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<document id="0164F41C075427F251F739A57585C7F6" ID-CLB-Dataset="32183" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4318.1.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c96d8fbf-656a-46d1-956b-64c283024ccc" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="886161" ID-ZooBank="8B2D86F2-1F8E-4377-A9D9-0A2057De9B95" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1504696492975" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Berrondo, Matias" docDate="2017" docId="D1736E1CFF824C77FF128A89FC2130BB" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4318.1.11.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4318 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ilyobius chilensis McLachlan" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="185" masterDocId="2D4A1664FF844C7FFF858971FF853356" masterDocTitle="Description of the larva of Ilyobius chilensis (McLachlan) (Megaloptera: Sialidae) and notes on the adult morphology" masterLastPageNumber="186" masterPageNumber="177" pageNumber="183" updateTime="1698467937047" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E1D3B7D2B805B0FE521A847E1D7EC4C4">Description of the larva of Ilyobius chilensis (McLachlan) (Megaloptera: Sialidae) and notes on the adult morphology</mods:title>
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<treatment id="D1736E1CFF824C77FF128A89FC2130BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6053216" ID-GBIF-Taxon="133186436" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6053216" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D1736E1CFF824C77FF128A89FC2130BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D1736E1CFF824C77FF128A89FC2130BB" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">
<subSection id="3055C6E1FF824C79FF128A89FAF6365D" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="11C08C81FF824C79FF128A89FD7E3744" box="[151,763,1015,1042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF824C79FF128A89FD7E3744" blockId="6.[151,763,1015,1042]" box="[151,763,1015,1042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">
<heading id="022D6866FF824C79FF128A89FD7E3744" bold="true" box="[151,763,1015,1042]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF824C79FF128A89FD7E3744" bold="true" box="[151,763,1015,1042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">
Notes on adults of
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF824C79FEFB8A86FD7E3744" ID-CoL="3PH9Q" authority="(McLachlan)" authorityName="McLachlan" box="[382,763,1015,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF824C79FEFB8A86FDD43747" bold="true" box="[382,593,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">Ilyobius chilensis</emphasis>
(McLachlan)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="11C08C81FF824C79FF128D4FFAF6365D" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF824C79FF128D4FFAF6365D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1086,1291]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">
Adult illustrations in
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF824C79FE178D4FFD983701" author="Flint" box="[402,541,1086,1111]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" refString="Flint, O. S. 1973. The Megaloptera of Chile (Neuroptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 7, 31 - 45." type="journal article" year="1973">Flint (1973)</bibRefCitation>
are more schematic and those of
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF824C79FC378D4EFB493701" author="ContreraS-RamoS" box="[946,1228,1087,1111]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" refString="Contreras-Ramos, A. (2008) Notes on some Neotropical Alderflies (Sialidae: Megaloptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 808 - 814. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 101.5.808" type="journal article" year="2008">Contreras-Ramos (2008)</bibRefCitation>
are based on dry specimens, with genitalia and eversible sac retracted. Here, we include images of the genitalia with the eversible sac protruded (
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF824C79FEB88DF7FE0B37C9" box="[317,398,1158,1183]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 28" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1508,1531]" captionTargetBox="[178,1375,193,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[178,1409,193,1488]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 28. adult of Ilyobius chilensis. 25) Male genitalia, lateral view; 26) male genitalia, lateral view; 27) male genitalia, ventral view; 28) female genitalia, ventral view. e: ectoprocts, es: eversible sac, gst 9: gonostylus 9, s 9: sternum 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886169/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
) and retracted (
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF824C79FDB88DF7FD1537C9" box="[573,656,1158,1183]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 28" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1508,1531]" captionTargetBox="[178,1375,193,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[178,1409,193,1488]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 28. adult of Ilyobius chilensis. 25) Male genitalia, lateral view; 26) male genitalia, lateral view; 27) male genitalia, ventral view; 28) female genitalia, ventral view. e: ectoprocts, es: eversible sac, gst 9: gonostylus 9, s 9: sternum 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886169/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). We also include a ventral view of male and female apex of abdomen (
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF824C79FF1B8DDBFED93795" box="[158,348,1194,1219]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 28" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1508,1531]" captionTargetBox="[178,1375,193,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[178,1409,193,1488]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 28. adult of Ilyobius chilensis. 25) Male genitalia, lateral view; 26) male genitalia, lateral view; 27) male genitalia, ventral view; 28) female genitalia, ventral view. e: ectoprocts, es: eversible sac, gst 9: gonostylus 9, s 9: sternum 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886169/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">Figs. 27 and 28</figureCitation>
). The coloration pattern of head follows that described by
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF824C79FB958DDBFB1F3795" author="Flint" box="[1040,1178,1194,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" refString="Flint, O. S. 1973. The Megaloptera of Chile (Neuroptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 7, 31 - 45." type="journal article" year="1973">Flint (1973)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF824C79FB5D8DDAFF6137B1" author="ContreraS-RamoS" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" refString="Contreras-Ramos, A. (2008) Notes on some Neotropical Alderflies (Sialidae: Megaloptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 808 - 814. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 101.5.808" type="journal article" year="2008">Contreras-Ramos (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, but in a few specimens it is less extensive. The description of
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF824C79FC308DBEFB4E37B1" author="ContreraS-RamoS" box="[949,1227,1231,1255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" refString="Contreras-Ramos, A. (2008) Notes on some Neotropical Alderflies (Sialidae: Megaloptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 808 - 814. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 101.5.808" type="journal article" year="2008">Contreras-Ramos (2008)</bibRefCitation>
is adequate but in fresh specimens an ovoid, membranous, well developed lobe is observed between ectoprocts (
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF824C79FB318D83FAE3365D" box="[1204,1382,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 28" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1508,1531]" captionTargetBox="[178,1375,193,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[178,1409,193,1488]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 28. adult of Ilyobius chilensis. 25) Male genitalia, lateral view; 26) male genitalia, lateral view; 27) male genitalia, ventral view; 28) female genitalia, ventral view. e: ectoprocts, es: eversible sac, gst 9: gonostylus 9, s 9: sternum 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886169/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">Figs. 25 and 26</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="3055C6E1FF824C79FF128C4BFB27348D" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="11C08C81FF824C79FF128C4BFB27348D" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF824C79FF128C4BFEE63605" blockId="6.[151,355,1338,1363]" box="[151,355,1338,1363]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">
<heading id="022D6866FF824C79FF128C4BFEE63605" bold="true" box="[151,355,1338,1363]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" reason="2">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF824C79FF128C4BFEE63605" bold="true" box="[151,355,1338,1363]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">Bionomical notes</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF824C79FF128CF3FC9036B5" blockId="6.[151,1437,1410,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">
The species is widespread and abundant in
<collectingRegion id="9B1E11E8FF824C79FDFD8CF2FD4A36CD" box="[632,719,1411,1435]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">western</collectingRegion>
<collectingRegion id="9B1E11E8FF824C79FD508CF3FC1036CD" box="[725,917,1410,1435]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">Chubut Province</collectingRegion>
. Larvae and adults are common in small rivers and montane creeks with muddy bottoms (e.g. “canales de Doña Rosa” and Nant y Fall Creek), or in the slower section of larger rivers (e.g. Río Grande, Río Rivadavia).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF824C79FF428C9EFB693439" blockId="6.[151,1437,1410,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">
Larvae were collected from two microhabitats, at the margins of streams burrowing among instream vegetation or occurring in leaf packs at the bottom of small creeks. Larvae of different instars were collected throughout the year, suggesting a semivoltine life cycle. Larvae prey on small dipteran larvae and culicomorph head capsules (Fig. 15) have been recovered from the gut contents (the digestive tract has a well-developed proventriculus bearing several sharp teeth, (Fig. 16)). Larvae probably prey on other small aquatic arthropods. This information is in agreement with other studies of sialid larvae.
