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref63192" refString="Mergner, H. (1977) Hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in Caribbean and Red Sea coral reefs. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, 119 - 125." type="proceedings paper" year="1977">Mergner &amp; Wedler 1977</bibRefCitation>
) to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D14E0517DF022EB66BDF979" blockId="48.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Considerable variation in colony form and hydrothecal morphology has been described in hydroids assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517DA0228F6503FA09" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,274,1503,1529]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517DA0228F6503FA09" box="[151,274,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517C15228F65ABFA09" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[290,442,1502,1529]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="165 - 226" refId="ref63785" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1958) Hydrozoa from the coasts of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part I. Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44, 165 - 226." type="journal article" year="1958">Millard 1958</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517CD3228F669CFA09" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1907" box="[484,653,1503,1529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giardi">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517CD3228F6652FA09" box="[484,579,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. giardi</emphasis>
, 1962
</taxonomicName>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517F8F228F6797FA09" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[696,902,1502,1529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517F8F228F672DFA09" box="[696,828,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. flexuosus</emphasis>
, 1975
</taxonomicName>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517E87228F6025FA09" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[944,1076,1503,1529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517E87228F6025FA09" box="[944,1076,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. flexuosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In particular, branching of the colony may be in the form of a spiral or an umbel. Hinge joints vary in location, and hydrocladia may be short or long. The abcauline marginal cusp may be solid or hollow, and it may be simple or bifurcated. One pair or more of the lateral cusps are usually bifid, but not always. The existence of intermediate forms led 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E05179A4211B6123F995" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[1171,1330,1611,1637]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="261 - 319" refId="ref63825" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1962) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part I. The Plumulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 46, 261 - 319." type="journal article" year="1962">Millard (1962</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517809211A6166F995" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[1342,1399,1610,1637]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref63991" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
) to regard the variants as subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517F1D213F66B5F979" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[554,676,1647,1673]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517F1D213F66B5F979" box="[554,676,1647,1673]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D14E0517DF021C3675AF891" blockId="48.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517DF021C3661EF95D" author="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W." box="[199,527,1682,1709]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref67115" refString="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort (1987: 175)</bibRefCitation>
provided a synonymy list for 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517E5221C367F1F95D" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[869,992,1683,1709]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517E5221C367F1F95D" box="[869,992,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Included in it was 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E05179F621C3653AF921" authority="Billard, 1907" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1907" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giardi">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E05179F621C3618DF95D" box="[1217,1436,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Thecocarpus giardi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517DA021E7653AF921" author="Billard, A." box="[151,299,1719,1745]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="335 - 396" refId="ref50451" refString="Billard, A. (1907) Hydroides de Madagascar et du sud-est de l' Afrique. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 4 e Serie, 7, 335 - 396." type="journal article" year="1907">Billard, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and, with question, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517F3A21E767B1F921" authority="Stechow, 1923 b" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1923" box="[525,928,1719,1745]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bifida">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517F3A21E766F5F921" box="[525,740,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aglaophenia bifida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517FDC21E767B1F921" author="Stechow, E." box="[747,928,1719,1745]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="97 - 119" refId="ref69352" refString="Stechow, E. (1923 b) Uber Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, nebst Bemerkungen uber einige andre Formen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 56, 97 - 119." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow, 1923b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. They suspected that none of the various subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517C3A218B6596F905" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[269,391,1755,1781]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517C3A218B6596F905" box="[269,391,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recognized by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517F04218B66C3F905" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[563,722,1755,1781]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="261 - 319" refId="ref63825" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1962) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part I. The Plumulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 46, 261 - 319." type="journal article" year="1962">Millard (1962</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517FEA218A6709F905" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[733,792,1754,1781]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref63991" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
