415 lines
52 KiB
XML
415 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="55433" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1" ID-PMC="PMC9010403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" ID-PubMed="35586542" ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1" checkinTime="1649449468463" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2022" docId="AF90B145A30D532BAB557499256C1D5B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093" docPubDate="2022-04-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" docTitle="Pseudoxenos Saunders 1872" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732615197594" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7CFC0B6658093B241F7BCF2FCDDC227A">A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8DB1BC813EAD1B9A597385CA14294A34" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="82EB0972B2AFC2CB2EB9A1E1F0B8E020">Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="014CDE23BB59C1174934ED157B858D76">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E24B2EA3A0155B99FF2FD69597F3D6B9" type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FED848B14FC177BCA64533E38EDC3F21">Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="82009C09BEF30ED6D56B2AFE4D021C65" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-6612</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="EEE28F0554EA4C17B2CCA2EE794E5EB6">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="283DBD1BD7A609D69861CDCC0FC33F63">Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A1F24AAD1DD064326E5505EB723DA76B">Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2FCD5884D402FB9D609A5945DBCE0469">Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6B803345FE6D06C55E1FE1D776BD5551">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A33F7EBA3A5764DC8B6D6CDDD65AEB5F">Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DA1AAD7ADE7ED63B03591F029786A982">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="AFED61717C891BF49652831CA37D6E9C">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E1428D9D803F62698EB761C02E1F48A5">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4F109882D862F4A70C06C962285B61CB">2022-04-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="52F2352479241556B616208DA132F152">1093</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E31F07E5B7372A778F9ABF2EE08B6461">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="E89BCFF444386486F3F276F1030BE595">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="58DD7DB324D595ECC5C2A712A0CD3B1E" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="AF90B145A30D532BAB557499256C1D5B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520399" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AF90B145A30D532BAB557499256C1D5B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF90B145A30D532BAB557499256C1D5B" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Xenidae" scope_order="Strepsiptera">
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<subSubSection id="49BDACAC652F09E02F59E771384964F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3532BB5E99737C30FC4EBD1914FB5340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="41756856AA463902EE52A396FDBBB7E2" ID-CoL="8KYMS" LSID="AF90B145-A30D-532B-AB55-7499256C1D5B" authority="Saunders, 1872" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoxenos Saunders, 1872</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="196AD9285C274BF8B4FAFB8F216243CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="A452FA9EE9C6B20D09D6AE2DE480EEB4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="0F0B1324032BBAFEE41737CAF7DE10F9" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoxenos</taxonomicName>
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Saunders, 1872: 44. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="057548A5111CE45C5CA40335B8F111F5" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos schaumii" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schaumii">Pseudoxenos schaumii</taxonomicName>
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Saunders, 1872, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8D130CD9E7C608765C1076A82CF8EB8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="2C9024D3278573435B0D16883B5570CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="966FC02C5F2746DA4BAAF27FF23877C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Differs from
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<taxonomicName id="C644B6688E28138CC3FA5989013E9021" authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tuberoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tuberoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CF0A57FC5484ED262C58BC3F7CE7A357" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tuberoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by flat dorsal field of labrum (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="6C06F707997A57932D9D32055D25C638" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Pseudoxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mx - vestige of maxilla, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669363" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41C</figureCitation>
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) and more flattened cephalothorax, with more or less even shape (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="8C65FD0F7543AC7A07EFE710FF2D6643" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="F39" captionText="Figure 39. Pseudoxenos sp., host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Paradontodynerus sp. stylopized by male of Pseudoxenos sp., lateral view B detail of host abdomen with male puparium inside C ventral side of female cephalothorax D dorsal side of female cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669361" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">39C</figureCitation>
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), appearing flattened-elliptical in cross section. Distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="5B00EF2F054D166B9EFF35B3E8B11326" authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Deltoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deltoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="35C88DB9B2B840A6800A8E057F8B8C23" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Deltoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by dorsal labral field laterally as long as along midline (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="845442499F7E9298F74A164A5D9CC3D9" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Pseudoxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mx - vestige of maxilla, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669363" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41C, D</figureCitation>