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF824C79FE5A8FD3FD7835ED" authority="Ross, 1937" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1937" box="[479,765,1698,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF824C79FE5A8FD3FDFC35ED" box="[479,633,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">Sialis cornuta</emphasis>
Ross, 1937
</taxonomicName>
has a two-year life cycle (Pritchard &amp; Leischner, 1973) and their larvae feed mainly on chironomids, tubicid worms, and ostracods. Two other
<collectingRegion id="9B1E11E8FF824C79FBD88FB6FB373589" box="[1117,1202,1735,1759]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">western</collectingRegion>
Nearctic species,
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF824C79FA028FB6FE243455" authority="Banks, 1920" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1920" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF824C79FA028FB6FE8A3455" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">S. californica</emphasis>
Banks, 1920
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF824C79FE5C8F9AFD583455" authority="Banks, 1920" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1920" box="[473,733,1770,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotunda">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF824C79FE5C8F9AFDCE3455" box="[473,587,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">S. rotunda</emphasis>
Banks, 1920
</taxonomicName>
either are univoltine or semivoltine (
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF824C79FBFF8F9AFA153455" author="Azam" box="[1146,1424,1770,1795]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" refString="AZam, K. M. &amp; Anderson, N. H. (1969) Life history and habits of Sialis rotunda and S. californica in western Oregon. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 549 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 62.3.549" type="journal article" year="1969">Azam &amp; Anderson 1969</bibRefCitation>
). The life cycle of a Palearctic species,
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF824C79FDB48E7EFCDD3471" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[561,856,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutaria">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF824C79FDB48E7EFD133471" box="[561,662,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">S. lutaria</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
has been reported to have a three-year life cycle, and this species also feeds on small crustaceans, chironomids, and oligochaetes. We were unable to establish the total number of larval instars because of a lack of a suitable sample size and no first instars were collected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF824C79FF428E0BFB27348D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1410,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="183">
Adults were observed flying between 9:00 am and 3:00 pm. Several adults were observed resting on apices of reeds (
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF824C79FF658EEEFEEC34E1" box="[224,361,1951,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="183" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
), facing down with head and thorax touching the stem and the abdomen at an angle. Adults were active from November to January, with one adult recorded in March (Poncho Moro Stream).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<caption id="0DA58F82FF834C78FF128C95FAFD354C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886169/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" targetBox="[178,1375,193,1453]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF834C78FF128C95FAFD354C" blockId="7.[151,1435,1508,1562]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FF128C95FEDD36AC" bold="true" box="[151,344,1508,1531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">FIGURES 25–28.</emphasis>
adult of
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF834C78FE3B8C94FDF636AD" box="[446,627,1509,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FE3B8C94FDF636AD" box="[446,627,1509,1531]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Ilyobius chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 25) Male genitalia, lateral view; 26) male genitalia, lateral view; 27) male genitalia, ventral view; 28) female genitalia, ventral view. e: ectoprocts, es: eversible sac, gst9: gonostylus 9, s9: sternum 9.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="11C08C81FF834C77FF128F14FC2130BB" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF834C78FF128F14FE9E3529" blockId="7.[151,283,1637,1663]" box="[151,283,1637,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">
<heading id="022D6866FF834C78FF128F14FE9E3529" bold="true" box="[151,283,1637,1663]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FF128F14FE9E3529" bold="true" box="[151,283,1637,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Discussion</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF834C77FF128FDDFD16324B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1708,2021]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1005]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">
Alderfly larvae are poorly known. Of the eight extant genera of alderflies, only two are known from the Neotropical region:
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF834C78FEFC8FA1FE5635BF" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[377,467,1744,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FEFC8FA1FE5635BF" box="[377,467,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, widespread in the Neotropics, and
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF834C78FCEF8FA1FC6135BF" box="[874,996,1744,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Protosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FCEF8FA1FC6135BF" box="[874,996,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Protosialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a single species in
<collectingCountry id="21CD9F9AFF834C78FB7A8FA1FABF35BF" box="[1279,1338,1744,1769]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Cuba</collectingCountry>
and two others distributed in the Nearctic Region. Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF834C78FD588F85FCD2345B" box="[733,855,1780,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Protosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FD588F85FCD2345B" box="[733,855,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Protosialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have not been described but
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF834C78FB188F85FA19345B" author="BowleS" box="[1181,1436,1780,1805]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" refString="Bowles, D. E. &amp; Sites, R. w. (2015) Alderflies, Fishflies and Dobsonflies (Insecta: Megaloptera) of the Interior Highlands, U. S. A. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 4114, 485 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 061.141.0303" type="journal article" year="2015">Bowles &amp; Sites (2015)</bibRefCitation>
illustrate the mandible; those of
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF834C78FD858E69FDDF3467" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[512,602,1816,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FD858E69FDDF3467" box="[512,602,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are only known from habitus illustrations or images (
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF834C78FB318E69FAA93466" author="Flint" box="[1204,1324,1816,1841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" refString="Flint, O. S. 1973. The Megaloptera of Chile (Neuroptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 7, 31 - 45." type="journal article" year="1973">Flint 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF834C78FABD8E69FF563402" author="Azevedo" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" refString="AZevedo, C. A. S. (2009) Taxonomia, bionomia e estrutura da comunidade de larvas de Megaloptera (Insecta) em igarapes nos estados do amazonas e Roraima, Brasil. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmaZonia / Fundacao Universidade do AmaZonas, Manaus, XIII + 115 pp." type="book" year="2009">Azevêdo 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF834C78FF5A8E4DFE3F3402" author="Clavier" box="[223,442,1852,1877]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" refString="Clavier, S., Contreras-Ramos, A. &amp; Guillemet, L. (2010) First report of Protosialis weele, 1909 in French Guiana (Megaloptera, Sialidae). Ephemera, 11, 135 - 140." type="journal article" year="2010">
Clavier
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FEBE8E4CFEF03403" box="[315,373,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Other genera for which larvae have been described are
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF834C78FBCC8E4DFA923402" authority="LeStage" authorityName="LeStage" box="[1097,1303,1852,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Indosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FBCC8E4DFB323403" box="[1097,1207,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Indosialis</emphasis>
Lestage
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF834C78FAA28E4DFE19342F" author="BowleS" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" refString="Bowles, D. E. &amp; Contreras-Ramos, A. (2016) First record of the family Sialidae (Megaloptera) from Thailand and description of the female and putative larva of Indosialis bannaensis. Zootaxa, 141, 405 - 429." type="journal article" year="2016">Bowles &amp; Contreras-Ramos 2016</bibRefCitation>
) from the Oriental region;
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF834C78FD488E11FC79342F" authority="ESben-PeterSen" authorityName="Esben-Petersen" box="[717,1020,1888,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Leptosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FD488E11FCCD342F" box="[717,840,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Leptosialis</emphasis>
Esben-Petersen
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF834C78FB8E8E11FB0A342E" author="CraSS" box="[1035,1167,1888,1912]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" refString="Crass, R. S. (1949) Records of alderflies (Megaloptera) from Natal and the Eastern Cape, with a description of the larva of Leptosialis africana (E. - P.). Annals of the Natal Museum, 11, 519 - 522." type="journal article" year="1949">Crass 1949</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF834C78FB1E8E11FAD3342E" author="Price" box="[1179,1366,1888,1913]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" refString="Price, B. w., Liu, X., de Moor, F. C. &amp; villet, M. H. (2012) A review of the alderfly genus Leptosialis Esben-Petersen (Megaloptera, Sialidae) with description of a new species from South Africa. ZooKeys, 201, 27 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / Zookeys. 201.2623" type="journal article" year="2012">
Price
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FB598E10FA90342F" box="[1244,1301,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) from
<collectingCountry id="21CD9F9AFF834C78FF128EF5FEAE34CB" box="[151,299,1924,1949]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">South Africa</collectingCountry>
and
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF834C78FEEC8EF5FE2234CB" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[361,423,1924,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FEEC8EF5FE2234CB" box="[361,423,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Leischner &amp; Pritchard 1973; Elliot
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FCDF8EF4FC1334CB" box="[858,918,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
1979;
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF834C78FC698EF4FB3B34CA" author="Jung" box="[1004,1214,1924,1949]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" refString="Jung, S. w. &amp; Bae, Y. J. (2012) Taxonomic review of the Korean Megaloptera with description of Sialis koreana, new species. Entomological Research Bulletin, 28, 3 - 13." type="journal article" year="2012">Jung &amp; Bae 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF834C78FB488EF4FA1434CB" author="Jung" box="[1229,1425,1924,1949]" pageId="7" pageNumber="184" refString="Jung, S. w., vshivkova, T. S. &amp; Bae, Y. J. (2016) DNA-based identification of South Korean Megaloptera larvae with taxonomic notes. Canadian Entomologist, 148, 123 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / tce. 2015.44" type="journal article" year="2016">
Jung
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF834C78FA888EF4FACC34CB" box="[1293,1353,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). Considering that only half of the extant genera larvae are known and that all known sialid larvae are similar morphologically, it is problematic to find diagnostic larval characters for generic characterizations. Nevertheless, we present a comparative listing of characters that we consider useful to differentiate known larvae at the generic level (
<tableCitation id="1458EAB1FF8C4C77FF5989CDFEB53382" box="[220,304,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,1048,1071]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparative table of morphological characters among known Sialidae larvae." pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FE3989CDFDB33383" box="[444,566,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Protosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FE3989CDFDB33383" box="[444,566,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Protosialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not included in the table, can be easily separated from all other known sialid larvae because their mandibles have three distinctive preapical teeth (
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF8C4C77FC3289AEFB3733AE" author="BowleS" box="[951,1202,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" refString="Bowles, D. E. &amp; Sites, R. w. (2015) Alderflies, Fishflies and Dobsonflies (Insecta: Megaloptera) of the Interior Highlands, U. S. A. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 4114, 485 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 061.141.0303" type="journal article" year="2015">Bowles &amp; Sites 2015</bibRefCitation>
), larvae of the other known sialid genera bear two preapical teeth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF8C4C77FF428859FC4F300A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">
We can provide a more detailed comparison between larvae of
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FC008856FC5A3216" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[901,991,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FC008856FC5A3216" box="[901,991,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FB908856FB103216" authority="Since" authorityName="Since" box="[1045,1173,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FB908856FBD63216" box="[1045,1107,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
since
</taxonomicName>
we had access to larval material of an unidentified Nearctic
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FDD8883DFD1E3233" box="[605,667,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FDD8883DFD1E3233" box="[605,667,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. We found several morphological and morphometrical differences in the head capsule and the head appendages. The most evident difference is the length of the median projection of the labrum, long in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FD8F88E5FDE132FB" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[522,612,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FD8F88E5FDE132FB" box="[522,612,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FDF688E5FD3232FB" box="[627,695,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,357,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1422,357,1874]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. mature larva of Ilyobius chilensis. 6) Labrum, dorsal view; 7) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 8) antenna, dorsal view; 9) mandible, dorsal view; 10) mandible, ventral view; 11) maxillolabial complex, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 6, 8 – 11 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886165/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
, ratio width/length= 1.22) and short in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FBEB88E5FB2932FB" box="[1134,1196,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FBEB88E5FB2932FB" box="[1134,1196,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FB3988E5FA8B32FA" box="[1212,1294,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 24" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,194,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 24. larva of Sialis sp. 17) Labrum, dorsal view; 18) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 19) antenna, dorsal view; 20) mandible, dorsal view; 21) mandible, ventral view; 22) maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 23) detail of labium, ventral view; 24) detail of maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 17, 19 – 24 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886167/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
, ratio width/ length= 1.52). The length of the apical stout setae on the labrum are also different,
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FBB688C6FBF43286" box="[1075,1137,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FBB688C6FBF43286" box="[1075,1137,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has both setae of the same length (
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FF7688ADFECE32A2" box="[243,331,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 24" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,194,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 24. larva of Sialis sp. 17) Labrum, dorsal view; 18) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 19) antenna, dorsal view; 20) mandible, dorsal view; 21) mandible, ventral view; 22) maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 23) detail of labium, ventral view; 24) detail of maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 17, 19 – 24 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886167/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
) while
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FE2A88ADFD8C32A3" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[431,521,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FE2A88ADFD8C32A3" box="[431,521,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has one pair short and the other longer (
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FB8B88ADFBDF32A2" box="[1038,1114,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,357,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1422,357,1874]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. mature larva of Ilyobius chilensis. 6) Labrum, dorsal view; 7) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 8) antenna, dorsal view; 9) mandible, dorsal view; 10) mandible, ventral view; 11) maxillolabial complex, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 6, 8 – 11 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886165/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). In the antennae the first antennomere is shorter in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FE40888EFD86314E" box="[453,515,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FE40888EFD86314E" box="[453,515,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FD93888EFDEE314E" box="[534,619,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 24" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,194,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 24. larva of Sialis sp. 17) Labrum, dorsal view; 18) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 19) antenna, dorsal view; 20) mandible, dorsal view; 21) mandible, ventral view; 22) maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 23) detail of labium, ventral view; 24) detail of maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 17, 19 – 24 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886167/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
, as long as wide) while it is longer than wide in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FB28888EFA82314E" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[1197,1287,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FB28888EFA82314E" box="[1197,1287,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FA9C888EFAE5314E" box="[1305,1376,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,357,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1422,357,1874]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. mature larva of Ilyobius chilensis. 6) Labrum, dorsal view; 7) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 8) antenna, dorsal view; 9) mandible, dorsal view; 10) mandible, ventral view; 11) maxillolabial complex, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 6, 8 – 11 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886165/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
); the second antennomere is distinctly longer than the third and fourth in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FC348B55FB8E316B" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[945,1035,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FC348B55FB8E316B" box="[945,1035,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
while it is not distinctly longer in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FF128B36FF503136" box="[151,213,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FF128B36FF503136" box="[151,213,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the maxilla of
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FE328B36FD943136" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[439,529,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FE328B36FD943136" box="[439,529,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the second palpomere is slightly longer than the third and fourth palpomeres combined (
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FE938B1DFEF131D2" box="[278,372,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,357,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1422,357,1874]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. mature larva of Ilyobius chilensis. 6) Labrum, dorsal view; 7) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 8) antenna, dorsal view; 9) mandible, dorsal view; 10) mandible, ventral view; 11) maxillolabial complex, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 6, 8 – 11 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886165/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
, 13), while in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FD9E8B1DFDDC31D3" box="[539,601,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FD9E8B1DFDDC31D3" box="[539,601,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the second palpomere is distinctly longer (
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FBC08B1DFB5431D2" box="[1093,1233,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 24" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,194,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 24. larva of Sialis sp. 17) Labrum, dorsal view; 18) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 19) antenna, dorsal view; 20) mandible, dorsal view; 21) mandible, ventral view; 22) maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 23) detail of labium, ventral view; 24) detail of maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 17, 19 – 24 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886167/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Figs. 22, 24</figureCitation>
). The structure of the labium is also useful, in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FE628BFEFDA031FE" box="[487,549,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FE628BFEFDA031FE" box="[487,549,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the prementum is much wider than the length of the prementum and ligula combined (
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FE9C8BC5FEF4319A" box="[281,369,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 24" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,194,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 24. larva of Sialis sp. 17) Labrum, dorsal view; 18) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 19) antenna, dorsal view; 20) mandible, dorsal view; 21) mandible, ventral view; 22) maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 23) detail of labium, ventral view; 24) detail of maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 17, 19 – 24 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886167/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
); in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FE298BC5FD83319B" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[428,518,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FE298BC5FD83319B" box="[428,518,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the prementum is slightly wider than the length of the prementum and ligula combined (Fig. 14). The mandibles are similar, the only difference we could find is in the size of both inner retinacula; larger in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FEFE8B8DFE3C3043" box="[379,441,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FEFE8B8DFE3C3043" box="[379,441,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FE4C8B8DFDD73042" box="[457,594,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 24" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,194,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1426,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 24. larva of Sialis sp. 17) Labrum, dorsal view; 18) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 19) antenna, dorsal view; 20) mandible, dorsal view; 21) mandible, ventral view; 22) maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 23) detail of labium, ventral view; 24) detail of maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 17, 19 – 24 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886167/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Figs. 20, 21</figureCitation>
) than in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FD328B8DFC943043" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[695,785,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FD328B8DFC943043" box="[695,785,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C1E1C38FFF8C4C77FCA48B8DFC183042" box="[801,925,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,357,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1422,357,1874]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. mature larva of Ilyobius chilensis. 6) Labrum, dorsal view; 7) detail of apical portion of labrum, dorsal view; 8) antenna, dorsal view; 9) mandible, dorsal view; 10) mandible, ventral view; 11) maxillolabial complex, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 6, 8 – 11 = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886165/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Figs. 9, 10</figureCitation>
). Finally, the maculation on the head capsule and the pronotum is strongly defined in
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FDDC8A6EFD36306E" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[601,691,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FDDC8A6EFD36306E" box="[601,691,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in our specimens of
<taxonomicName id="9EDAA489FF8C4C77FC238A6EFC61306E" box="[934,996,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FC238A6EFC61306E" box="[934,996,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
these maculations are less defined, but they are more strongly defined in Palaearctic species (
<bibRefCitation id="3D4BA2FBFF8C4C77FD718A35FC38300A" author="Elliott" box="[756,957,836,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="185" refString="Elliott, J. M., O'Connor, J. P. &amp; O'Connor, M. A. (1979) A key to the larvae of Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) occurring in the British Isles. Freshwater Biology, 9, 511 - 514. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2427.1979. tb 01535. x" type="journal article" year="1979">
Elliott
<emphasis id="6BAE0318FF8C4C77FCC78A34FCFE300B" box="[834,891,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">et al.</emphasis>
1979
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5965DF0AFF8C4C77FF428A16FC2130BB" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="185">This paper adds to the knowledge of sialid larvae. However, larvae of four of the genera are still unknown. Despite that all known sialid larvae are relatively similar morphologically; we did find several morphometric characters useful to distinguish known genera. More detailed descriptions of other sialid larvae will surely provide additional characters to diagnose larvae at generic and specific levels.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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