), including 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517EAA218B6189F905" authority="(Kirchenpauer, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Kirchenpauer" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[925,1432,1755,1781]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="flexuosus" subSpecies="plumiferus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517EAA218B608EF905" box="[925,1183,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. flexuosus plumiferus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E051799A218B6181F905" author="Kirchenpauer, G. H." box="[1197,1424,1755,1781]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref60698" refString="Kirchenpauer, G. H. (1872) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 5 (3), 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer, 1872</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517DA021AF6639F8E9" authority="(Millard, 1958)" baseAuthorityName="Millard" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[151,552,1790,1817]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="flexuosus" subSpecies="solidus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517DA021AF6563F8E9" box="[151,370,1791,1817]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. flexuosus solidus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517CB621AF6631F8E9" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[385,544,1790,1817]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="165 - 226" refId="ref63785" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1958) Hydrozoa from the coasts of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part I. Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44, 165 - 226." type="journal article" year="1958">Millard, 1958</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517F5321AF6019F8E9" authority="Millard 1962" authorityName="Millard" authorityYear="1962" box="[612,1032,1791,1817]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="flexuosus" subSpecies="umbellatus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517F5321AF677AF8E9" box="[612,875,1791,1817]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. flexuosus umbellatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517E4521AF6019F8E9" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[882,1032,1791,1817]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="261 - 319" refId="ref63825" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1962) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part I. The Plumulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 46, 261 - 319." type="journal article" year="1962">Millard 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, would prove to be valid. Their material most closely resembled that of the nominotypical subspecies, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517EA52073617DF8CE" authority="flexuosus (Lamouroux, 1816)" authorityName="flexuosus (Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[914,1388,1827,1854]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="flexuosus" subSpecies="flexuosus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517EA520736094F8CD" box="[914,1157,1827,1853]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. flexuosus flexuosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E05179A220736175F8CE" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[1173,1380,1827,1854]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref61161" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 560 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11172" type="book" year="1816">Lamouroux, 1816</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. So, too, do specimens examined here from Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D14E0517DF0203B6677F801" blockId="48.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
As for 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517C2A203B6739F875" authority=", Kirchenpauer (1872)" authorityName="Kirchenpauer" authorityYear="1872" box="[285,808,1899,1925]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="flexuosus" subSpecies="plumiferus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517C2A203B6639F875" box="[285,552,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">T. flexuosus plumiferus</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517F0D203B6739F875" author="Kirchenpauer, G. H." box="[570,808,1899,1925]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref60698" refString="Kirchenpauer, G. H. (1872) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 5 (3), 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer (1872)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
spelled its original species-group name two ways, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517DA020DF658CF859" box="[151,413,1935,1961]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumifera">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517DA020DF658CF859" box="[151,413,1935,1961]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aglaophenia plumifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the text and as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E0517F4C20DF6731F859" box="[635,800,1935,1961]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumulifera">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E0517F4C20DF6731F859" box="[635,800,1935,1961]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">A. plumulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the figure captions. Under the Principle of the First Reviser (ICZN 1999, Art. 24.2) in nomenclature, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D14E0517FFD20E3678BF83D" author="Bedot, M." box="[714,922,1970,1997]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="213 - 469" refId="ref50184" refString="Bedot, M. (1912) Materiaux pour servir a l'Histoire des Hydroides. 4 me periode (1872 a 1880). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 20, 213 - 469." type="journal article" year="1912">Bedot (1912: 252)</bibRefCitation>
cited the two names together and selected 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D14E05178B320E36515F801" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumifera">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D14E05178B320E36515F801" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">A. plumifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the correct original spelling.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4066290D15E0507DA0213965D1F819" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5802960" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5802960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5802960/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" startId="49.[151,250,1641,1665]" targetBox="[345,1229,201,1602]" targetPageId="49">
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D15E0507DA0213965D1F819" blockId="49.[151,1437,1641,2026]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507DA021396784F971" bold="true" box="[151,917,1641,1666]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
FIGURE 14. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507C1F213965C2F971" authorityName="Marktanner-Turneretscher" authorityYear="1890" box="[296,467,1641,1665]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Aglaopheniidae</taxonomicName>
. a, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507CCD21396784F971" authority="Billard, 1913" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[506,917,1641,1665]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="postdentata">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507CCD21396711F971" bold="true" box="[506,768,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aglaophenia postdentata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D15E0507E3F21396784F971" author="Billard, A." box="[776,917,1641,1665]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref50639" refString="Billard, A. (1913) Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie, Monographie, 7 a, 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, part of a cladium with two hydrothecae, Gardner Pinnacles, ROMIZ B5462. Scale equals 0.1 mm. 
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507FBC21DE6041F955" bold="true" box="[651,1104,1677,1702]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
b, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507F9221DD6041F955" authority="Jaderholm, 1896" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityYear="1896" box="[677,1104,1677,1702]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suensonii">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507F9221DD6784F955" bold="true" box="[677,917,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aglaophenia suensonii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D15E0507EAC21DE6041F955" author="Jaderholm, E." box="[923,1104,1677,1702]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref60141" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1896) Ueber aussereuropaische Hydroiden des zoologischen Museums der Universitat Upsala. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 21, Afd. 4, 6, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1896">Jäderholm, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, part of a cladium with three hydrothecae, Laysan Island, ROMIZ B5463. Scale equals 0.1 mm. 