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), and meso-metathoracic segmental border not constricted laterally. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName id="BC2F3215CC92BF30F790AFC033781B77" authorityName="Schultze" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Macroxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macroxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E6486588B1DA300F5F5E9D13989780EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Macroxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lateral parts of abdomen posterior to spiracles with dark coloration (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="1790B8592552286BD38258461D16C955" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="F39" captionText="Figure 39. Pseudoxenos sp., host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Paradontodynerus sp. stylopized by male of Pseudoxenos sp., lateral view B detail of host abdomen with male puparium inside C ventral side of female cephalothorax D dorsal side of female cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669361" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">39D</figureCitation>
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). Mandible nested in mandibular capsule. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName id="2CA4FB4E733E94D4F1B3D15565174CAA" authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DFFDA746DCB9AFB3ABC6C5D183B92F3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by the birth opening in middle region and laterally by a suture.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="E3F2BD610045721BD912A04358303E01" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669361" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 39" startId="F39">
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<paragraph id="72EE635E87F83B096FF2CC47876C44FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="348AD52F047025EFA6FB048472DEE432" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 39.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="A19DCD0688DA4C5A4E9B7C3C7B975765" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5F52278E0D1CD313D5FB0E8CB8429FE3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
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<emphasis id="D6E5588106612124232EA8C447B73B5D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="E86A2BA02BA4A0C32D859B743EE271C5" genus="Paradontodynerus" lsidName="Paradontodynerus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FBED0FEE6FCD8D0716B920AE39C1A73C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paradontodynerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. stylopized by male of
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<taxonomicName id="7CB39F8A631F5F0A5D06400ED81FA92F" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="41594E2324F421460E2F742C45DDEC18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., lateral view
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<emphasis id="2DAEC28E740A1D84750684E278CA0478" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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detail of host abdomen with male puparium inside
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<emphasis id="84E9A59C8D48D686EED7F9AD898A22BC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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ventral side of female cephalothorax
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<emphasis id="3E9AE285263D8EE56E0C5090BCD17CAC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal side of female cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="14297DC454518DE34FAFFF3535E60702" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8C339CB75AC7127011879559C989C8B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D7BAC0BC7A4B0C9986DDD4496CAD9CD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="68950A7617EDCCFF93B265C56113A796" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
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Compact, longer than wide, elliptic in cross-section. Meso-metathoracic segmental border not constricted laterally. Size fairly constant, length 1.08-1.44 mm, maximum width 1.02-1.4 mm. Anterior head margin rounded or protruding. Thorax slightly widening posteriorly. Coloration with multiple brown shades forming pattern.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D615C3126D748CD0119533D45CA7DDEF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="83388AAE9CFCD3E40363582ED4E315E3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
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Ca. ⅖ as long as entire cephalothorax including lateral extensions. Coloration mostly dark brown, often with specific patterns. Clypeal region delimited from labral area (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="DFD69432724B0DE5C7B6F751CB99D4FA" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Pseudoxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mx - vestige of maxilla, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669363" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41D</figureCitation>
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), arcuate, or protruding and forming clypeal lobe. Surface smooth or slightly wrinkled. Approximately 35-56 sensilla mainly concentrated anteriorly but dispersed over entire clypeal area. Border between clypeal area and frontal region hardly distinct but still recognizable. Frontal surface smooth (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="0C924841546312BD8BBE205FF6DA79C8" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="F40" captionText="Figure 40. Pseudoxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, fr - frontal region." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669362" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">40F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Segmental border between head and prothorax clearly recognizable or indistinct on dorsal side, often indicated by dark brown stripes, and in some cases with two distinct dark spots on mesal region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1F988210EA240198DACBF854E1FC6C85" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="F39" captionText="Figure 39. Pseudoxenos sp., host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Paradontodynerus sp. stylopized by male of Pseudoxenos sp., lateral view B detail of host abdomen with male puparium inside C ventral side of female cephalothorax D dorsal side of female cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669361" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">39D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="86EA1D27B589E3ADE076A39E8AB5DB7A" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669362" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 40" startId="F40">
|
||
<paragraph id="465C5A42BD109140C8CC0C44B1D5BA01" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="F17E9AF5A410FDF4AFF650AF32C87522" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 40.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A9B92B64775A2E6CD645337CB5FCE0A" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A96C79CE2B604107893CCAD76FCD845E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="864513A23B79294ED7425E1FF71A8291" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="8675B99CA5D995655426143E12842E6A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="FDD3631F2AF4D125D7E46B5B2BF94165" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
left vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="60828333AEEE77EC8C706167CCC4519D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
right vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="7DD80E35CC0401B66FD2F3A85F9E741B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="7E015B287AFC971B487929E0113DA43B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, fr - frontal region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A8734D6818755AA38CE61D41823EE3F9" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669363" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 41" startId="F41">
|
||
<paragraph id="6745C5BAA206581EF0B7EEB16A03F277" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="942ADF5265CC98C252387151AEA353E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 41.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="311958462D1E28B641A396E3B536D42D" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AF0B5192030822619E40B448C6FAB652" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="FC34772CAA74F41DCD92A2A79AE90047" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="FC7DCD8BC82069E566FDFAEDFCD71F64" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="9ADB69621E01E6796E64863E851AA083" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="28A6F638AD77D5EBA3B5293B7960E1F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="F6FB7962D0F759F06CA73A367E9994C7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
right mandible and maxilla, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="C273B66B725DA676150D94EB453844A8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mx - vestige of maxilla, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D505BAE434162286E65695AC68719813" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="96ADED0B4E69494694E27303C4DED955" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Smooth or slightly wrinkled, with dispersed sensilla. Furrow forming border on medial side more or less distinct (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="138A49D8FA7B1A4CF40B9203E730202F" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Pseudoxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mx - vestige of maxilla, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669363" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5479B85124DFE3AE5C0AFEC0D7FCE31D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="45787933C9B8537DAF0E27AD75B2CE98" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved as poorly defined area, sometimes raised, usually with several small, rounded plates, rarely with additional sensilla or cavity (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4B43C360CCCE0986753557CDC2537FC9" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="F40" captionText="Figure 40. Pseudoxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, fr - frontal region." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669362" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">40C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Periantennal area smooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="97FB8E90582555971942310806772792" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4D46734CBE0699FEA2F95056FB129DB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral field distinctly wider than long, elliptic. Dorsal field nearly straight, slightly arcuate, at least 4-5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D11C85884279A9EFF239C69933FECA85" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long in midline, flat and smooth, with 15-21 clearly visible setae inserted in cavities (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3505E7A312870A6328040052DC74847E" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Pseudoxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mx - vestige of maxilla, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669363" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal field laterally as long as medially, in some cases almost merging with head capsule.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C8C1BDABD03B4A50C8D58D4DBE7285C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="9377A683A1E63FF272DF95AD84707657" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Mandibles anteromedially directed at an angle of 35-45° and nested in mandibular capsule. Mandibular bulge not or slightly raised, bears several sensilla. Cuticle of mandible sculptured to nearly smooth. Mandibular tooth narrow, pointed, straight or hook-shaped, armed with spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="74BDF706DBC443777AB77424A7C6C153" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="65ED41CAEABCE48F4730A23917E00D6B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Separated from labial area, slightly or distinctly protruding, prominent portion directed anteriorly or anterolaterally, maxilla slightly overlapping with mandible proximally (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="EB2834FD6D7B41F1C25A64E4241B43FC" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Pseudoxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mx - vestige of maxilla, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669363" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41F</figureCitation>
|
||
), but not projecting beyond it anteriorly. Cuticle usually smooth, rarely wrinkled. Vestige of palp very distinct, with more or less distinct plates or cavity, located medially on ventral side of maxilla. Submaxillary groove more or less distinctly produced posterolaterally to maxillary base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="193495805E5361A521A7C542324BBB44" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="EDA508C9012F632EC13FBD1A5BB83FA4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
|
||
Labial area between maxillae flat but distinct, relatively large, delimited anteriorly by mouth opening and posteriorly by birth opening. As long as wide or longer than wide. Cuticular surface in most cases largely smooth and shiny, or faintly and uniformly sculptured.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="135E51E2B77ABA95CEAFB081422AC3C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FEC30CEBF4C64372581BF94E5797C46" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Mouth opening arcuate, nearly straight, or bi-arcuate, sclerotized marginally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247EE4FF7B715488B2B620761E587285" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="837C0CA94212E230AE2BBF27874C89DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
|
||
Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders more or less distinct, separated by mesal furrows. Border between metathorax and abdomen formed by ridge. Cuticle of thoracic segments on ventral side reticulate with scattered small and pigmented papillae. Cuticle of dorsal side of thorax smooth or slightly wrinkled. Prosternal extension undifferentiated, anterior margin evenly arched. Meso- and metathorax transverse. Lateral parts of abdomen posterior to spiracle dark (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DA003C1DD81F8C2DFB62D5CC08FB8945" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="F39" captionText="Figure 39. Pseudoxenos sp., host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Paradontodynerus sp. stylopized by male of Pseudoxenos sp., lateral view B detail of host abdomen with male puparium inside C ventral side of female cephalothorax D dorsal side of female cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669361" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">39D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Setae present on lateral region of abdominal segment I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D2AE3169AFC948EC0D3C0D81F348FB4E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A5B3FA00B88C7E70BA9DFCD988F79CBA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
