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<document id="AB82312DFCFA5F1DC11F3661C233AB13" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762941" ID-ZooBank="7A65A968-EF09-4F1A-AF0D-470BDF2EE1DD" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1738153019743" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Suárez-Morales, Eduardo &amp; P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon" docDate="2025" docId="9D7DA92FFFBC857689AE5E9E920DFDB0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5576.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5576 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Monstrilla pileata Suárez-Morales &amp; B, 2025, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="6144D157FFAD856B89395F289001FFA9" masterDocTitle="The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee &amp; Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen." masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1738153737733" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="52C47A4A41F815A7B508330986A912C2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="51268F79FFBB2C021AAFFF0A39DFFCA8">
<mods:title id="424AAA404EA9691063B6F028D10357D1">The Australian Monstrilloida 3. Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee &amp; Soh, 2018, Monstrilla Dana, 1849, and Sarsimonstrillus n. gen.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="CC3BD0929BB85A0ACEB041B03825CA7D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B2F2CD65B6190CFC34D9ADF8CA2FEAB0">
<mods:roleTerm id="CA4A66B0070908EFDD7E62049693396B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A7E007F82C85C8017FB58AFD19BDEE67">Suárez-Morales, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D6C513DDAA2184EF3F652C96EB84C36E">El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77014. Mexico</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F705324AE55622B15EC806A34D19F7A9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A35D3C342CEA524391D50F6F6E43B485">
<mods:roleTerm id="2FB4D9131D57DFB85D596F94B7DAD6FA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="531D7D874E4F3D24AF91FB6A67D1E165">P. M. B, Alexander David Mckinnon</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="98823DBBD7C8F70DEC93DD4B5141832F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="FCF8BF76B96C2CA570F50D33810DF1F4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="471A371CDC1B3FAFBA1EA0BB040C6677">
<mods:date id="729161EFED1AC615A4D52C9AC739C496">2025</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7BDD46AA5B1536CD71F477ED1B3A031E">2025-01-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D0006C5007BB51B7E85070A9DAA5B86A">5576</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8C2FE3E66DBC4A11A5C651D9DADF56B0">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="CE1EDAA87A594F7FD75FDA580E5B2F01">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="A6C38E3976D2643E5E23A2D30D40924B">99</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="1944115A5C0C96B56DA767C33E850A99">
<mods:url id="3062045FA6E0205D1F9D42FD2EF58111">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="BFD0060C848D1BB14D03F7254B49030E">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A656A30C2750229272B97CCA22CF77AB" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5576.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C875554F7F45AA8C830CE050A140F648" type="ISSN">1175-5334</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="538C16FA22F1C3ABE37545081F49B48A" type="Zenodo-Dep">14762941</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="9D7DA92FFFBC857689AE5E9E920DFDB0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9D7DA92FFFBC857689AE5E9E920DFDB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D7DA92FFFBC857689AE5E9E920DFDB0" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<subSubSection id="5DCE4BB2FFBC857A89AE5E9E93C6FE5C" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBC857A89AE5E9E91D5FE78" blockId="17.[151,967,438,537]" box="[151,468,438,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="4E23AF55FFBC857A89AE5E9E91D5FE78" bold="true" box="[151,468,438,465]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="4">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBC857A89AE5E9E91D5FE78" bold="true" box="[151,468,438,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBC857A89AE5E9E916EFE78" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[151,367,438,465]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBC857A89AE5E9E916EFE78" bold="true" box="[151,367,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBC857A884F5E9F91D5FE78" box="[374,468,439,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBC857A89AE5EF293C6FE5C" blockId="17.[151,967,438,537]" box="[151,967,474,501]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<uri id="6145143BFFBC857A89AE5EF293C6FE5C" box="[151,967,474,501]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="617222ECFFBC857A88905EF293C6FE5C" box="[425,967,474,501]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">CECA433E-4E9C-4E50-A1A1-57929702252B</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5DCE4BB2FFBC857A89AE5ED79118FDB0" box="[151,281,511,537]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBC857A89AE5ED79118FDB0" blockId="17.[151,967,438,537]" box="[151,281,511,537]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
(
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A89A65ED79111FDB0" box="[159,272,511,537]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStart-2="FIGURE 10" captionStart-3="FIGURE 11" captionStart-4="FIGURE 12" captionStart-5="FIGURE 13" captionStartId-0="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionStartId-1="21.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionStartId-2="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionStartId-3="23.[151,250,1859,1883]" captionStartId-4="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-5="25.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetBox-1="[187,1386,185,1871]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetBox-3="[165,1422,187,1835]" captionTargetBox-4="[173,1416,192,1910]" captionTargetBox-5="[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetId-0="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@21.[186,1401,181,1884]" captionTargetId-2="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId-3="figure-23@23.[151,1435,181,1835]" captionTargetId-4="figure-18@24.[159,1427,181,1919]" captionTargetId-5="figure-23@25.[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId-0="20" captionTargetPageId-1="21" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionTargetPageId-3="23" captionTargetPageId-4="24" captionTargetPageId-5="25" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic part and proximal antennulary segments, lateral view showing hyaline body (hb); B) fourth segment of left antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature and apical helmet; C) right antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature." captionText-2="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." captionText-3="FIGURE 11. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) cephalic structure and ornamentation, lateral view; B) same, showing oral cone (oc), hyaline body (hb), and medial cephalic process (mcp); C) anterior part of cephalothorax showing antennules with setation nomenclature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and apical helmet, dorsal view; D) right antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet; E) left antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet, dorsal view." captionText-4="FIGURE 12. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI." captionText-5="FIGURE 13. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) apical part of left antennule fourth segment showing chitinous apical helmet-like process (arrow), dorsal view; B) preoral surface showing nipplelike processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral; C) urosome showing fifth legs (P5) with small endopodal lobe (enp), ventral view; D) caudal rami with caudal setae I–VI showing proximally thickened setae III and IV (marked with asterisks)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762968" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762974" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762978" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14762968/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14762974/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/14762978/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 8–13</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5DCE4BB2FFBC857A89AE5D6E90D6FD58" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBC857A89AE5D6E91F1FD00" blockId="17.[151,1437,582,2019]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBC857A89AE5D6E9181FDC9" bold="true" box="[151,384,582,608]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Material examined.</emphasis>
Adult female
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBC857A8B265D6F9285FDC8" box="[543,644,583,609]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12535). Adult female
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBC857A89D25D43914AFD2C" box="[235,331,619,645]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine. Adult male
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBC857A8AF15D439423FD2C" box="[968,1058,619,645]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
undissected, mounted on slide in glycerine, (ECO-CHZ-12526).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBC857A89FE5D9B90D6FD58" blockId="17.[151,1437,582,2019]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<materialsCitation id="A5BC1264FFBC857A89FE5D9B90D3FD58" collectingDate="1985-03-20" country="Australia" latitude="-37.951416" location="Werribee" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="144.78546" municipality="Port Phillip Bay" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Victoria" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBC857A89FE5D9B9164FD65" bold="true" box="[199,357,690,717]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBC857A89FE5D9B9103FD64" box="[199,258,691,717]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<location id="100B4EE2FFBC857A88555D9B91D4FD64" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9D7DA92FFFBC857689AE5E9E920DFDB0:100B4EE2FFBC857A88555D9B91D4FD64" box="[364,469,691,717]" country="Australia" latitude="-37.951416" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="144.78546" municipality="Port Phillip Bay" name="Werribee" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" stateProvince="Victoria">Werribee</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="F50F8243FFBC857A88D95D9B9294FD64" box="[480,661,691,717]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Port Phillip Bay</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="D710D6DBFFBC857A8BA65D9B92FDFD64" box="[671,764,691,717]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Victoria</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="6DC358A9FFBC857A8A3F5D9B936CFD64" box="[774,877,691,717]" name="Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="70E07EFEFFBC857A8A425D9A9411FD64" box="[891,1040,690,717]" degrees="37" direction="south" minutes="57.085" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="1" value="-37.951416">37°57.085’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="70E07EFEFFBC857A8D245D9B94C0FD64" box="[1053,1217,691,717]" degrees="144" direction="east" minutes="47.128" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="1" value="144.78546">144°47.128’ E</geoCoordinate>
), coll. on
<date id="616A3EF9FFBC857A8C095D9B90D3FD58" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1985-03-20">
<collectingDate id="712EC711FFBC857A8C095D9B90D3FD58" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1985-03-20">20 March 1985</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5DCE4BB2FFBC857A89FE5DD29579FB08" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBC857A89FE5DD29579FB08" blockId="17.[151,1437,582,2019]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBC857A89FE5DD29143FCBD" bold="true" box="[199,322,762,788]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Medium sized (
<quantity id="D22CB5DCFFBC857A8B395DD39244FCBC" box="[512,581,763,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
) female with elongate, cylindrical cephalothorax about 60% of total body length, oral cone prominent, located ventrally at anterior 1/3 of cephalothorax. Urosome relatively short, 20% of total body length. Antennules 4-segmented, 32% of total body length, anteriorly directed, straight or slightly curved inwards, divergent in some cases; segments 1–2 divided, segments 3–4 fused; distal segment with thick chitinous hyaline process covering the apical and subdistal margins of segment, process of variable thickness along subdistal margins, apical process sometimes forceps-like. Genital double-somite with rounded medial anteroventral protuberance of variable size, somite carrying pair of ovigerous spines barely reaching beyond distal margin of caudal rami. Fifth legs bilobed, outer exopodal lobe thick, subrectangular, armed with three subequally long setae; inner endopodal lobe unarmed, thumb-like or globose, reaching middle of inner margin of exopodal lobe. Caudal rami subrectangular, twice as long as wide, armed with five setae, apical setae III and IV proximally expanded. Male with slender body, cephalothorax about 50% of total body length; male genital complex with short thick shaft and smooth lateral margins; shaft branching into pair of digitiform, slightly asymmetrical, divergent genital lappets.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5DCE4BB2FFBC857889FE5B82923CFBB8" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBC857A89FE5B8292E8FA68" blockId="17.[151,1437,582,2019]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBC857A89FE5B82928BFB6C" bold="true" box="[199,650,1194,1221]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Description of adult female
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBC857A8B245B839287FB6C" box="[541,646,1195,1221]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Body length of
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBC857A8A725B8393ACFB6C" box="[843,941,1195,1221]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<quantity id="D22CB5DCFFBC857A8A8F5B839421FB6C" box="[950,1056,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.08">2.08 mm</quantity>
. Cephalothorax long, cylindrical, moderately robust with moderately expanded lateral margins (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8A515BE793D5FB40" box="[872,980,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
), about 58% of total body length. Oral cone strongly prominent, cylindrical (oc in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8BAF5BDB92F5FAA4" box="[662,756,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 8B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8A3D5BDB9336FAA4" box="[772,823,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10D</figureCitation>
), located 15% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax. Cephalic region anteriorly subquadrate in dorsal view, ‘forehead’ weakly produced, smooth, with field of transverse integumental wrinkles between antennule bases (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8AAC5A1393ECFAFC" box="[917,1005,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
); ventral preoral surface with reduced ornamentation, including single pair of nipple-like processes (nlp in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8AB45A7793ECFAD0" box="[909,1005,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 8B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8AC15A77942BFAD0" box="[1016,1066,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10D</figureCitation>
) and medial perioral pore (ppo in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A89AE5AAB90FFFA34" box="[151,254,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
). Eyes comprising two lateral cups and medial ventral cup (lec, hb in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8AC75AAB9457FA34" box="[1022,1110,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-23@21.[186,1401,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic part and proximal antennulary segments, lateral view showing hyaline body (hb); B) fourth segment of left antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature and apical helmet; C) right antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762968/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
); small hyaline bodies (
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBC857A8C675AAB959DFA35" box="[1374,1436,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBC857A89AE5A8F9188FA68" author="Suarez-Morales, E." box="[151,393,1447,1473]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="92 - 103" refId="ref45027" refString="Suarez-Morales, E. (2018) Monstrilloid copepods: the best of three worlds. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 107, 92 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.3160 / 3646.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Suárez-Morales 2018</bibRefCitation>
) located anteriorly to eye cups.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBC857A89FE5AE393AAF914" blockId="17.[151,1437,582,2019]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Urosome consisting of four somites i.e. fifth pedigerous somite (with fifth legs), genital double-somite (ventrally carrying paired ovigerous spines reaching middle of caudal rami), free preanal somite, and anal somite carrying pair of caudal rami; length ratio of urosomites (from proximal to distal) 36.1: 36.5: 14.1: 13.3 = 100 (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8DE2593B9534F984" box="[1243,1333,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
). Genital double-somite with weakly expanded lateral margins, with incomplete transverse suture visible in dorsal and lateral view (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A89E759739138F9DC" box="[222,313,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
); pair of relatively short ovigerous spines on ventral surface, carrying eggs mass distally (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8C0059739596F9DC" box="[1337,1431,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 8A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A89AE595790CAF930" box="[151,203,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10A</figureCitation>
). Caudal rami subrectangular (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8B1459579288F930" box="[557,649,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
), 1.4 times as long as broad, each armed with five caudal setae I–V. Distalmost setae III and V proximally expanded (asterisks in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8A7C598B939FF914" box="[837,926,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBC857989FE59EF9464FEB4" blockId="17.[151,1437,582,2019]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,465]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Antennules (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A886E59EF91B5F948" box="[343,436,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 8B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A88F859EF9206F948" box="[449,519,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-23@21.[186,1401,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic part and proximal antennulary segments, lateral view showing hyaline body (hb); B) fourth segment of left antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature and apical helmet; C) right antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762968/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9A–C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8B2D59EF9266F948" box="[532,615,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10A, B</figureCitation>
)
<quantity id="D22CB5DCFFBC857A8B4159EF92DFF948" box="[632,734,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.66">0.66 mm</quantity>
in length, about 32% of total body length and almost 55% of cephalothorax length (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A88AF59C39201F8AC" box="[406,512,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
); distinctly 4-segmented as usual in female monstrilloids, anteriorly directed, not completely straight but slightly curved inwards (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8B8E5827931EF880" box="[695,799,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
); segments 1–3 divided, segments 3–4 partly fused (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8C53582790BBF8E4" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 8B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A89F0581B9113F8E4" box="[201,274,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-23@21.[186,1401,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic part and proximal antennulary segments, lateral view showing hyaline body (hb); B) fourth segment of left antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature and apical helmet; C) right antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762968/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9A, C</figureCitation>
); length ratio of antennular segments (proximal to distal) 13.3: 16.6: 20.0: 50.1 = 100 (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBC857A8C37581B958EF8E4" box="[1294,1423,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-23@21.[186,1401,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic part and proximal antennulary segments, lateral view showing hyaline body (hb); B) fourth segment of left antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature and apical helmet; C) right antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762968/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A, C</figureCitation>
). Following Grygier and Ohtsuka’s (1995) setal nomenclature for antennules, first segment with reduced, slender setal element 1, second segment bearing reduced setiform element IId, and slender setiform elements 2d
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBC857A8C2658A59532F832" attach="left" box="[1311,1331,1933,1947]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1,2</subScript>
, and 2v
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBC857A8CB558A59595F832" attach="left" box="[1420,1428,1933,1947]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2</subScript>
; third segment with setiform, lightly setulated element 3 and adjacent setiform elements IIId and IIIv, fourth segment separated from third by poorly-defined suture, armed with setal elements IVd, 4v
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBC857A8D7658FD9456F84A" attach="left" box="[1103,1111,2005,2019]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3</subScript>
, 5, and Vv, aesthetasc 4aes present in medial position, subapical “
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBF85798B7F5FBF9255FF18" box="[582,596,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">b</emphasis>
” setal group comprising two branched setal elements b
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBF85798DFA5F8194CAFF1E" attach="left" box="[1219,1227,169,183]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1</subScript>
and b
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBF85798C285F819518FF1E" attach="left" box="[1297,1305,169,183]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">2</subScript>
inserted on outer margin, usual apical elements 6
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBF85798B015FE5924DFF72" attach="left" box="[568,588,205,219]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1,2</subScript>
and 6aes not clearly observable, except for part of aesthetasc 6aes (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798C055F939596FF7C" box="[1340,1431,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-23@21.[186,1401,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic part and proximal antennulary segments, lateral view showing hyaline body (hb); B) fourth segment of left antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature and apical helmet; C) right antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762968/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 9C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF857989AE5FF790CAFF50" box="[151,203,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">10A</figureCitation>
), with distinctive chitinous thickening resembling an apical helmet covering the subdistal and apical margins of antennules (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF857988045E2B9195FEB4" box="[317,404,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-23@21.[186,1401,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic part and proximal antennulary segments, lateral view showing hyaline body (hb); B) fourth segment of left antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature and apical helmet; C) right antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762968/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
), helmet thickest apically on both antennules (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798AA55E2B9418FEB4" box="[924,1049,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,185,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-23@21.[186,1401,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic part and proximal antennulary segments, lateral view showing hyaline body (hb); B) fourth segment of left antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature and apical helmet; C) right antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762968/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 9B, C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798D1D5E2B9459FEB4" box="[1060,1112,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">10A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857989FE5E0F959DFECC" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,465]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
First pedigerous somite and succeeding three free thoracic somites each bearing well-developed pair of biramous swimming legs (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF857988695E6391B9FECC" box="[336,440,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
), all with exopodite longer than endopodite. Setal armature pattern as in
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBF85798DDB5E639568FECC" authorityName="Suarez-Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[1250,1385,331,357]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBF85798DDB5E639568FECC" box="[1250,1385,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. elongata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857989AE5E47959DFE04" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,465]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBF857989AE5E4791A2FE20" author="Suarez-Morales, E." box="[151,419,367,393]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="9 - 28" refId="ref44841" refString="Suarez-Morales, E. (2001 b) Taxonomic report on a collection of monstrilloids (Copepoda: Monstrilloida) from Banco Chinchorro, Mexico with description of a new species. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 72 (1), 9 - 28." type="journal article" year="2001">Suárez-Morales, 2001b</bibRefCitation>
). All natatory setae lightly and biserially plumose. Outer margin of outer apical exopodal seta of legs 1–4 smooth. Apical spiniform seta on third exopodal segment slightly spinulose along outer margin,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857989AE5E9F9309FE78" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,465]" box="[151,776,439,465]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">inner margin setulose. Armature of swimming legs 1–4:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857988305D299490FDB4" blockId="18.[265,1241,513,616]" box="[265,1169,513,541]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leg Basis Endopod Exopod</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857988305D0094D8FDED" blockId="18.[265,1241,513,616]" box="[265,1241,552,580]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-2</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857988305D6494D8FDC1" blockId="18.[265,1241,513,616]" box="[265,1241,588,616]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">2–4 1-0 0-1; 0-1;1-2-2 I-1; 0-1; I-2-3</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857989FE5DF79100FCE8" blockId="18.[151,1436,735,833]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fifth legs (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF8579887D5DF7919CFD50" box="[324,413,735,761]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[151,1435,181,1806]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
) well-developed, bilobed. Outer lobe subrectangular, armed distally with three subequally long lightly setulated setae. Inner lobe wide, globose, reaching halfway of outer lobe inner margin; inner lobe unarmed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857989AE5CBA9245FC05" blockId="18.[151,580,914,940]" box="[151,580,914,940]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBF857989AE5CBA9245FC05" bold="true" box="[151,580,914,940]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Intraspecific variability of females</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857989AE5CF2947FFBC8" blockId="18.[151,1437,986,2021]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBF857989AE5CF2925CFC5C" bold="true" box="[151,605,986,1013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Description of adult female
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF857988D25CF39259FC5C" box="[491,600,987,1013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Body length of
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798A255CF3937DFC5C" box="[796,892,987,1013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
<quantity id="D22CB5DCFFBF85798ABC5CF293EFFC5C" box="[901,1006,986,1013]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="2.05">2.05 mm</quantity>
. Cephalothorax as in
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798DD15CF3954BFC5C" box="[1256,1354,987,1013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
except for exhibiting corrugate flat forehead instead of smooth, weakly produced forehead as in
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798D885CD79512FBB0" box="[1201,1299,1023,1049]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798C1F5CD7958EFBB0" box="[1318,1423,1023,1049]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@23.[151,1435,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) cephalic structure and ornamentation, lateral view; B) same, showing oral cone (oc), hyaline body (hb), and medial cephalic process (mcp); C) anterior part of cephalothorax showing antennules with setation nomenclature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and apical helmet, dorsal view; D) right antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet; E) left antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762974/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
). Ventral preoral surface as in
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF857988E75B0B9242FB94" box="[478,579,1059,1085]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798B765B0B92AEFB94" box="[591,687,1059,1085]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
with tighter integumental wrinkles pattern, higher medial bulging protuberance (mcp in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF857988B75B6F91F0FBC8" box="[398,497,1095,1121]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@23.[151,1435,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) cephalic structure and ornamentation, lateral view; B) same, showing oral cone (oc), hyaline body (hb), and medial cephalic process (mcp); C) anterior part of cephalothorax showing antennules with setation nomenclature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and apical helmet, dorsal view; D) right antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet; E) left antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762974/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
), and single pair of nipple-like processes (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798AF25B6F9432FBC8" box="[971,1075,1095,1121]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@23.[151,1435,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) cephalic structure and ornamentation, lateral view; B) same, showing oral cone (oc), hyaline body (hb), and medial cephalic process (mcp); C) anterior part of cephalothorax showing antennules with setation nomenclature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and apical helmet, dorsal view; D) right antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet; E) left antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762974/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 11B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798D065B6F9470FBC8" box="[1087,1137,1095,1121]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-23@25.[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) apical part of left antennule fourth segment showing chitinous apical helmet-like process (arrow), dorsal view; B) preoral surface showing nipplelike processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral; C) urosome showing fifth legs (P5) with small endopodal lobe (enp), ventral view; D) caudal rami with caudal setae I–VI showing proximally thickened setae III and IV (marked with asterisks)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762978/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">13B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857989FE5B439114F99C" blockId="18.[151,1437,986,2021]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Antennules as in
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF857988AA5B4391F9FB2C" box="[403,504,1131,1157]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, except for lack of curved position,
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798A985B439400FB2C" box="[929,1025,1131,1157]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
antennules straight, divergent (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798C565B4390C4FB00" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@23.[151,1435,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) cephalic structure and ornamentation, lateral view; B) same, showing oral cone (oc), hyaline body (hb), and medial cephalic process (mcp); C) anterior part of cephalothorax showing antennules with setation nomenclature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and apical helmet, dorsal view; D) right antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet; E) left antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762974/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
) and with division between segments 3 and 4 represented by weak constriction (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798D695BA794B4FB00" box="[1104,1205,1167,1193]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@23.[151,1435,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) cephalic structure and ornamentation, lateral view; B) same, showing oral cone (oc), hyaline body (hb), and medial cephalic process (mcp); C) anterior part of cephalothorax showing antennules with setation nomenclature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and apical helmet, dorsal view; D) right antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet; E) left antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762974/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
), segment 4 longest. Following Grygier and Ohtsuka’s (1995) setal nomenclature,
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798A095B9B9391FB64" box="[816,912,1203,1229]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
setation as in
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798D1B5B9B9485FB64" box="[1058,1156,1203,1229]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
except for more complete setation in segment two (with elements 2v
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBF85798B555BC19285FB5E" attach="right" box="[620,644,1257,1271]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1–3</subScript>
, 2d
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBF85798B945BC192C0FB5E" attach="left" box="[685,705,1257,1271]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1,2</subScript>
, IId), third segment with setiform, lightly setulated element 3 and adjacent setiform elements IIId and IIIv, fourth segment separated from third by complete intersegmental division, armed with setal elements IVd, IVv, 4d
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBF85798B755A199261FA96" attach="left" box="[588,608,1329,1343]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1,2</subScript>
, 4v
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBF85798BB05A19929CFA96" attach="left" box="[649,669,1329,1343]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1,2</subScript>
, Vm, Vd, and Vv, slender aesthetasc 4aes present in medial position, subapical “b” setal group comprising single unbranched setal element b
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBF85798AFC5A7D93CCFACA" attach="left" box="[965,973,1365,1379]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">3</subScript>
on outer margin, thus differing from the
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF857989AE5A4F90F8FA28" box="[151,249,1383,1409]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
having two branched “b” group setae, usual apical elements 6
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBF85798A895A5193C5FA2E" attach="left" box="[944,964,1401,1415]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1,2</subScript>
not clearly observable in
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798DDC5A4F9549FA28" box="[1253,1352,1383,1409]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, except for subapically inserted aesthetasc 6aes (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798B5C5AA392CDFA0C" box="[613,716,1419,1445]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@23.[151,1435,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) cephalic structure and ornamentation, lateral view; B) same, showing oral cone (oc), hyaline body (hb), and medial cephalic process (mcp); C) anterior part of cephalothorax showing antennules with setation nomenclature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and apical helmet, dorsal view; D) right antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet; E) left antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762974/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
); fourth segment exhibiting distinctive integumental thickening of subdistal and apical margins, but showing a weaker development, with process being narrower subdistally and thicker apically, forming a thick high element resembling a short, robust forceps (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798D165AFB94B4FA44" box="[1071,1205,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@23.[151,1435,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) cephalic structure and ornamentation, lateral view; B) same, showing oral cone (oc), hyaline body (hb), and medial cephalic process (mcp); C) anterior part of cephalothorax showing antennules with setation nomenclature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and apical helmet, dorsal view; D) right antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet; E) left antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762974/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11D, E</figureCitation>
, arrow in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798C115AFB9591FA44" box="[1320,1424,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-23@25.[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) apical part of left antennule fourth segment showing chitinous apical helmet-like process (arrow), dorsal view; B) preoral surface showing nipplelike processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral; C) urosome showing fifth legs (P5) with small endopodal lobe (enp), ventral view; D) caudal rami with caudal setae I–VI showing proximally thickened setae III and IV (marked with asterisks)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762978/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
). Swimming legs 1–4 as in
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF857988865ADF9225F9B8" box="[447,548,1527,1553]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, with intercoxal sclerites with transverse wrinkles, that of leg 1 being smallest (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF857989A659339109F99C" box="[159,264,1563,1589]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,192,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-18@24.[159,1427,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857989FE591791DAF898" blockId="18.[151,1437,986,2021]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<materialsCitation id="A5BC1264FFBF857989FE591791D6F898" collectionCode="VI, III, IV" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="holotype">
Urosome as in
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798856591791D0F9F0" box="[367,465,1599,1625]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF857988D959179264F9F0" box="[480,613,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,192,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-18@24.[159,1427,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12B, C</figureCitation>
), but
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF85798B9D59179305F9F0" box="[676,772,1599,1625]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
with integumental wrinkles on the dorsal surface of genital double-somite (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798870594B91B3F9D4" box="[329,434,1635,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,192,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-18@24.[159,1427,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
). Fifth legs endopodal lobes thumb-like, not globose (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798D18594B948AF9D4" box="[1057,1163,1635,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,192,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-18@24.[159,1427,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
). Genital double-somite with anteroventral protuberance (arrow in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798B5459AF92D0F908" box="[621,721,1671,1697]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,192,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-18@24.[159,1427,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
); somite with weakly expanded lateral margins, with incomplete transverse suture visible in dorsal and lateral views (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798BDA59839348F96C" box="[739,841,1707,1733]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,192,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-18@24.[159,1427,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
); pair of relatively short, slender ovigerous spines on ventral surface. Caudal rami subrectangular in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798A0C59E7938CF940" box="[821,909,1743,1769]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1673,1697]" captionTargetBox="[182,1430,260,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[151,1436,235,1649]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caromiobenella hamatapex (Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka, 1995) from Western Port Bay, Australia, adult female. A) right antennule, dorsal view showing setation following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature, hooked setal element indicated with an arrowhead; B) ornamentation of preoral cephalic area, ventral view, hooked seta indicated with an arrowhead; C) forehead, dorsal view; D) urosome showing ventral integumental wrinkles at insertion of ovigerous spines on genital doublesomite, lateral view; E) tip of ovigerous spines, ventral view. (lec= lateral eye cup, mec = medial eye cup, nlp= nipple-like process)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762946/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
), rami twice as long as broad, each armed with six caudal setae I–
<collectionCode id="73C580FCFFBF8579885F59DB9182F8A4" box="[358,387,1779,1805]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">VI</collectionCode>
in the
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF857988E859DB9230F8A4" box="[465,561,1779,1805]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798B7959DB92A8F8A4" box="[576,681,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,192,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-18@24.[159,1427,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
). Distalmost caudal setae
<collectionCode id="73C580FCFFBF85798AF559DB93E9F8A4" box="[972,1000,1779,1805]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">III</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="73C580FCFFBF85798D2659DB943DF8A4" box="[1055,1084,1779,1805]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">IV</collectionCode>
with weak proximal expansion (asterisks in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF8579881C583F918FF898" box="[293,398,1815,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,192,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-18@24.[159,1427,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 12D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF857988A3583F91CFF898" box="[410,462,1815,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-23@25.[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) apical part of left antennule fourth segment showing chitinous apical helmet-like process (arrow), dorsal view; B) preoral surface showing nipplelike processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral; C) urosome showing fifth legs (P5) with small endopodal lobe (enp), ventral view; D) caudal rami with caudal setae I–VI showing proximally thickened setae III and IV (marked with asterisks)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762978/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">13D</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBF857889FE58129214FEB4" blockId="18.[151,1437,986,2021]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBF857989FE58129216F8FC" bold="true" box="[199,535,1850,1877]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Description of male
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBF8579888858139213F8FC" box="[433,530,1851,1877]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Body relatively slender. Total body length
<quantity id="D22CB5DCFFBF85798AD45813944FF8FC" box="[1005,1102,1851,1877]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.63" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="1.63">1.63 mm</quantity>
in dorsal view. Cephalothorax almost 50% of total body length, anteriorly rounded, with moderately protuberant forehead (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798D885877951FF8D0" box="[1201,1310,1887,1913]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 14A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798C135877955BF8D0" box="[1322,1370,1887,1913]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 16. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left caudal ramus with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV; B) distal tip of right antennule showing chitinous helmet-like apical process, dorsal view; C) cephalic structures showing medial eye cup (mec), lateral eye cups (lec), nipple-like processes (nlp), and oral cone (oc); D) genital somite with genital complex showing pair of distal lappets (L) and medial opercular flap (of)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762986/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">16C</figureCitation>
) with pair of hyaline bodies (
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBF857988A358AB91D9F835" box="[410,472,1923,1948]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBF857988E658AB92D3F834" author="Suarez-Morales, E." box="[479,722,1923,1949]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="92 - 103" refId="ref45027" refString="Suarez-Morales, E. (2018) Monstrilloid copepods: the best of three worlds. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 107, 92 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.3160 / 3646.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Suárez-Morales 2018</bibRefCitation>
, hb in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798A2458AB9380F834" box="[797,897,1923,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
), with posterolateral expansions of incorporated first pediger reaching about half-length of succeeding second pedigerous somite (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798D27588F9484F868" box="[1054,1157,1959,1985]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
); preoral anterior surface with field of transverse integumental wrinkles and pair of nipple-like processes on ventral surface (nlp in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBF85798C1358E3958EF84C" box="[1322,1423,1995,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
). Eyes represented by two strongly pigmented lateral cups and medial ventral cup at anterior ¼ of cephalothorax (mec, lec in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE857888185F939187FF7C" box="[289,390,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
), medial cup larger than lateral cups, lateral cups rounded, slightly smaller than medial cup in dorsal view (mec, lec in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE857888975FF79215FF50" box="[430,532,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
). Oral cone weakly produced, located at 30% of way back along ventral surface of cephalothorax (oc in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE8578889A5E2B9209FEB4" box="[419,520,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBE857889FE5E0F91BCFD64" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Urosome 24% of total body length; comprising fifth pedigerous somite, genital somite, one free somite, preanal and anal somites, the latter holding pair of caudal rami; relative length of urosomites, from proximal to distal: 20.0: 20.3: 14.6: 11.4: 33.6 = 100. Fifth pedigerous somite with straight lateral margins, ventral surface with integumental wrinkles and reduced bud-like paired processes representing male fifth legs (arrowhead in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788DBB5EBB94E6FE04" box="[1154,1255,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
). Genital somite with genital complex. Anal somite longest (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788BB25E9F933BFE78" box="[651,826,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 14A, C, D</figureCitation>
), carrying caudal rami. Genital complex arising from ventral surface of genital somite (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788B245EF392AAFE5C" box="[541,683,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 14C, D</figureCitation>
), with posteriorly projected short, thick shaft with smooth lateral margins; shaft branching into pair of digitiform, slightly asymmetrical, divergent genital lappets; right lappet straight, reaching distal margin of anal somite (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788B8F5D0B9328FD94" box="[694,809,546,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-23@27.[151,1435,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and Huys et al. (2007) for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs. 15C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788A0F5D0B9368FD94" box="[822,873,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 16. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left caudal ramus with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV; B) distal tip of right antennule showing chitinous helmet-like apical process, dorsal view; C) cephalic structures showing medial eye cup (mec), lateral eye cups (lec), nipple-like processes (nlp), and oral cone (oc); D) genital somite with genital complex showing pair of distal lappets (L) and medial opercular flap (of)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762986/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">16D</figureCitation>
), left lappet curved inwards, both with low inner swellings, and with smooth distal margins (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788B4F5D6F92E7FDC8" box="[630,742,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-23@27.[151,1435,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and Huys et al. (2007) for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs. 15C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788BC95D6F9325FDC8" box="[752,804,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 16. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left caudal ramus with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV; B) distal tip of right antennule showing chitinous helmet-like apical process, dorsal view; C) cephalic structures showing medial eye cup (mec), lateral eye cups (lec), nipple-like processes (nlp), and oral cone (oc); D) genital somite with genital complex showing pair of distal lappets (L) and medial opercular flap (of)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762986/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">16D</figureCitation>
); medial opercular flap (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788D0B5D6F9496FDC8" box="[1074,1175,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-23@27.[151,1435,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and Huys et al. (2007) for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
, of in
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788DE35D6F953CFDC8" box="[1242,1341,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-23@25.[210,1377,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia.A) apical part of left antennule fourth segment showing chitinous apical helmet-like process (arrow), dorsal view; B) preoral surface showing nipplelike processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral; C) urosome showing fifth legs (P5) with small endopodal lobe (enp), ventral view; D) caudal rami with caudal setae I–VI showing proximally thickened setae III and IV (marked with asterisks)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762978/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
) present distally on ventral surface of complex covering genital opening. Caudal rami armed with 5 caudal setae (setae I–V) (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE857889A65DA79106FD00" box="[159,263,654,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-23@27.[151,1435,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and Huys et al. (2007) for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 15D</figureCitation>
); setae I–II and, V subequal in length and width; setae III and IV slightly shorter, with proximal swelling (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE857889A65D9B9113FD64" box="[159,274,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-18@26.[151,1435,181,1811]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs. 14A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE857888245D9A9170FD64" box="[285,369,690,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-23@27.[151,1435,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and Huys et al. (2007) for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">15C, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE857888455D9B91B1FD64" box="[380,432,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 16. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left caudal ramus with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV; B) distal tip of right antennule showing chitinous helmet-like apical process, dorsal view; C) cephalic structures showing medial eye cup (mec), lateral eye cups (lec), nipple-like processes (nlp), and oral cone (oc); D) genital somite with genital complex showing pair of distal lappets (L) and medial opercular flap (of)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762986/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">16A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBE857889FE5DFF953CFC44" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Antennules
<quantity id="D22CB5DCFFBE857888725DFE91ACFD58" box="[331,429,726,753]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="0.56">0.56 mm</quantity>
long, almost 35% of total body length, 5-segmented; segments 1–5 clearly divided; segment 4 longest (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE857888325DD39172FCBC" box="[267,371,762,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-23@27.[151,1435,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and Huys et al. (2007) for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
). Following antennule armature nomenclature by
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBE85788AA75DD394C9FCBC" author="Grygier, M. J. &amp; Ohtsuka, S." box="[926,1224,762,789]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="703 - 719" refId="ref43373" refString="Grygier, M. J. &amp; Ohtsuka, S. (1995) SEM observation of the nauplius of Monstrilla hamatapex, new species, from Japan and an example of upgraded descriptive standards for monstrilloid copepods. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 15, 703 - 719. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724095 X 00118" type="journal article" year="1995">Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995)</bibRefCitation>
, first segment with short, spiniform element 1, second segment carrying spiniform elements 2d
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBE85788AEA5C1993DAFC96" attach="left" box="[979,987,817,831]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2</subScript>
and 2v
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBE85788D135C19943CFC96" attach="left" box="[1066,1085,817,831]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1,2</subScript>
and lightly setulated dorsal seta IId, third segment with long, stout spiniform element 3 and lightly setulated setiform elements IIIv and IIId, fourth segment with reduced armature including uniserially spinulate elements 4v
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBE85788AE45C5193F7FC2E" attach="left" box="[989,1014,889,903]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1–3</subScript>
, with inner swelling on proximal half (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE857889A65CA39108FC0C" box="[159,265,906,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-23@27.[151,1435,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and Huys et al. (2007) for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
). Following Huys
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE857888E05CA3920AFC0C" box="[473,523,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
.’s (2007) nomenclature for male antennulary setation, short, slender, unbranched seta 3 on outer margin, setae A–C on inner medial margin; apical elements 6
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBE85788AD15CE993F1FC66" attach="none" box="[1000,1008,961,975]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1</subScript>
, 6
<subScript id="89501A7CFFBE85788D355CE99415FC66" attach="none" box="[1036,1044,961,975]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2</subScript>
, and 6aes not observed (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788C1E5C87958EFC60" box="[1319,1423,942,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-23@27.[151,1435,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and Huys et al. (2007) for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
); distal margin of antennules with helmet-like chitinous thickening as described in female (
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788DB85CFB94F2FC44" box="[1153,1267,978,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-23@27.[151,1435,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995) and Huys et al. (2007) for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs. 15A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DEF04BCFFBE85788DC75CFB9531FC44" box="[1278,1328,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,181,1867]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 16. Monstrilla pileata sp. nov., adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left caudal ramus with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV; B) distal tip of right antennule showing chitinous helmet-like apical process, dorsal view; C) cephalic structures showing medial eye cup (mec), lateral eye cups (lec), nipple-like processes (nlp), and oral cone (oc); D) genital somite with genital complex showing pair of distal lappets (L) and medial opercular flap (of)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762986/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">16B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBE857889FE5CDF923CFBB8" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1977]" box="[199,573,1015,1041]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Swimming legs 1–4 as in female.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5DCE4BB2FFBE857889FE5B339103FBD4" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBE857889FE5B339103FBD4" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE857889FE5B33914FFB9C" bold="true" box="[199,334,1051,1077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name is derived from the Latin noun
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788A995B3393E2FB9C" box="[928,995,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pileus</emphasis>
, a conical hat used in Ancient Rome. It refers to the distal thickened hyaline chitinous process of the antennules, distinctive of this species. Gender is feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5DCE4BB2FFBE857689FE5BAF920DFDB0" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBE857889FE5BAF9209F810" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE857889FE5BAF913AFB08" bold="true" box="[199,315,1159,1185]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
The new species
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788B365BAF9287FB08" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[527,646,1159,1185]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788B365BAF9287FB08" box="[527,646,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788BA95BAF92ECFB08" bold="true" box="[656,749,1159,1185]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE85788BA95BAF92ECFB08" box="[656,749,1159,1185]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, can be easily recognized by several distinctive characters, including: (1) the bilobed female fifth leg with the outer lobe carrying three setae and an unarmed, globose inner lobe. A similar fifth leg structure and armature is known only in females of
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788A995BE794C8FB40" authority="Isaac, 1974" authorityName="Isaac" authorityYear="1974" box="[928,1225,1231,1257]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788A995BE79445FB40" box="[928,1092,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. brevicornis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBE85788D735BE794C8FB40" author="Isaac, M. J." box="[1098,1225,1231,1257]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="127 - 140" refId="ref43668" refString="Isaac, M. J. (1974) Copepoda Monstrilloida from south-west Britain including six new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 54, 127 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400022116" type="journal article" year="1974">Isaac, 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="6DC358A9FFBE85788C355BE7957DFB40" box="[1292,1404,1231,1257]" name="Indonesia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, in which the outer lobe has three setae, and the inner lobe is smooth; it differs from the pattern observed in
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788C105BDB959DFAA4" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[1321,1436,1267,1293]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788C105BDB959DFAA4" box="[1321,1436,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE857889AE5A3F90F1FA98" bold="true" box="[151,240,1303,1329]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE857889AE5A3F90F1FA98" box="[151,240,1303,1329]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
by the shape and size of the endopodal lobe, which is reduced, beak-like in
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788D075A3F94E0FA98" authorityName="Isaac" authorityYear="1974" box="[1086,1249,1303,1329]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788D075A3F94E0FA98" box="[1086,1249,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. brevicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBE85788DD65A3F956DFA98" author="Isaac, M. J." box="[1263,1388,1303,1329]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="127 - 140" refId="ref43668" refString="Isaac, M. J. (1974) Copepoda Monstrilloida from south-west Britain including six new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 54, 127 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400022116" type="journal article" year="1974">Isaac 1974</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1D)
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE857889F35A1390E0FAFD" box="[202,225,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">vs</emphasis>
. globose, well-developed in
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788B1E5A13929AFAFC" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[551,667,1339,1365]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788B1E5A13929AFAFC" box="[551,667,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788B9A5A1392FCFAFC" bold="true" box="[675,765,1339,1365]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE85788B9A5A1392FCFAFC" box="[675,765,1339,1365]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBE85788A3D5A139391FAFC" author="Isaac, M. J." box="[772,912,1339,1365]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="127 - 140" refId="ref43668" refString="Isaac, M. J. (1974) Copepoda Monstrilloida from south-west Britain including six new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 54, 127 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400022116" type="journal article" year="1974">Isaac (1974)</bibRefCitation>
recognized this reduced spinous inner process as the endopodal lobe, but
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBE857888F05A779326FAD0" author="Suarez-Morales, E. &amp; Dias, C. O." box="[457,807,1375,1401]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="219 - 228" refId="ref45497" refString="Suarez-Morales, E. &amp; Dias, C. O. (2001) A new species of Monstrilla (Crustacea: Copepoda: Monstrilloida) from Brazil with notes on M. brevicornis Isaac. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114 (1), 219 - 228." type="journal article" year="2001">Suárez-Morales &amp; Dias (2001)</bibRefCitation>
could not confirm the actual structure and shape of the inner lobe because the fifth leg of the
<typeStatus id="CA6FA69BFFBE85788B015AAB929BFA34" box="[568,666,1411,1437]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was damaged; (2) the presence of a helmet-like integumental process covering the tip of the antennules, a structure present in both the male and female of
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788D5D5A8F94D8FA68" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[1124,1241,1447,1473]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788D5D5A8F94D8FA68" box="[1124,1241,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788DD85A8F953DFA68" bold="true" box="[1249,1340,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE85788DD85A8F953DFA68" box="[1249,1340,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
that has not been described in any other congener or in other monstrilloids, (3) the symmetrically inward curvature of the antennules found in the female of
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788B345AC7927EF9A0" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[525,639,1519,1545]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788B345AC7927EF9A0" box="[525,639,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788BBD5AC792DDF9A0" bold="true" box="[644,732,1519,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE85788BBD5AC792DDF9A0" box="[644,732,1519,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
a unique character not previously reported in other monstrilloid copepods with only the right antennule of the Indonesian
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788A22593B93BEF984" authorityName="Isaac" authorityYear="1974" box="[795,959,1555,1581]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788A22593B93BEF984" box="[795,959,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. brevicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
depicted as having a similar pattern (
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBE85788C58593B90D3F9F8" author="Isaac, M. J." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="127 - 140" refId="ref43668" refString="Isaac, M. J. (1974) Copepoda Monstrilloida from south-west Britain including six new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 54, 127 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400022116" type="journal article" year="1974">Isaac 1974</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1A), (4) the proximally protuberant caudal setae III and IV is also a rare character among species of
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE857889AE5973910CF9DC" authorityName="Dana" authorityYear="1849" box="[151,269,1627,1653]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE857889AE5973910CF9DC" box="[151,269,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monstrilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which has been reported previously in females of two species, the Korean
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788D6E5973959DF9DC" authority="Lee &amp; Chang, 2016" authorityName="Lee &amp; Chang" authorityYear="2016" box="[1111,1436,1627,1653]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilhoii">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788D6E597394B9F9DC" box="[1111,1208,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. ilhoii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBE85788D865973959DF9DC" author="Lee, J. M. &amp; Chang, C. Y." box="[1215,1436,1627,1653]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="396 - 409" refId="ref44030" refString="Lee, J. M. &amp; Chang, C. Y. (2016) A new species of Monstrilla Dana, 1849 (Copepoda: Monstrilloida: Monstrillidae) from Korea, including a key to species from the north-west Pacific. In: Huys, R. (Ed.), Recent Developments in Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Symbiotic Copepoda (Crustacea). Zootaxa, 4174 (1), pp. 396 - 409. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4174.1.24" type="journal article" year="2016">Lee &amp; Chang, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBE857889A65957917AF930" author="Lee, J. M. &amp; Chang, C. Y." box="[159,379,1663,1689]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="396 - 409" refId="ref44030" refString="Lee, J. M. &amp; Chang, C. Y. (2016) A new species of Monstrilla Dana, 1849 (Copepoda: Monstrilloida: Monstrillidae) from Korea, including a key to species from the north-west Pacific. In: Huys, R. (Ed.), Recent Developments in Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Symbiotic Copepoda (Crustacea). Zootaxa, 4174 (1), pp. 396 - 409. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4174.1.24" type="journal article" year="2016">Lee &amp; Chang 2016</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1E), and the Caribbean
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788BF959579467F930" authority="Suarez-Morales, 2024" authorityName="Suarez-Morales" authorityYear="2024" box="[704,1126,1663,1689]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xcalakensis">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788BF959579367F930" box="[704,870,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. xcalakensis</emphasis>
Suárez-Morales, 2024
</taxonomicName>
(Suárez-Morales 2024, fig. 2B, C). This character is also reported in
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788B5A598B9321F915" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[611,800,1699,1724]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janetgrieveae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788B5A598B9321F915" box="[611,800,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. janetgrieveae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788A1E598B9381F914" bold="true" box="[807,896,1699,1725]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE85788A1E598B9381F914" box="[807,896,1699,1725]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, described later in this account of the Australian
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE857889AE59EF910CF948" authorityName="Dana" authorityYear="1849" box="[151,269,1735,1761]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE857889AE59EF910CF948" box="[151,269,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monstrilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In these cases, two terminal caudal setae (III, IV) are modified, so females of
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788D4259EF94EFF948" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[1147,1262,1735,1761]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788D4259EF94EFF948" box="[1147,1262,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788DCC59EF954FF948" bold="true" box="[1269,1358,1735,1761]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE85788DCC59EF954FF948" box="[1269,1358,1735,1761]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE8578888C59C3925BF8AC" authorityName="Suarez-Morales" authorityYear="2024" box="[437,602,1771,1797]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xcalakensis">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE8578888C59C3925BF8AC" box="[437,602,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. xcalakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788BB759C392ECF8AC" authorityName="Lee &amp; Chang" authorityYear="2016" box="[654,749,1771,1797]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilhoii">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788BB759C392ECF8AC" box="[654,749,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. ilhoii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the structure and armature of the fifth legs, the new species displaying a smooth inner lobe
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE857888CC5827920DF881" box="[501,524,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">vs</emphasis>
. an armed inner lobe in
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788A235827937BF880" authorityName="Lee &amp; Chang" authorityYear="2016" box="[794,890,1807,1833]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilhoii">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788A235827937BF880" box="[794,890,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. ilhoii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBE85788AB158279460F880" author="Lee, J. M. &amp; Chang, C. Y." box="[904,1121,1807,1833]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="396 - 409" refId="ref44030" refString="Lee, J. M. &amp; Chang, C. Y. (2016) A new species of Monstrilla Dana, 1849 (Copepoda: Monstrilloida: Monstrillidae) from Korea, including a key to species from the north-west Pacific. In: Huys, R. (Ed.), Recent Developments in Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Symbiotic Copepoda (Crustacea). Zootaxa, 4174 (1), pp. 396 - 409. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4174.1.24" type="journal article" year="2016">Lee &amp; Chang 2016</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1E) and
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788DCF5827959DF880" authorityName="Suarez-Morales" authorityYear="2024" box="[1270,1436,1807,1833]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xcalakensis">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788DCF5827959DF880" box="[1270,1436,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. xcalakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Suárez-Morales 2024, fig. 2A). The differences found in the male and female
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788D2F581B948AF8E4" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[1046,1163,1843,1869]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788D2F581B948AF8E4" box="[1046,1163,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788DAB581B94ECF8E4" bold="true" box="[1170,1261,1843,1869]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE85788DAB581B94ECF8E4" box="[1170,1261,1843,1869]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
with respect to all other known species of
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE857888E8587F9246F8D8" authorityName="Dana" authorityYear="1849" box="[465,583,1879,1905]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE857888E8587F9246F8D8" box="[465,583,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monstrilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lead to the proposal of a new species.
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788D36587F94DCF8D8" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[1039,1245,1879,1905]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788D36587F94DCF8D8" box="[1039,1245,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788DDF587F9543F8D8" bold="true" box="[1254,1346,1879,1905]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE85788DDF587F9543F8D8" box="[1254,1346,1879,1905]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBE85788C47587F912EF83D" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janetgrieveae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE85788C47587F912EF83D" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. janetgrieveae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBE8578880E58539191F83C" bold="true" box="[311,400,1915,1941]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBE8578880E58539191F83C" box="[311,400,1915,1941]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
differ in the structure and ornamentation of the antennules, the latter lacking the helmet-like apical process on the antennules.
</paragraph>
<caption id="41AB48B1FFB9857F89AE580D94EBF82F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762966" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762966/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[151,250,1829,1853]" targetBox="[163,1423,194,1806]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFB9857F89AE580D94EBF82F" blockId="20.[151,1437,1829,1926]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB9857F89AE580D9113F894" bold="true" box="[151,274,1829,1853]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB9857F882E580E91CFF897" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[279,462,1830,1854]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB9857F882E580E91CFF897" box="[279,462,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB9857F88EA580E922BF897" bold="true" box="[467,554,1830,1854]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB9857F88EA580E9224F897" box="[467,549,1830,1854]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) urosome with fifth legs, ovigerous spines, and caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V and thickened setae III and IV, ventral view; B) preoral surface and forehead showing oral cone (oc) and nipple-like processes (nlp); C) urosome with fifth legs, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="41AB48B1FFB8857E89AE585D92B7F850" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762968" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762968/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[151,250,1909,1933]" targetBox="[187,1386,185,1871]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFB8857E89AE585D92B7F850" blockId="21.[151,1436,1909,2041]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB8857E89AE585D9114F824" bold="true" box="[151,277,1909,1933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB8857E8827585D91D9F824" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[286,472,1909,1933]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB8857E8827585D91D9F824" box="[286,472,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB8857E88D8585D923BF824" bold="true" box="[481,570,1909,1933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB8857E88D8585D9237F824" box="[481,566,1909,1933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic part and proximal antennulary segments, lateral view showing hyaline body (hb); B) fourth segment of left antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature and apical helmet; C) right antennule showing setal armature following Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka’s (1995) nomenclature.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="41AB48B1FFBB857D89AE584790C6F85A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762972/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[151,250,1903,1927]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1879]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBB857D89AE584790C6F85A" blockId="22.[151,1436,1903,2035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBB857D89AE58479121F82E" bold="true" box="[151,288,1903,1927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBB857D881F584791DFF82E" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[294,478,1903,1927]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBB857D881F584791DFF82E" box="[294,478,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBB857D88DD5847923DF82E" bold="true" box="[484,572,1903,1927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBB857D88DD58479236F82E" box="[484,567,1903,1927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
adult female holotype from Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus, ventral view; B) left antennule, fourth segment, dorsal view showing apical helmet; C) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–V showing proximally thickened setae III and IV; D) oral surface showing nipple-like processes (nlp), preoral pore (ppo), and oral cone (oc).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="41AB48B1FFBA857C89AE586B9224F842" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762974" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762974/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[151,250,1859,1883]" targetBox="[165,1422,187,1835]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFBA857C89AE586B9224F842" blockId="23.[151,1437,1859,2027]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBA857C89AE586B911FF8F2" bold="true" box="[151,286,1859,1883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFBA857C881D586B91DAF8F2" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[292,475,1859,1883]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBA857C881D586B91DAF8F2" box="[292,475,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFBA857C88DB586C9238F8F5" bold="true" box="[482,569,1860,1884]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFBA857C88DB586C9235F8F5" box="[482,564,1860,1884]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) cephalic structure and ornamentation, lateral view; B) same, showing oral cone (oc), hyaline body (hb), and medial cephalic process (mcp); C) anterior part of cephalothorax showing antennules with setation nomenclature following
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFBA857C8D2658A3952CF80A" author="Grygier, M. J. &amp; Ohtsuka, S." box="[1055,1325,1931,1956]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="703 - 719" refId="ref43373" refString="Grygier, M. J. &amp; Ohtsuka, S. (1995) SEM observation of the nauplius of Monstrilla hamatapex, new species, from Japan and an example of upgraded descriptive standards for monstrilloid copepods. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 15, 703 - 719. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724095 X 00118" type="journal article" year="1995">Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995)</bibRefCitation>
and apical helmet, dorsal view; D) right antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet; E) left antennule, detail of bipartite antennulary apical helmet, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="41AB48B1FFB5857389AE58BF956AF87A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762976" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762976/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[173,1416,192,1910]" targetPageId="24" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFB5857389AE58BF956AF87A" blockId="24.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB5857389AE58BF9120F806" bold="true" box="[151,289,1943,1967]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB58573881058B091E3F819" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[297,482,1944,1968]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB58573881058B091E3F819" box="[297,482,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB5857388D358B09243F819" bold="true" box="[490,578,1944,1968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB5857388D358B0923FF819" box="[490,574,1944,1968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) coxal plates of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4); B) urosome, lateral view; C) same, ventral view; D) caudal rami showing caudal setae I–VI.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="41AB48B1FFB4857289AE585D9532F850" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762978" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762978/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[151,250,1909,1933]" targetBox="[210,1377,181,1884]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFB4857289AE585D9532F850" blockId="25.[151,1436,1909,2041]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB4857289AE585D9121F824" bold="true" box="[151,288,1909,1933]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB48572881F585D91DCF824" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[294,477,1909,1933]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB48572881F585D91DCF824" box="[294,477,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB4857288DD585D923AF824" bold="true" box="[484,571,1909,1933]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB4857288DD585D9236F824" box="[484,567,1909,1933]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
adult female paratype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) apical part of left antennule fourth segment showing chitinous apical helmet-like process (arrow), dorsal view; B) preoral surface showing nipplelike processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral; C) urosome showing fifth legs (P5) with small endopodal lobe (enp), ventral view; D) caudal rami with caudal setae I–VI showing proximally thickened setae III and IV (marked with asterisks).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="41AB48B1FFB7857189AE580391C2F87A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762982" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762982/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[151,250,1835,1859]" targetBox="[165,1421,195,1800]" targetPageId="26" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFB7857189AE580391C2F87A" blockId="26.[151,1436,1835,2003]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB7857189AE58039123F8EA" bold="true" box="[151,290,1835,1859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB785718813580391E2F8EA" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[298,483,1835,1859]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB785718813580391E2F8EA" box="[298,483,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB7857188D558039244F8EA" bold="true" box="[492,581,1835,1859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB7857188D558039240F8EA" box="[492,577,1835,1859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) habitus showing cephalic structures, hyaline bodies (hb), medial eye cup (mec), and lateral eye cups (lec), and caudal armature (setae I–V), dorsal view; B) cephalic structures showing nipple-like processes (nlp) and oral cone (oc), ventral view; C) urosome showing reduced processes on fifth pedigerous somite (arrowhead) and genital complex, semi-lateral view; D) urosome and pedigers 1–4 with genital complex, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="41AB48B1FFB6857089AE59E192F5F8D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762984" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762984/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[151,250,1737,1761]" targetBox="[166,1421,196,1698]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFB6857089AE59E192F5F8D8" blockId="27.[151,1437,1737,1905]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB6857089AE59E19122F948" bold="true" box="[151,291,1737,1761]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB68570881459E191E9F948" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[301,488,1737,1761]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB68570881459E191E9F948" box="[301,488,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB6857088CB59E1924CF948" bold="true" box="[498,589,1737,1761]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB6857088CB59E19249F948" box="[498,584,1737,1761]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left antennule showing setation pattern with nomenclature of segments I–IV following
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFB685708A4559C5948AF8AC" author="Grygier, M. J. &amp; Ohtsuka, S." box="[892,1163,1773,1797]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="703 - 719" refId="ref43373" refString="Grygier, M. J. &amp; Ohtsuka, S. (1995) SEM observation of the nauplius of Monstrilla hamatapex, new species, from Japan and an example of upgraded descriptive standards for monstrilloid copepods. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 15, 703 - 719. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724095 X 00118" type="journal article" year="1995">Grygier &amp; Ohtsuka (1995)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFB685708D8759C69579F8AC" author="Huys, R. &amp; Llewellyn-Hughes, J. &amp; Conroy-Dalton, S. &amp; Olson, P. D. &amp; Spinks, J. N. &amp; Johnston, D. A." box="[1214,1400,1773,1798]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="368 - 378" refId="ref43583" refString="Huys, R., Llewellyn-Hughes, J., Conroy-Dalton, S., Olson, P. D., Spinks, J. N. &amp; Johnston, D. A. (2007) Extraordinary host switching in siphonostomatoid copepods and the demise of the Monstrilloida: integrating molecular data, ontogeny and antennulary morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 368 - 378. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2007.02.004" type="journal article" year="2007">
Huys
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB685708DC359C69526F8AC" box="[1274,1319,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. (2007)
</bibRefCitation>
for fifth segment; B) eye complex, dorsal view showing medial eye cup (mec) and lateral eye cups (lec); C) urosome and caudal rami showing genital complex and caudal setal pattern with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV. d) left caudal ramus showing proximally thickened setae III and IV, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="41AB48B1FFB1857789AE584B9525F84E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14762986" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14762986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14762986/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[151,250,1891,1915]" targetBox="[160,1436,181,1867]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="156B1839FFB1857789AE584B9525F84E" blockId="28.[151,1436,1891,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB1857789AE584B9120F8D2" bold="true" box="[151,289,1891,1915]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB185778810584B91E0F8D2" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[297,481,1891,1915]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB185778810584B91E0F8D2" box="[297,481,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Monstrilla pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB1857788D0584B9243F8D2" bold="true" box="[489,578,1891,1915]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB1857788D0584B923CF8D2" box="[489,573,1891,1915]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
adult male allotype from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A) left caudal ramus with proximally thickened caudal setae III and IV; B) distal tip of right antennule showing chitinous helmet-like apical process, dorsal view; C) cephalic structures showing medial eye cup (mec), lateral eye cups (lec), nipple-like processes (nlp), and oral cone (oc); D) genital somite with genital complex showing pair of distal lappets (L) and medial opercular flap (of).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="156B1839FFB0857689FE5FBE920DFDB0" blockId="29.[151,1437,150,537]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB0857689FE5FBE92C3FF18" bold="true" box="[199,706,150,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Matching both sexes of
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB0857688D15FBF925FFF18" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[488,606,150,177]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB0857688D15FBF925FFF18" bold="true" box="[488,606,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB085768B5E5FBF92C3FF18" box="[615,706,151,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
One of the main challenges in the current study of monstrilloid copepods lies in reliably matching the sexes of a species (
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFB085768A245F939415FF7C" author="Suarez-Morales, E." box="[797,1044,187,213]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref44988" refString="Suarez-Morales, E. (2011) Diversity of the Monstrilloida (Crustacea: Copepoda). PLoS ONE, 6, e 22915. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0022915" type="journal volume" year="2011">Suárez-Morales 2011</bibRefCitation>
). The use of molecular tools seems to be the most effective and definitive method for matching male monstrilloids to their corresponding females. It has recently been applied in
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB0857688925E2B9329FEB4" authority="(Jeon et al. 2018 b)" baseAuthorityName="Jeon" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[427,808,259,285]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrillopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB0857688925E2B924CFEB4" box="[427,589,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Monstrillopsis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFB085768B655E2B9321FEB4" author="Jeon, D. &amp; Lim, D. &amp; Lee, W. &amp; Soh, H. Y." box="[604,800,259,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref43813" refString="Jeon, D., Lim, D., Lee, W. &amp; Soh, H. Y. (2018 b) First use of molecular evidence to match sexes in the Monstrilloida (Crustacea: Copepoda), and taxonomic implications of the newly recognized and described, partly Maemonstrilla - like females of Monstrillopsis longilobata Lee, Kim &amp; Chang, 2016. PeerJ, 6, 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4938" type="journal article" year="2018">
Jeon
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB085768BA15E2B92D0FEB4" box="[664,721,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
2018b
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB085768A675E2B9524FEB4" authority="(Cruz Rosa et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Cruz Rosa" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[862,1317,259,285]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Caromiobenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB085768A675E2B9412FEB4" box="[862,1043,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Caromiobenella</emphasis>
(Cruz
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFB085768D585E2B951DFEB4" author="Cruz Lopes da Rosa, J. &amp; Dias, C. O. &amp; Suarez-Morales, E. &amp; Weber, L. I. &amp; Gomes Fischer, L." box="[1121,1308,259,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref42846" refString="Cruz Lopes da Rosa, J., Dias, C. O., Suarez-Morales, E., Weber, L. I. &amp; Gomes Fischer, L. (2021) Record of Caromiobenella (Copepoda, Monstrilloida) in Brazil and discovery of the male of C. brasiliensis: morphological and molecular evidence. Diversity, 13, 241. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 13060241" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Rosa
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB085768D985E2B94D8FEB4" box="[1185,1241,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, comparative morphology provides some guidance, particularly when both sexes share distinctive autapomorphies, like a modified antennulary segment e.g. in
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB085768BA15E63945AFECC" authority="(Cruz Rosa et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Cruz Rosa" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[664,1115,331,357]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Caromiobenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB085768BA15E63933DFECC" box="[664,828,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
(Cruz
<bibRefCitation id="714565C8FFB085768AA95E639452FECC" author="Cruz Lopes da Rosa, J. &amp; Dias, C. O. &amp; Suarez-Morales, E. &amp; Weber, L. I. &amp; Gomes Fischer, L." box="[912,1107,331,357]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref42846" refString="Cruz Lopes da Rosa, J., Dias, C. O., Suarez-Morales, E., Weber, L. I. &amp; Gomes Fischer, L. (2021) Record of Caromiobenella (Copepoda, Monstrilloida) in Brazil and discovery of the male of C. brasiliensis: morphological and molecular evidence. Diversity, 13, 241. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 13060241" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Rosa
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB085768AEB5E63940CFECC" box="[978,1037,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In our opinion, this is also applicable to males and females of the new species
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB085768BEA5E479344FE20" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[723,837,367,393]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB085768BEA5E479344FE20" box="[723,837,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB085768A755E4793A5FE20" bold="true" box="[844,932,367,393]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB085768A755E4793A5FE20" box="[844,932,367,393]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, as both sexes share the following distinctive characters: (1) the helmet-like integumental process on the tip of the antennules, and (2) the proximally swollen caudal setae III and IV. We consider these characters unique for the species and their combined presence in both male and female individuals seems to be reliable morphological evidence to present these specimens as the male and female of
<taxonomicName id="D2D463BAFFB0857688015ED791AAFDB0" authorityName="Suárez-Morales &amp; P.M.B" authorityYear="2025" box="[312,427,511,537]" class="Copepoda" family="Monstrillidae" genus="Monstrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monstrilloida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pileata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB0857688015ED791AAFDB0" box="[312,427,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">M. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="27A0C42BFFB08576888B5ED7920DFDB0" bold="true" box="[434,524,511,537]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3C937950FFB08576888B5ED7920DFDB0" box="[434,524,511,537]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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