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507E1D21E260FCF939" bold="true" box="[810,1261,1713,1738]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
c, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507E7621E160FCF939" authority="Jaderholm, 1896" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityYear="1896" box="[833,1261,1713,1738]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suensonii">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507E7621E16023F939" bold="true" box="[833,1074,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aglaophenia suensonii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D15E050790E21E260FCF939" author="Jaderholm, E." box="[1081,1261,1713,1738]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref60141" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1896) Ueber aussereuropaische Hydroiden des zoologischen Museums der Universitat Upsala. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 21, Afd. 4, 6, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1896">Jäderholm, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, corbula, Laysan Island, ROMIZ B5463. Scale equals 0.2 mm. 
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507F5E218667EAF91D" bold="true" box="[617,1019,1749,1774]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
d, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507FB4218567EAF91D" authority="Bale, 1888" authorityName="Bale" authorityYear="1888" box="[643,1019,1749,1774]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="whiteleggei">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507FB421856794F91D" bold="true" box="[643,901,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aglaophenia whiteleggei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D15E0507EBC218667EAF91D" author="Bale, W. M." box="[907,1019,1749,1774]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="745 - 799" refId="ref49958" refString="Bale, W. M. (1888) On some new and rare Hydroida in the Australian Museum collection. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 3, 745 - 799. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 26267" type="journal article" year="1888">Bale, 1888</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, part of a cladium with two hydrothecae, Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll, ROMIZ B5464. Scale equals 0.1 mm. 
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507FCB21AA60AAF8E1" bold="true" box="[764,1211,1785,1810]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
e, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507E2421A960A7F8E1" authority="(Lamouroux, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[787,1206,1785,1809]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507E2421A967F0F8E1" bold="true" box="[787,993,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lytocarpia flexuosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D15E0507EDA21A960BEF8E1" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[1005,1199,1785,1809]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref61161" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 560 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11172" type="book" year="1816">Lamouroux, 1816</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
part of a cladium with three hydrothecae, Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll, ROMIZ B5479. Scale equals 0.1 mm. 
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507EE8204D6187F8C5" bold="true" box="[991,1430,1821,1845]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
f, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507EC1204D6187F8C5" authority="(Stechow, 1919 b)" baseAuthorityName="Stechow" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1014,1430,1821,1845]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="phyteuma">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507EC1204D60C4F8C5" bold="true" box="[1014,1237,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lytocarpia phyteuma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D15E05079D3204D619EF8C5" author="Stechow, E." box="[1252,1423,1821,1845]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 172" refId="ref69172" refString="Stechow, E. (1919 b) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauer'sche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 42, 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow, 1919b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, part of a cladium with two hydrothecae, Pearl &amp; Hermes Atoll, ROMIZ B5468. Scale equals 0.1 mm. 
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E05079A1201265B5F88D" bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
g, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507999201165B5F88D" authority="Kirchenpauer, 1872" authorityName="Kirchenpauer" authorityYear="1872" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippina">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507999201164D4F88D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Macrorhynchia philippina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D15E0507DF9203565B5F88D" author="Kirchenpauer, G. H." box="[206,420,1893,1917]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref60698" refString="Kirchenpauer, G. H. (1872) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 5 (3), 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, part of a cladium with two hydrothecae, Midway Atoll, ROMIZ B5470. Scale equals 0.1 mm. 
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E05078BF2036662AF851" bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
h, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507DA020D9662AF851" authority="(Busk, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[151,571,1929,1953]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="phoenicea">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507DA020D965BDF851" bold="true" box="[151,428,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Macrorhynchia phoenicea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D15E0507C8D20D96625F851" author="Busk, G." box="[442,564,1929,1953]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1846 - 1850" refId="ref52124" refString="Busk, G. (1852) Appendix IV. An account of the Polyzoa, and sertularian zoophytes, collected in the voyage of the Rattlesnake, on the coasts of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago, &amp; c. In: Macgillivray, J. (Ed.), Narrative of the voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake, commanded by the late Captain Owen Stanley, R. N., F. R. S. &amp; c., during the years 1846 - 1850. Vol. 1. T. &amp; W. Boone, London, pp. 343 - 402." type="book chapter" year="1852">Busk, 1852</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, part of a cladium with three hydrothecae, Gardner Pinnacles, ROMIZ B5475. Scale equals 0.1 mm. 
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507C0020FD66FAF835" bold="true" box="[311,747,1965,1989]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
i, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D15E0507C7D20FD66FAF835" authority="(Busk, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[330,747,1965,1989]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="phoenicea">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D15E0507C7D20FD664EF835" bold="true" box="[330,607,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Macrorhynchia phoenicea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D15E0507F5B20FD66F5F835" author="Busk, G." box="[620,740,1965,1989]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1846 - 1850" refId="ref52124" refString="Busk, G. (1852) Appendix IV. An account of the Polyzoa, and sertularian zoophytes, collected in the voyage of the Rattlesnake, on the coasts of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago, &amp; c. In: Macgillivray, J. (Ed.), Narrative of the voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake, commanded by the late Captain Owen Stanley, R. N., F. R. S. &amp; c., during the years 1846 - 1850. Vol. 1. T. &amp; W. Boone, London, pp. 343 - 402." type="book chapter" year="1852">Busk, 1852</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, one phylactocarp, without gonothecae, Gardner Pinnacles, ROMIZ B5475. Scale equals 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D16E0537DF027C7617BFEED" blockId="50.[151,1437,151,610]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<materialsCitation id="3B573CFC0D16E0537DF027C76177FEED" elevation="30" location="In" municipality="Juan de Nova Island" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCount="30">
<location id="8EE0607A0D16E0537DF027C764CFFF41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687B70D14E0537DA024D06735FD92:8EE0607A0D16E0537DF027C764CFFF41" box="[199,222,151,177]" municipality="Juan de Nova Island" name="In" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">In</location>
a study of hydroids on reefs at 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE4ACDB0D16E0537F7527C7673BFF41" box="[578,810,151,177]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Juan de Nova Island</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537E0227C760C0FF42" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C." box="[821,1233,151,178]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="123 - 132" refId="ref58462" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C. (2006) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of coral reefs: preliminary results on community structure, species distribution and reproductive biology in Juan de Nova Island (southwest Indian Ocean). Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 5, 123 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.4314 / wiojms. v 5 i 2.28504" type="journal article" year="2006">Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud (2006)</bibRefCitation>
found 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E053781627C7618DFF41" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1313,1436,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E053781627C7618DFF41" box="[1313,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">L. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only on the outer slope at 
<specimenCount id="9D39FD280D16E0537C8227EB65E5FF25" box="[437,500,187,213]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CC79B440D16E0537C8227EB65E1FF25" box="[437,496,187,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="30.0">
<elevation id="0012D1920D16E0537C8227EB65E1FF25" box="[437,496,187,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
While the substrate of that biotope comprised a large amount of dead stony corals, it supported a diverse hydroid fauna of some 58 species. Specimens collected there occurred on hard substrates, algae, and sessile benthic invertebrates. Aglaopheniids, with 16 species, were well-represented, as were solanderiids
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D16E0537DF026776514FE96" blockId="50.[151,1437,151,610]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Hydroids of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E0537C60267765C2FEB1" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[343,467,295,321]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537C60267765C2FEB1" box="[343,467,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">L. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537F8626776796FEB2" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[689,903,295,322]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref61161" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 560 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11172" type="book" year="1816">Lamouroux (1816)</bibRefCitation>
as having a shiny fawn colour (“couleur fauve brillant”).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D16E0537DF0263F677AFE79" blockId="50.[151,1437,151,610]" box="[199,875,366,393]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537DF0263F65C9FE78" bold="true" box="[199,472,366,393]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Reported Distribution.</emphasis>
Hawaiian archipelago. First record.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D16E0537DF026C36735FD92" blockId="50.[151,1437,151,610]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Elsewhere. “East Indies” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537CC326C366ACFE5D" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[500,701,403,429]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref61161" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 560 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11172" type="book" year="1816">Lamouroux 1816</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E0537FDC26C367F0FE5D" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[747,993,403,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537FDC26C367F0FE5D" box="[747,993,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Aglaophenia flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<collectingCountry id="F32876310D16E0537ECD26C36070FE5D" box="[1018,1121,403,429]" name="Australia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E053794626C36147FE5D" author="Kirchenpauer, G. H." box="[1137,1366,403,429]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref60698" refString="Kirchenpauer, G. H. (1872) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 5 (3), 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer, 1872</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E05378B326C364E5FE21" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E05378B326C364E5FE21" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<collectingCountry id="F32876310D16E0537C3926E76584FE21" box="[270,405,439,465]" name="Madagascar" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537C9226E76629FE21" author="Billard, A." box="[421,568,439,465]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="335 - 396" refId="ref50451" refString="Billard, A. (1907) Hydroides de Madagascar et du sud-est de l' Afrique. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 4 e Serie, 7, 335 - 396." type="journal article" year="1907">Billard 1907</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E0537F5326E76751FE21" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1907" box="[612,832,439,465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giardi">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537F5326E76751FE21" box="[612,832,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Thecocarpus giardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537E6726E76053FE21" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N." box="[848,1090,439,465]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref58277" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. (1979) Hydraires semi-profonds de Madagascar, (Coelenterata Hydrozoa), etude systematique et ecologique. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 169, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1979">Gravier-Bonnet 1979</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E053795926E760E2FE21" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1134,1267,439,465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E053795926E760E2FE21" box="[1134,1267,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">T. flexuosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<collectingCountry id="F32876310D16E053783A26E7618CFE21" box="[1293,1437,439,465]" name="South Africa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537DA8268B6527FE05" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[159,310,474,501]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref63991" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E0537C68268B6640FE05" authority="flexuosus" authorityName="flexuosus (Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[351,593,475,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="flexuosus" subSpecies="flexuosus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537C68268B6640FE05" box="[351,593,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">T. flexuosus flexuosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), including Agulhas Bank (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537EB3268B6027FE05" author="Stechow, E." box="[900,1078,475,501]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="97 - 119" refId="ref69352" refString="Stechow, E. (1923 b) Uber Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, nebst Bemerkungen uber einige andre Formen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 56, 97 - 119." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow 1923b</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E0537968268B60FFFE05" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" box="[1119,1262,475,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537968268B60FFFE05" box="[1119,1262,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Aglaophenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(?) 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E053782C268B614DFE05" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1923" box="[1307,1372,475,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bifida">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E053782C268B614DFE05" box="[1307,1372,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">bifida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E053785D268B6516FDE9" author="Millard, N. A. H." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref63991" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E0537C0226AF6602FDE9" baseAuthorityName="Millard" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[309,531,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="flexuosus" subSpecies="solidus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537C0226AF6602FDE9" box="[309,531,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">T. flexuosus solidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<collectingCountry id="F32876310D16E0537F1926AF66D3FDE9" box="[558,706,511,537]" name="Mozambique" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537FE526AF677DFDE9" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[722,876,510,537]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref63991" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E0537EAD26AF6080FDE9" authority="flexuosus" authorityName="flexuosus (Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" box="[922,1169,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="flexuosus" subSpecies="flexuosus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537EAD26AF6080FDE9" box="[922,1169,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">T. flexuosus flexuosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); Red Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E053782C26AF6538FDCD" author="Mergner, H." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref63192" refString="Mergner, H. (1977) Hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in Caribbean and Red Sea coral reefs. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, 119 - 125." type="proceedings paper" year="1977">Mergner &amp; Wedler 1977</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D16E0537C6625736662FDCD" authority="var. flexuosus" box="[337,627,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="flexuosus" variety="flexuosus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537C66257365C5FDCD" box="[337,468,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">T. flexuosus</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D16E0537F3C25736662FDCD" box="[523,627,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">flexuosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); Gulf of Aden (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537E1C2573603BFDCD" author="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W." box="[811,1066,547,573]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref67115" refString="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort 1987</bibRefCitation>
); 
<collectingCountry id="F32876310D16E053790925736093FDCD" box="[1086,1154,547,573]" name="Oman" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Oman</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E05379A72573619EFDCD" author="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W." box="[1168,1423,547,573]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref67115" refString="Rees, W. J. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort 1987</bibRefCitation>
); Juan de Nova Island (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D16E0537CBE25176709FD92" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C." box="[393,792,583,610]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="123 - 132" refId="ref58462" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C. (2006) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of coral reefs: preliminary results on community structure, species distribution and reproductive biology in Juan de Nova Island (southwest Indian Ocean). Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 5, 123 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.4314 / wiojms. v 5 i 2.28504" type="journal article" year="2006">Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>