|
||
Spiracles on posterior ⅓ of cephalothorax slightly elevated, with anterolateral or lateral orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3FEAB9190FC0DF058C06869227BAA241" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="096AFEFE289AA9212C92B031C2E65473" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F9FECA9D130B3457D2FD05873B406068" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye ~ 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="79BEB3D5A2311D32B47B1E925F0239DB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna. Occipital bulge present (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="38495FE561074894A986834C3A8DC2FD" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Pseudoxenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669364" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Frontal region very distinctly deformed by frontal impression (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="969A16E8CA0277FE75E2505C9DE363AB" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Pseudoxenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669364" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distinct paired furrows of supra-antennal sensillary field absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="03EF4883FF8B7ABB255246FB1837E1F5" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669364" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 42" startId="F42">
|
||
<paragraph id="DEAF28BA14B597320494423D25DD4B3C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="01CD8849D82E53FB58555382BA72C7F0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 42.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27D9418BBC713506826568E71E9DEA78" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6275A262332362DBA6BE62FC1180A9BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="39E97FDC76072AE5CECC6C79E6E805C3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="ABE801635509A17921E6CC1B55596629" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="D06F6B0CA9509A119452D68F4927BA75" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
vestigial antenna
|
||
<emphasis id="410136E7765D1B66F3B7B63F55510CE0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="DB5F183C3525EF35C2ABD9EF6E083941" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, ob - occipital bulge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B826CE765740D37A3455834BCC71231B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D6F3B49594AB337FA39712F68A2A107C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D297FA80EF8E469A3E573B210307BC51" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="FE1406D0B17C85D84FD3A6E4A7B6B9DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
In frontal view rounded laterally, flattened, elliptical, in lateral view pointed anteriorly. Coloration with pattern of pale and dark shades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E167F8EBC611A4EE4F1771C2D03B725E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="2B68A493BF039E1C99010034497D5D64" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephalothecal capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Compound eyes with darker individual ommatidia well visible on pale ocular background. Clypeal lobe straight or slightly arcuate in frontal view, prominent in lateral view. Sensilla mainly concentrated medially. Frontal impression distinctly present (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D43AA9367DE1EBF6876A670DCD4A12F2" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Pseudoxenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669364" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occipital bulge present (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="5A0978A2F82EBF366966950D50967EA8" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Pseudoxenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669364" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye small, ~ 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="96942DB3FF980AAEDD9D1740065DC91A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
diameter of vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B82C39F6CA94D9FFBAACDF1717CEC9BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6D476E35853BD41DA9264BCCD8A8913" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, delimited medially by frontal impression, without distinct furrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F7D86AA4042A00206D3F001B6C025C33" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="73669B38A863FC9383ED1952A5F97083" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Vestiges large, with complete torulus. Periantennal area not clearly delimited from supra-antennal sensillary field. Small plates or sensilla present (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="ED831EC3D3BF779BA367C2F6A0124C39" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Leionotoxenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669349" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">27C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CBBC902B79618EBEC221FA4B37C7DB0E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="986D3F50B205FFB86189C33CC965F64A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area distinct, with setae on dorsal field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF749A6FE516D282F8751D4862D188FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="864527953079891BFED47BDF94F60073" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed. Mandibular bulge with sensilla, separated from pointed tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3FAFA6352E133BBF0CFD81E8A221F000" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="41C11A414669737EAB453D6D9BA8AF00" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinct, prominent. Coloration completely dark. Vestige of palp distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="92A3935597EB2849A0B705A71DA53E80" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="D75A7BDE1AAF02F1CA176ADEBBA2F3D3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Labium distinct between and below maxillae, dark. Praementum and postmentum distinctly separated by furrow. Hypopharyngeal protuberance present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6DC11D4910BDE6BDC48D5CDDDD723C46" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="412DCF98033BD17F0197C9F7BFAF4D79" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Well visible, not covered by ventral labral field, slightly arcuate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="678DFC0084FC544A2C337DC98780BD3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph id="CAFCB358B35F42502151F445DDA4CAE9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E20F1A84F677B6641FF52AB350F49B76" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Deeply nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF5A5830D1DC3B3D3FB235A5D4C4C8FF" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EEF634216FB4A9D6AFFE6567B52B3EAB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E43CB392C6C9D7DDEB7EC257AAF6CEE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), part of a clade of an Old Word origin, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38C8545B908C49A9E5A653B651BF45BD" authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tuberoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tuberoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E308EA3118C098DCB1B787009942ACCC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tuberoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov. as sister group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="67136142C62C5FD99C542B2490EEBD57" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7CCB66AEC1FB914B7A956B88884E28D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4628FA199C02C122BBC6569E1D576C78" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
A group of Palearctic origin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="058FF9A3721A0DE2FFC4668630ABB0E7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), comprising seven currently valid species restricted to this region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CAC644637D01543B9CEFA7C9C4B2FD38" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph id="BBCE9C3FF2D8DF6992EFC9ED38844F83" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="14617E6F9A458EE47EBB2D73133FA375" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Various genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3F787714AE502B6B61AB7B357CAE4FE" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Odynerini">Odynerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B98DE99F4678438E0FCF94DFBAB00A8" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5CDBFEC5DE814A1DE2281729A1B9694" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eumeninae">Eumeninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3ACB7329CD1155FFE9691D6A3F670119" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph id="B697A454F8B514AC5E8C29E12A837F3C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B99F3A69C1FE64FB0E962FCDEC4A309" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AE652AE0B286C7A993A27E42EEBBF94" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9F7CAB47057F177C0D2F99DBAFCFDD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C04AF331E192CD2E6240FE81BB15CE7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1872.tb01884.x" author="Saunders, SS" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 48" refId="B103" refString="Saunders, SS, 1872. Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsipterorum Kirbii constituentium, mihi tamen potius Coleopterorum Familiae, Rhipiphoridis Meloidisque propinquae, Monographia. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 20: 1 - 48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1872.tb01884.x" title="Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsipterorum Kirbii constituentium, mihi tamen potius Coleopterorum Familiae, Rhipiphoridis Meloidisque propinquae, Monographia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1872.tb01884.x" volume="20" year="1872">Saunders (1872)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but only a superficial description of the male was provided.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="72E87CFE0AEE676B1587E75E3278FA84" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1155/1937/28072" author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="Psyche: A Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="132 - 137" refId="B7" refString="Bohart, RM, 1937. Synonymy of the Genus Pseudoxenos Saunders (Strepsiptera, Xenidae) and records of stylopized Hymenoptera from North Carolina. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 44: 132 - 137, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/1937/28072" title="Synonymy of the Genus Pseudoxenos Saunders (Strepsiptera, Xenidae) and records of stylopized Hymenoptera from North Carolina." url="https://doi.org/10.1155/1937/28072" volume="44" year="1937">Bohart (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized many names previously designed (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F3AA8DF0BA5D60CD9ED79C9124BB08" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Eupathocera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupathocera" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="490ABFD4407EE9FDA8AEFE7715AA467F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eupathocera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4FB732CDAEF0A1A61722462F030ADAB7" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Ophthalmochlus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophthalmochlus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3746E8EA45058E59F38603F4889B75D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ophthalmochlus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F5C5DFCC3F06EE1D4069CFD79F908B6" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Homilops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homilops" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9E7857A39EE3D3A76569D96BD41E2B7D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Homilops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="1881DB431FC43A450A1D5441AA10C32E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60BDEC90EE56B01DAF9E2A8797210AA0" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Leionotoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leionotoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leionotoxenos</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sceliphronecthrus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6C687DC5AEAEE8975EC94665A4B3A42" authorityName="Schultze" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Macroxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macroxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D29EF3811596FB9084AC048A033D68E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Macroxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89AE2315B8768DB4A634246E91C7F74C" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9FC43CB9DAAE6DA8753C0D57240FB69" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although later
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD337CCBE33DB96E9B77A9AB88F07102" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach (1971b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBD5BD0AF234C4F804B76BB1BFA902C" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1FB836C5023631E80964B0C944321858" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for all xenids parasitising solitary
|
||
<taxonomicName id="844D0FDC46B0E9C7A6920BFF30347B62" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
worldwide, the genus corresponds to a Palearctic clade utilizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9208A3E7714E5FAA6B490459C5CFF2B" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Odynerini">Odynerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to the molecular phylogeny of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="27A4052CE1DCCF8D0EC26FF571776365" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F491628542731670E042D22759D0841D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We classify this lineage as a separate genus, based on these molecular phylogenic works and morphological characters newly reported here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |