1752 lines
213 KiB
XML
1752 lines
213 KiB
XML
<document id="A66CC3CAA55899EFFAEA21620E9BE1EC" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3974.2.11" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cbeb9458-2e0f-4d21-87f9-8745fcde7fb0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="244528" ID-ZooBank="6141ACE0-3131-48B0-9348-05AF452D1A17" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461219079026" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wagner, Daniel & Opresko, Dennis M." docDate="2015" docId="03DA8C779C2BFFAAFF58FAC1FA0FFEA7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03974p289.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3974 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Leiopathes annosa Wagner & Opresko, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="287" masterDocId="FFE3F40F9C2AFFA0FFCFFFB6FF8AFFC3" masterDocTitle="Description of a new species of Leiopathes (Antipatharia: Leiopathidae) from the Hawaiian Islands" masterLastPageNumber="289" masterPageNumber="277" pageNumber="278" updateTime="1698603451939" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="92F65CD72CF3B7C926E2501963AF35FF">Description of a new species of Leiopathes (Antipatharia: Leiopathidae) from the Hawaiian Islands</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BFBF18AACA5ABAD4721FD0E0986EBE6A">Wagner, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7FD54605E98A3B73D04FFD4AD5BAF550">Opresko, Dennis M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8E0433E9B64F474FE8AACF686DF2C06F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2D074ABE3ACBE590A3CD803A11D0011D">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EB1D37FFF2408465634D6C7AA7542AAE">3974</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03DA8C779C2BFFAAFF58FAC1FA0FFEA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6093526" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119631395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6093526" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA8C779C2BFFAAFF58FAC1FA0FFEA7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA8C779C2BFFAAFF58FAC1FA0FFEA7" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="287" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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<subSubSection id="C3696EEA9C2BFFA1FF58FAC1FDC6FA70" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58FAC1FE55FA51" blockId="1.[151,588,1399,1459]" box="[151,479,1399,1426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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<heading id="D0848A0D9C2BFFA1FF58FAC1FE55FA51" bold="true" box="[151,479,1399,1426]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58FAC1FE55FA51" bold="true" box="[151,479,1399,1426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58FAC1FEF0FA52" ID-CoL="3SYZM" box="[151,378,1399,1425]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58FAC1FEF0FA52" bold="true" box="[151,378,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2BFFA1FE4EFACEFE55FA51" box="[385,479,1400,1426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58FA2CFDC6FA70" blockId="1.[151,588,1399,1459]" box="[151,588,1434,1459]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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(
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<figureCitation id="134821E49C2BFFA1FF50FA2CFF54FA70" box="[159,222,1434,1459]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a–e, 2a–d, 3a–h, 4a–o, 5a, 6a–d)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3696EEA9C2BFFA1FF58FA55FE50F85C" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58FA55FDB3F9F5" blockId="1.[151,1287,1506,1843]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB631A4F9C2BFFA1FF58FA55FDB3F9F5" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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not
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<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF72FA54FDBFFA3B" ID-CoL="3SYZQ" authority="Esper 1972" authorityName="Esper" authorityYear="1972" box="[189,565,1506,1528]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF72FA54FE2FFA3B" box="[189,421,1506,1528]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
, (Esper 1972)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and later authors; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2BFFA1FCEFFA54FBE1FA3B" author="Opresko" box="[800,1131,1506,1528]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" refString="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C. (2001) Re-descriptions of the antipatharian corals described by E. J. C. Esper with selected English translations of the original German text (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Antipatharia). Seckenbergiana Biologica, 81, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2001">Opresko and Baron-Szabo, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for synonymy)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F9B7FD4BF9D4" ID-CoL="3SYZQ" authority="Grigg and Opresko, 1977: 242" authorityName="Grigg and Opresko" authorityPageNumber="242" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,705,1537,1559]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F9B7FEF4F9D4" box="[151,382,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD21B709C2BFFA1FE44F9B7FD4BF9D4" author="Grigg" box="[395,705,1537,1559]" page="242" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" year="1977">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2BFFA1FE44F9B7FD1AF9D4" author="Grigg" box="[395,656,1537,1559]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" refString="Grigg, R. W. & Opresko, D. M. (1977) Order Antipatharia, black corals. In Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawai'i. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora., (Eds. D. M. Devaney and L. G. Eldredge), Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, pp. 242 - 261." type="book chapter" year="1977">Grigg and Opresko, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 242
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–261, fig. 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F996FDBFF9F5" ID-CoL="3SYZQ" authority="Grigg 1988: 142" authorityName="Grigg" authorityPageNumber="142" authorityYear="1988" box="[151,565,1568,1590]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F996FEF4F9F5" box="[151,382,1568,1590]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD21B709C2BFFA1FE44F996FDBFF9F5" author="Grigg" box="[395,565,1568,1590]" page="142" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" year="1988">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2BFFA1FE44F996FD88F9F5" author="Grigg" box="[395,514,1568,1590]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" refString="Grigg, R. W. (1988) Recruitment limitation of a deep benthic hard-bottom octocoral population in the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 45, 121 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 045121" type="journal article" year="1988">Grigg 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 142
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58F988FD04F9B6" blockId="1.[151,1287,1506,1843]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB631A4F9C2BFFA1FF58F988FD04F9B6" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F988FD49F997" ID-CoL="3SYZQ" authority="Chave and Malahoff, 1998: 40" authorityName="Chave and Malahoff" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,707,1598,1620]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F988FEF4F997" box="[151,382,1598,1620]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD21B709C2BFFA1FE44F988FD49F997" author="Chave" box="[395,707,1598,1620]" page="40" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2BFFA1FE44F988FD17F997" author="Chave" box="[395,669,1598,1620]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" refString="Chave, E. H. & Malahoff, A. (1998) In deeper waters: photographic studies of Hawaiian deep-sea habitats and life-forms. University of Hawai'i Press: Honolulu, 136 pp." type="book" year="1998">Chave and Malahoff, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 40
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fig. 93.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F9E9FDCBF9B6" ID-CoL="3SYZQ" authority="Roark et al., 2006" authorityName="Roark et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[151,577,1631,1654]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F9E9FEF4F9B6" box="[151,382,1631,1653]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
, Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FE00F9D7FD88F9B6" box="[463,514,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
*: 1–14.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58F937FD32F954" blockId="1.[151,1287,1506,1843]" box="[151,696,1662,1687]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F937FDFDF954" ID-CoL="3SYZQ" authority="Parrish and Baco, 2007" authorityName="Parrish and Baco" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,631,1665,1687]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F937FEF4F954" box="[151,382,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2BFFA1FE44F937FDFDF954" author="Parrish" box="[395,631,1665,1687]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" refString="Parrish, F. A. & Baco, A. R. (2007) State of deep coral ecosystems: in the U. S. Pacific Islands region: Hawaii and the U. S. Pacific territories. In: The state of deep coral ecosystems in the United States, Lumsden, S. E., Hourigan, T. F., Bruckner, A. W. & Dorr, G. (Eds.), pp. 365. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP - 3, pp. 159 - 194." type="journal article" year="2007">Parrish and Baco, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
*: 186.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58F914FDE7F97B" blockId="1.[151,1287,1506,1843]" box="[151,621,1695,1720]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F914FE8CF97B" ID-CoL="7P95J" box="[151,262,1698,1720]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F914FE8CF97B" box="[151,262,1698,1720]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2BFFA1FEE0F914FE55F97B" author="Roark" box="[303,479,1698,1720]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" refString="Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B., Fallon, S. J. & Mucciarone, D. A. (2009) Extreme longevity in proteinaceous deepsea corals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 5204 - 5208. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0810875106" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FEBBF915FE2DF97B" box="[372,423,1698,1720]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
*: 5204–5208.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58F977FD5FF914" blockId="1.[151,1287,1506,1843]" box="[151,725,1729,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F977FE8CF914" ID-CoL="7P95J" box="[151,262,1729,1751]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F977FE8CF914" box="[151,262,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Wagner
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FE4BF974FE3DF914" box="[388,439,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011: 211–225, fig. 1k, 2d.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58F969FD31F936" blockId="1.[151,1287,1506,1843]" box="[151,699,1759,1782]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB631A4F9C2BFFA1FF58F969FD31F936" box="[151,699,1759,1782]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F969FE8CF936" ID-CoL="7P95J" box="[151,262,1759,1781]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F969FE8CF936" box="[151,262,1759,1781]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD21B709C2BFFA1FEE0F956FD95F936" author="Wagner" box="[303,543,1759,1782]" page="76" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2BFFA1FEE0F956FE70F936" author="Wagner" box="[303,506,1759,1782]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" refString="Wagner, D., Luck, D. G. & Toonen, R. J. (2012) The biology and ecology of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia). Advances in Marine Biology, 63, 67 - 132. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / b 978 - 0 - 12 - 394282 - 1.00002 - 8" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
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Wagner
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FE4BF957FE3DF936" box="[388,439,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 76
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 80, 84, 88, 90.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58F948FC85F8F1" blockId="1.[151,1287,1506,1843]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB631A4F9C2BFFA1FF58F948FC85F8F1" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F948FE8CF8D7" ID-CoL="7P95J" box="[151,262,1790,1812]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F948FE8CF8D7" box="[151,262,1790,1812]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. P4-227-2
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD21B709C2BFFA1FE5BF948FD05F8D7" author="Brugler" box="[404,655,1790,1812]" page="325" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" year="2013">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2BFFA1FE5BF948FDD7F8D7" author="Brugler" box="[404,605,1790,1812]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FE28F949FD91F8D7" box="[487,539,1790,1812]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 325
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 327, 335, fig. 2–3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2BFFA1FF58F8AAFE8CF8F1" ID-CoL="7P95J" box="[151,262,1820,1842]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF58F8AAFE8CF8F1" box="[151,262,1820,1842]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
USNM1070976
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD21B709C2BFFA1FE7BF8AAFD25F8F1" author="Brugler" box="[436,687,1820,1843]" page="335" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" year="2013">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2BFFA1FE7BF8AAFDF4F8F1" author="Brugler" box="[436,638,1820,1843]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FDC7F8A8FDB1F8F1" box="[520,571,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 335
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2–3.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF58F8E9FE50F85C" blockId="1.[151,1436,1887,1987]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
|
||
* Re-identification based on
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FE1BF8D5FD90F8B9" box="[468,538,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
photographs in HURL archives only. For all others, both specimens and
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FA99F8D5FA16F8B9" box="[1366,1436,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
photographs were examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3696EEA9C2BFFA2FF08F81CF9B8FD12" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="279" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2BFFA1FF08F81CFA86F801" blockId="1.[151,1436,1887,1987]" box="[199,1292,1962,1987]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2BFFA1FF08F81CFEEFF800" bold="true" box="[199,357,1962,1987]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C2BFFA1FF08F81CFE88F800" box="[199,258,1962,1987]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
South of Ni‘ihau
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C2BFFA1FDE0F81CFDFCF800" box="[559,630,1962,1987]" name="Iceland" pageId="1" pageNumber="278">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Main Hawaiian Islands,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C2BFFA1FC5CF81DFB97F800" box="[915,1053,1963,1987]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" precision="15" value="21.8225">21°49’21”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C2BFFA1FBEBF81CFB39F800" box="[1060,1203,1962,1987]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" precision="15" value="-160.11029">160°6’37”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D75F6E89C2BFFA1FB71F81DFA86F801" box="[1214,1292,1963,1987]" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2BFFA1FB71F81DFA82F801" box="[1214,1288,1963,1987]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.82" pageId="1" pageNumber="278" unit="m" value="382.0">382 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C28FFA2FFB8FD31F9B8FD12" blockId="2.[119,1839,641,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FFB8FD31FF68FD5F" bold="true" box="[119,226,647,668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62A5A49C28FFA2FFB8FD31FF43FD5F" box="[119,201,647,668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">TABLE</collectionCode>
|
||
1.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FF27FD30FED9FD58" box="[232,339,646,667]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FF27FD30FED9FD58" box="[232,339,646,667]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens examined as part of this study (* =
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C28FFA2FCD4FD31FCCFFD5F" box="[795,837,647,668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material; NR = not reported; 1 molecular sequence data for specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62A5A49C28FFA2FA23FD31F9BAFD5F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[1516,1584,647,668]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
D1871 (as P4-227-2) was reported in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C28FFA2FF28FD17FE24FD75" box="[231,430,673,694]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article">Brugler et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and is available from GenBank under accession numbers
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9420A0829C28FFA2FC2DFD17FBC7FD75" box="[994,1101,673,694]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054599" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">KF054599</accessionNumber>
|
||
,
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9420A0829C28FFA2FB99FD17FB34FD75" box="[1110,1214,673,694]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054665" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">KF054665</accessionNumber>
|
||
and
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9420A0829C28FFA2FB21FD17FAD0FD75" box="[1262,1370,673,694]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054466" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">KF054466</accessionNumber>
|
||
; 2 molecular sequence data for specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62A5A49C28FFA2FFB8FD0AFF34FD12" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[119,190,700,721]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1070976 was reported in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C28FFA2FE7BFD0AFDF1FD12" box="[436,635,700,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article">Brugler et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and is available from GenBank under accession numbers
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9420A0829C28FFA2FB60FD0AFA90FD12" box="[1199,1306,700,721]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054593" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">KF054593</accessionNumber>
|
||
,
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9420A0829C28FFA2FAECFD0AFA01FD12" box="[1315,1419,700,721]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054663" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">KF054663</accessionNumber>
|
||
and
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9420A0829C28FFA2FA75FD0AF9A2FD12" box="[1466,1576,700,721]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KF054467" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">KF054467</accessionNumber>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C28FFA2FFB8FD42F8B5F9E3" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<table id="F973CFC19C28005FFFB8FD42F8B5F9E3" box="[119,1855,756,1568]" gridcols="7" gridrows="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FD42F8B5FCFC" box="[119,1855,756,831]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FD42FEAAFCFC" box="[119,288,756,831]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FFB8FD42FF43FCE7" bold="true" box="[119,201,756,804]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Sample number</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 99402*
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFD42FDB7FCFC" box="[323,573,756,831]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFD42FE05FCCA" bold="true" box="[323,399,756,777]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Species</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFC9FFDB7FCFD" box="[323,573,809,830]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="acanthophora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFC9FFDB7FCFD" box="[323,573,809,830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes acanthophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FD42FCA0FCFC" box="[619,810,756,831]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FDA4FD42FC8DFCCA" bold="true" box="[619,775,756,777]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Collectiondate</emphasis>
|
||
July 31, 1988
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFD42FAE7FCFC" box="[848,1389,756,831]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FC9FFD42FC2FFCCA" bold="true" box="[848,933,756,777]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Locality</emphasis>
|
||
East of Cape Arid, Western Australia
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFD42F98AFCFC" box="[1426,1536,756,831]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FA5DFD42FA72FCE7" bold="true" box="[1426,1532,756,804]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Collection depth (m)</emphasis>
|
||
1011–1020
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FD42F910FCFC" box="[1574,1690,756,831]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2F9E9FD42F90AFCCA" bold="true" box="[1574,1664,756,777]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Latitude</emphasis>
|
||
34°03'00"S
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FF975FD42F8B5FCFC" box="[1722,1855,756,831]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2F974FD42F8ACFCCA" bold="true" box="[1723,1830,756,777]" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Longitude</emphasis>
|
||
125°31'00"E
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FCF8F8B5FCA7" box="[119,1855,846,868]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FCF8FEAAFCA7" box="[119,288,846,868]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 99409*</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFCF8FDB7FCA7" box="[323,573,846,868]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFCF8FE76FCA0" box="[323,508,846,867]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFCF8FE76FCA0" box="[323,508,846,867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FCF8FCA0FCA7" box="[619,810,846,868]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">April 14, 1990</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFCF8FAE7FCA7" box="[848,1389,846,868]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Southwest of Cape Adieu, South Australia</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFCF8F98AFCA7" box="[1426,1536,846,868]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">522–910</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FCF8F910FCA7" box="[1574,1690,846,868]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">33°29'00"S</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FCF8F8B5FCA7" box="[1722,1855,846,868]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">130°33'00"E</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FCC5F8B5FC4A" box="[119,1855,883,905]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FCC5FEAAFC4A" box="[119,288,883,905]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 1099249</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFCC5FDB7FC4A" box="[323,573,883,905]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFCC5FDABFC4B" box="[323,545,883,904]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFCC5FDABFC4B" box="[323,545,883,904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FCC5FCA0FC4A" box="[619,810,883,905]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">December 31, 2003</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFCC5FAE7FC4A" box="[848,1389,883,905]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Capraia Island, Italy, Mediterranean Sea</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFCC5F98AFC4A" box="[1426,1536,883,905]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">361–404</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FCC5F910FC4A" box="[1574,1690,883,905]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">43°13'34"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FCC5F8B5FC4A" box="[1722,1855,883,905]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">9°36'19"E</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FC2EF8B5FC34" box="[119,1855,920,1015]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FC2EFEAAFC34" box="[119,288,920,1015]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 99404* BPBM D1871*1 BPBM 910</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFC2EFDB7FC34" box="[323,573,920,1015]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFC2EFE71FC34" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFC2EFD8EFC6E" box="[323,516,920,941]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secunda">Leiopathes secunda</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFC0BFE71FC11" box="[323,507,957,978]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">Leiopathes annosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFC57FE71FC34" box="[323,507,993,1015]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">Leiopathes annosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FC2EFCA0FC34" box="[619,810,920,1015]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">February 11, 1990 December 2, 2009 October 17, 1982</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFC2EFAE7FC34" box="[848,1389,920,1015]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">East of South East Cape, Tasmania South of Ni‘ihau Island Hilo Harbor disposal site, Puna Canyon, Hawai‘i Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFC2EF98AFC34" box="[1426,1536,920,1015]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">890–1020 382 347</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FC2EF910FC34" box="[1574,1690,920,1015]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">43°58'00"S 21°49'21''N 19°30'00"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FC2EF8B5FC34" box="[1722,1855,920,1015]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">150°22'00"E 160°06'37''W 155°00'W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FBB1F8B5FBDF" box="[119,1855,1031,1052]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FBB1FEAAFBDF" box="[119,288,1031,1052]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">BPBM 1017</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFBB1FDB7FBDF" box="[323,573,1031,1052]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFBB1FE71FBDF" box="[323,507,1031,1052]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFBB1FE71FBDF" box="[323,507,1031,1052]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FBB1FCA0FBDF" box="[619,810,1031,1052]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">October 15, 1982</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFBB1FAE7FBDF" box="[848,1389,1031,1052]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Off Hilo, Mauna Kea Ledge, Hawai‘i Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFBB1F98AFBDF" box="[1426,1536,1031,1052]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">347</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FBB1F910FBDF" box="[1574,1690,1031,1052]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">NR</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FBB1F8B5FBDF" box="[1722,1855,1031,1052]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">NR</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FB9DF8B5FB82" box="[119,1855,1067,1089]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FB9DFEAAFB82" box="[119,288,1067,1089]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">BPBM 970</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFB9DFDB7FB82" box="[323,573,1067,1089]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFB9DFE71FB82" box="[323,507,1067,1089]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFB9DFE71FB82" box="[323,507,1067,1089]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FB9DFCA0FB82" box="[619,810,1067,1089]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">April 7, 1983</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFB9DFAE7FB82" box="[848,1389,1067,1089]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Off Makapuu, O‘ahu Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFB9DF98AFB82" box="[1426,1536,1067,1089]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">366</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FB9DF910FB82" box="[1574,1690,1067,1089]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">21°18'30"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FB9DF8B5FB82" box="[1722,1855,1067,1089]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">157°33'42"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FBE6F8B5FB48" box="[119,1855,1104,1163]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FBE6FEAAFB48" box="[119,288,1104,1163]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">BPBM 982 USNM 1070976 2</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFBE6FDB7FB48" box="[323,573,1104,1163]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFBE6FE71FB48" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFBE6FE71FBA5" box="[323,507,1104,1126]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">Leiopathes annosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFBC3FE71FB48" box="[323,507,1141,1163]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">Leiopathes annosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FBE6FCA0FB48" box="[619,810,1104,1163]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">January 19, 1984 October 5, 2004</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFBE6FAE7FB48" box="[848,1389,1104,1163]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Off Makapuu, O‘ahu Island Off Lanikai, O‘ahu Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFBE6F98AFB48" box="[1426,1536,1104,1163]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">411 403</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FBE6F910FB48" box="[1574,1690,1104,1163]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">NR 21°24'22"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FBE6F8B5FB48" box="[1722,1855,1104,1163]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">NR 157°38'33"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FB2CF8B5FB73" box="[119,1855,1178,1200]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FB2CFEAAFB73" box="[119,288,1178,1200]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 1071416</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFB2CFDB7FB73" box="[323,573,1178,1200]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFB2CFE71FB73" box="[323,507,1178,1200]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFB2CFE71FB73" box="[323,507,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FB2CFCA0FB73" box="[619,810,1178,1200]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">October 5, 2004</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFB2CFAE7FB73" box="[848,1389,1178,1200]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Off Lanikai, O‘ahu Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFB2CF98AFB73" box="[1426,1536,1178,1200]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">470</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FB2CF910FB73" box="[1574,1690,1178,1200]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">21°24'22"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FB2CF8B5FB73" box="[1722,1855,1178,1200]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">157°38'33"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FB09F8B5FB17" box="[119,1855,1215,1236]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FB09FEAAFB17" box="[119,288,1215,1236]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 1071417</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFB09FDB7FB17" box="[323,573,1215,1236]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFB09FE71FB17" box="[323,507,1215,1236]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFB09FE71FB17" box="[323,507,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FB09FCA0FB17" box="[619,810,1215,1236]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">October 6, 2004</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFB09FAE7FB17" box="[848,1389,1215,1236]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Off Lanikai, O‘ahu Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFB09F98AFB17" box="[1426,1536,1215,1236]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">431–536</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FB09F910FB17" box="[1574,1690,1215,1236]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">21°24'23"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FB09F8B5FB17" box="[1722,1855,1215,1236]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">157°38'00"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FB52F8B5FB39" box="[119,1855,1252,1274]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FB52FEAAFB39" box="[119,288,1252,1274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 77082</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFB52FDB7FB39" box="[323,573,1252,1274]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFB52FE71FB3A" box="[323,507,1252,1273]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFB52FE71FB3A" box="[323,507,1252,1273]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FB52FCA0FB39" box="[619,810,1252,1274]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">March 8, 1972</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFB52FAE7FB39" box="[848,1389,1252,1274]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Kaua‘i Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFB52F98AFB39" box="[1426,1536,1252,1274]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">295–432</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FB52F910FB39" box="[1574,1690,1252,1274]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">21°56'44"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FB52F8B5FB39" box="[1722,1855,1252,1274]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">159°44'51"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FABFF8B5FADD" box="[119,1855,1289,1310]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FABFFEAAFADD" box="[119,288,1289,1310]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 99497</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFABFFDB7FADD" box="[323,573,1289,1310]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFABFFE71FADD" box="[323,507,1289,1310]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFABFFE71FADD" box="[323,507,1289,1310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FABFFCA0FADD" box="[619,810,1289,1310]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">March 8, 1972</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFABFFAE7FADD" box="[848,1389,1289,1310]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Kaua‘i Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFABFF98AFADD" box="[1426,1536,1289,1310]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">295–432</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FABFF910FADD" box="[1574,1690,1289,1310]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">21°56'44"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FABFF8B5FADD" box="[1722,1855,1289,1310]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">159°44'51"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FA9BF8B5FA80" box="[119,1855,1325,1347]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FA9BFEAAFA80" box="[119,288,1325,1347]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 99500</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFA9BFDB7FA80" box="[323,573,1325,1347]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFA9BFE71FA80" box="[323,507,1325,1347]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFA9BFE71FA80" box="[323,507,1325,1347]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FA9BFCA0FA80" box="[619,810,1325,1347]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">March 8, 1972</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFA9BFAE7FA80" box="[848,1389,1325,1347]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Kaua‘i Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFA9BF98AFA80" box="[1426,1536,1325,1347]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">295–432</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FA9BF910FA80" box="[1574,1690,1325,1347]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">21°56'44"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FA9BF8B5FA80" box="[1722,1855,1325,1347]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">159°44'51"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FAE4F8B5FAAB" box="[119,1855,1362,1384]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FAE4FEAAFAAB" box="[119,288,1362,1384]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 99501</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFAE4FDB7FAAB" box="[323,573,1362,1384]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFAE4FE71FAAB" box="[323,507,1362,1384]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFAE4FE71FAAB" box="[323,507,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FAE4FCA0FAAB" box="[619,810,1362,1384]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">March 8, 1972</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFAE4FAE7FAAB" box="[848,1389,1362,1384]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Kaua‘i Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFAE4F98AFAAB" box="[1426,1536,1362,1384]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">295–432</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FAE4F910FAAB" box="[1574,1690,1362,1384]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">21°56'44"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FAE4F8B5FAAB" box="[1722,1855,1362,1384]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">159°44'51"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FAC1F8B5FA4E" box="[119,1855,1399,1421]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FAC1FEAAFA4E" box="[119,288,1399,1421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 99496</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFAC1FDB7FA4E" box="[323,573,1399,1421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFAC1FE71FA4E" box="[323,507,1399,1421]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFAC1FE71FA4E" box="[323,507,1399,1421]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FAC1FCA0FA4E" box="[619,810,1399,1421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">August 23, 1971</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFAC1FAE7FA4E" box="[848,1389,1399,1421]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Brooks Bank</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFAC1F98AFA4E" box="[1426,1536,1399,1421]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">398–412</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FAC1F910FA4E" box="[1574,1690,1399,1421]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">23°57'30"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FAC1F8B5FA4E" box="[1722,1855,1399,1421]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">166°40'30"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FA2AF8B5FA71" box="[119,1855,1436,1458]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FA2AFEAAFA71" box="[119,288,1436,1458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 1129919</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFA2AFDB7FA71" box="[323,573,1436,1458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFA2AFE71FA72" box="[323,507,1436,1457]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFA2AFE71FA72" box="[323,507,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FA2AFCA0FA71" box="[619,810,1436,1458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">August 23, 1971</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFA2AFAE7FA71" box="[848,1389,1436,1458]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Brooks Bank</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFA2AF98AFA71" box="[1426,1536,1436,1458]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">399–412</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FA2AF910FA71" box="[1574,1690,1436,1458]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">23°57'30"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FA2AF8B5FA71" box="[1722,1855,1436,1458]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">166°40'30"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FA77F8B5FA14" box="[119,1855,1473,1495]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FA77FEAAFA14" box="[119,288,1473,1495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 1071405</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFA77FDB7FA14" box="[323,573,1473,1495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFA77FE71FA14" box="[323,507,1473,1495]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFA77FE71FA14" box="[323,507,1473,1495]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FA77FCA0FA14" box="[619,810,1473,1495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">October 3, 2003</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFA77FAE7FA14" box="[848,1389,1473,1495]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Salmon Bank, South of Midway Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFA77F98AFA14" box="[1426,1536,1473,1495]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">472</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FA77F910FA14" box="[1574,1690,1473,1495]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">27°01'10"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FA77F8B5FA14" box="[1722,1855,1473,1495]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">176°31'33"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35433F239C28005FFFB8FA50F8B5F9E3" box="[119,1855,1510,1568]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<th id="7692565F9C28005FFFB8FA50FEAAF9E3" box="[119,288,1510,1568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">USNM 77480* USNM 52278</th>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFE8CFA50FDB7F9E3" box="[323,573,1510,1568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C28FFA2FE8CFA50FE24F9DC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CFA50FE71FA38" box="[323,507,1510,1531]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">Leiopathes annosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C28FFA2FE8CF9BCFE24F9DC" box="[323,430,1546,1567]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="279" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Leiopathes</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFDA4FA50FCA0F9E3" box="[619,810,1510,1568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">October 15, 1976 June 12, 1902</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFC9FFA50FAE7F9E3" box="[848,1389,1510,1568]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">Necker Island Kaua‘i Island</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FFA5DFA50F98AF9E3" box="[1426,1536,1510,1568]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">457 966</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF9E9FA50F910F9E3" box="[1574,1690,1510,1568]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">NR 22°15'50"N</td>
|
||
<td id="7692565F9C28005FF975FA50F8B5F9E3" box="[1722,1855,1510,1568]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="279">NR 159°29'55"W</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3696EEA9C29FFA3FF08FF21FC50FD33" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C29FFA3FF08FF21FC50FD33" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C29FFA3FF08FF21FECBFF73" bold="true" box="[199,321,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies are up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FDEBFF2EFDDAFF6C" box="[548,592,152,176]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
in height or more, with most branches located in an approximately single plane like a fan (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FEA9FF0AFE20FF17" box="[358,426,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a–c, 3a–h). In some colonies, branches overlap considerably producing a rather thick corallum that is still planar, whereas in others all the branches are in a single plane (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FB84FF69FB00FF3B" box="[1099,1162,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a–c, 3 a–h). Most of the smaller branches are directed distally relative to the branches from which they arise, as well as upwards towards the top of the corallum. Branching is mostly irregularly bilateral, but uniserial in some places, with the branches tending to be directed vertically. The highest order branches are typically
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FC05FEFAFBB8FEA7" box="[970,1074,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="3.75" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–6 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FB67FEFAFB77FEA7" box="[1192,1277,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter at their midpoint with tissue (range = 1.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FD9BFEC6FD27FE4B" box="[596,685,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and on average spaced
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FC0BFEC6FB9AFE44" box="[964,1040,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="0.8">0.8 cm</quantity>
|
||
apart (range =
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FB74FEC6FAB7FE4B" box="[1211,1341,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="0.4">0.4–1.7 cm</quantity>
|
||
). Polyps are variable in size (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FE48FE22FDBEFE6F" box="[391,564,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.115" metricValueMax="3.35" metricValueMin="0.88" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="2.115" valueMax="3.35" valueMin="0.88">0.88–3.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
), arranged irregularly on all sides of the corallum on thicker branches and uniserially on terminal branches with adjacent polyps spaced
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FC9AFE0EFC57FE0C" box="[853,989,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="1.2">1.2–3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart, resulting in 5–6 polyps/cm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FAA0FE01FF2EFE37" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spines are typically 75 Μm tall (range = 30–225 Μm) and 140 Μm wide at the base (range = 35–315 Μm). On the terminal branchlets (~
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FE44FDB6FE7BFDD4" box="[395,497,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter excluding the spines), the spines can be hemispherical, balloon-shaped, irregularly knobby or with one or more round or misshapen lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FCB0FD92FC48FDFE" box="[895,962,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1088,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,1088,1955]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines on various branches of the holotype of Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871; scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244530/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
d, 4a–o). On such terminal branchlets, 3–5 spine rows are visible in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FD8CFDF1FD0BFDA3" box="[579,641,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1088,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,1088,1955]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines on various branches of the holotype of Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871; scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244530/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig 2</figureCitation>
|
||
d, 4a–o). On thicker branches (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FC13FDF1FBC8FD9C" box="[988,1090,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter excluding spines), the spines are more hemispherical to mound-like with fewer, but larger round lobes, and the spine arrangement in rows becomes obscured (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FE7FFD39FE79FD6B" box="[432,499,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1088,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,1088,1955]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines on various branches of the holotype of Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871; scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244530/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
b–c). On branches thicker than
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FC80FD26FC38FD64" box="[847,946,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="0.27">0.27 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter excluding the spines, the spines become smaller and more knob-like or somewhat conical to deltoid in shape, with little remaining evidence of lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FF2EFD61FE94FD33" box="[225,286,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1088,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,1088,1955]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines on various branches of the holotype of Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871; scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244530/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig 2</figureCitation>
|
||
a). The living tissues are colored bright orange (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FCF8FD61FCFDFD33" box="[823,887,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a, 3a–h).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3696EEA9C29FFA3FF08FD4AFE74FC67" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C29FFA3FF08FD4AFE74FC67" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C29FFA3FF08FD4AFE3BFCD6" bold="true" box="[199,433,764,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C29FFA3FE77FD4AFDAAFCD6" box="[440,544,764,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62A5A49C29FFA3FDFFFD4AFDF5FCD7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[560,639,764,788]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
D1871), south of Niʻihau
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C29FFA3FC63FD4AFC79FCD6" box="[940,1011,764,789]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Main Hawaiian Islands,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C29FFA3FADCFD4AFA16FCD7" box="[1299,1436,764,788]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" precision="15" value="21.8225">21°49’21”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C29FFA3FF58FCA9FEACFCFB" box="[151,294,799,824]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" precision="15" value="-160.11029">160°6’37”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FEFDFC96FEF6FCF4" box="[306,380,800,824]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.82" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="382.0">382 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62A5A49C29FFA3FE47FC96FE5EFCF4" box="[392,468,800,823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">HURL</collectionCode>
|
||
submersible
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C29FFA3FDA5FC97FD5AFCFB" box="[618,720,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C29FFA3FDA5FC97FD38FCFB" box="[618,690,801,824]" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" phylum="Craniata" rank="superClass" superClass="Pisces">Pisces</taxonomicName>
|
||
IV
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, dive P4-227, specimen 2,
|
||
<date id="FFCD1BA19C29FFA3FBCCFC96FB44FCFB" box="[1027,1230,799,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" value="2009-12-02">2 December 2009</date>
|
||
, ethanol.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C29FFA3FAF5FC96FA16FCFB" box="[1338,1436,800,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62A5A49C29FFA3FF51FCF2FF7BFC9F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[158,241,836,860]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
77480), bank north of Necker
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C29FFA3FD81FCF2FD1FFC9E" box="[590,661,836,861]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, no coordinates recorded,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FAE1FCF2FAFDFC9F" box="[1326,1399,836,861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.57" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="457.0">457 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C29FFA3FA4CFCF3FE18FC43" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">R/ V Townsend Cromwell</emphasis>
|
||
, cruise 76-06-73, fish trawl,
|
||
<date id="FFCD1BA19C29FFA3FD19FCD1FC1FFC43" box="[726,917,871,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" value="1976-10-15">15 October 1976</date>
|
||
, dry. For all other non-type material examined as part of this study see Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3696EEA9C29FFA9FF08FC19FE93FF17" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C29FFA3FF08FC19FD1AFA03" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C29FFA3FF08FC19FE6CFC0B" bold="true" box="[199,486,943,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C29FFA3FEB7FC19FE6BFC0B" box="[376,481,943,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C29FFA3FDEEFC19FD09FC0B" box="[545,643,943,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(BPBM D1871) consists of two separate ethanol-preserved fragments collected from the distal part of a colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FD55FC62FD54FC2E" box="[666,734,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a–b). The colony from which the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C29FFA3FBB4FC62FB57FC2E" box="[1147,1245,980,1005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
fragments were collected, branches sparsely towards the center of the corallum, and becomes more dense and irregular distally, with multiple orders of branching (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FDD3FBAAFDD7FBF7" box="[540,605,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a–b, 3a). The first
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C29FFA3FCFEFBAAFC19FBF6" box="[817,915,1052,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
fragment has a basal branch diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FA93FBAAFA16FBF7" box="[1372,1436,1052,1077]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
and is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FE42FBF6FE59FB94" box="[397,467,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="31.0">31 cm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FD89FB89FD06FB94" box="[582,652,1087,1112]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="16.0">16 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, whereas the second fragment has a basal branch diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FA41FB89FF4FFBBF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, measures
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FE8FFBD2FE0CFBBF" box="[320,390,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="33.0">33 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FDE7FBD2FDE7FBBF" box="[552,621,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="18.0">18 cm</quantity>
|
||
in width. On both fragments polyps are arranged irregularly on all sides of the axis on the main branch and larger branches, and uniserially on the terminal branches. Polyps are
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FAE3FB31FF49FB07" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.115" metricValueMax="3.35" metricValueMin="0.88" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="2.115" valueMax="3.35" valueMin="0.88">0.88–3.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
in transverse diameter, and spaced
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FDAFFB1AFD60FB07" box="[608,746,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="1.2">1.2–3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart on the terminal branches, resulting in 5–6 polyps/cm. Terminal branches are typically
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FE31FB66FDDAFB2B" box="[510,592,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length (range =
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FCEAFB79FC1BFB2B" box="[805,913,1231,1256]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="3.75" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–6 cm</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FC6BFB66FC70FB2B" box="[932,1018,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width at their midpoint with tissue (range = 1.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FEFEFB42FE02FACF" box="[305,392,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and 280 Μm in width without tissue (range = 165–400 Μm). On the terminal branches, 3–4 spine rows are visible in lateral view; however, on thicker branches the spine arrangement in rows becomes obscured (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FEC2FA8AFED8FA96" box="[269,338,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1088,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,1088,1955]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines on various branches of the holotype of Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871; scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244530/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
a–b). Spines are smooth and typically hemispherical, but spines with multiple lobes occur often (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FF50FAE9FF63FABB" box="[159,233,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1088,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,1088,1955]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines on various branches of the holotype of Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871; scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244530/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
c–d). On terminal branches spines are generally 70 Μm tall (range =30–100 Μm) and 145 Μm wide (range=70–310 Μm). On thicker branches (width = 400–810 Μm without tissue), spines range between 30–110 Μm in height and 130–315 Μm in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FDFEFA11FDFFFA03" box="[561,629,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1088,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,1088,1955]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines on various branches of the holotype of Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871; scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244530/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C29FFA3FF08FA7AFBCCF81E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C29FFA3FF08FA7AFE67FA26" bold="true" box="[199,493,1484,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C29FFA3FEB4FA7AFE62FA26" box="[379,488,1484,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C29FFA3FDE4FA7BFD01FA26" box="[555,651,1485,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM 77480) consists of a dried colony that is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FB1FFA7AFA9DFA27" box="[1232,1303,1484,1509]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="63.0">63 cm</quantity>
|
||
tall,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FA9AFA7AFA16FA27" box="[1365,1436,1484,1508]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FF13FA46FE94F9CB" box="[220,286,1520,1544]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in basal diameter and was broken off above the base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FC4BFA59FC4FF9CB" box="[900,965,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
c, e). The branching is sparse towards the center of the corallum, and becomes more dense and irregular distally, with nine orders of branching (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FAF5F9A2FAF7F9EF" box="[1338,1405,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
c). Most of the smaller branches are directed distally relative to the branches from which they arise, as well as upwards towards the top of the corallum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FDC7F9EAFDC3F9B7" box="[520,585,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
c, e). Branching is mostly irregularly bilateral, but uniserial in some places, with the branches tending to be directed vertically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FD2FF9C9FCA8F95B" box="[736,802,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
c, e). Branches coming off the main axis range between
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FF58F912FF79F97F" box="[151,243,1700,1725]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. The terminal branches are
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FD64F912FC98F97F" box="[683,786,1700,1725]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="3.75" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–6 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, tend to be curved distally, and measure 400–650 Μm at their midpoint with remaining tissue. On portions without remaining tissue, terminal branches measure 280–440 Μm at their midpoint. Despite being preserved as a dry specimen, polyp remnants remain on a few terminal branchlets of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C29FFA3FE95F8A7FE30F8EA" box="[346,442,1809,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C29FFA3FE04F8B9FD81F8EB" box="[459,523,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="280">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
e) and measure
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C29FFA3FD0FF8B9FCB9F8EB" box="[704,819,1807,1832]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. On the terminal branches, 4–5 spine rows are visible in lateral view; however, on thicker branches the spine arrangement in rows becomes obscured. Spines on terminal branches are smooth and range between hemispherical, balloon-shaped and irregularly knobby. On terminal branches (250–400 Μm at their midpoint without spines), spines are 55–140 Μm tall and 75–240 Μm wide at their base. On thicker branches (width = 450–675 Μm without tissue), spines range between 50–120 Μm in height, 120–260 Μm in width and tend to be mound-like, conical or deltoid in shape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C6DE99C2EFFA4FF58FC73FB80FBDA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="281" targetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2EFFA4FF58FC73FB80FBDA" blockId="4.[151,1436,965,1049]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FF58FC73FE99FC18" bold="true" box="[151,275,965,987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2EFFA4FED5FC73FE53FC1F" box="[282,473,965,988]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="281" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FED5FC73FE53FC1F" box="[282,473,965,988]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2EFFA4FE2FFC73FDBBFC18" box="[480,561,965,987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FE2FFC73FDBBFC18" bold="true" box="[480,561,965,987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
type material.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FD03FC73FD54FC18" bold="true" box="[716,734,965,987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">a.</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (BPBM D1871)
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FC20FC71FBA4FC1F" box="[1007,1070,967,988]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FBF3FC73FBDAFC18" bold="true" box="[1084,1104,965,987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">b.</emphasis>
|
||
preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D1871),
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FE8AFC52FEDDFC39" bold="true" box="[325,343,996,1018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">c.</emphasis>
|
||
dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480).
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FCC0FC52FC97FC39" bold="true" box="[783,797,996,1018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">d</emphasis>
|
||
. polyps of holotype (BPBM D1871) under light microscopy,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FA45FC52FA1FFC39" bold="true" box="[1418,1429,996,1018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">e</emphasis>
|
||
. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C6DE99C2EFFA4FF58F80FFDC6F82E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244530/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="281" targetBox="[150,1436,1088,1951]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2EFFA4FF58F80FFDC6F82E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1977,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FF58F80FFE9EF80C" bold="true" box="[151,276,1977,1999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines on various branches of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2EFFA4FB7AF80FFAFFF80C" box="[1205,1397,1977,1999]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="281" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FB7AF80FFAFFF80C" box="[1205,1397,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2EFFA4FAB2F80FFF49F82E" pageId="4" pageNumber="281" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2EFFA4FAB2F80FFF49F82E" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="281">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(BPBM D1871; scale bars = 100 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C6DE99C2FFFA5FF58F9B5FE65F995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244531/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1510]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2FFFA5FF58F9B5FE65F995" blockId="5.[151,1436,1539,1622]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FF58F9B5FE9EF9DA" bold="true" box="[151,276,1539,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FED3F9B2FED4F9DA" box="[284,350,1540,1561]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2FFFA5FDC7F9B5FD42F9DA" box="[520,712,1539,1561]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FDC7F9B5FD42F9DA" box="[520,712,1539,1561]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2FFFA5FD1FF9B5FCA8F9DA" box="[720,802,1539,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FD1FF9B5FCA8F9DA" bold="true" box="[720,802,1539,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
colonies examined as part of this study.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FB04F9B5FB54F9DA" bold="true" box="[1227,1246,1539,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">a.</emphasis>
|
||
BPBM D1871,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FA48F9B5FA16F9DA" bold="true" box="[1415,1436,1539,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">b.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1071417,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FE84F994FED6F9FB" bold="true" box="[331,348,1570,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">c.</emphasis>
|
||
BPBM 910,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FE2FF994FE7EF9FB" bold="true" box="[480,500,1570,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">d.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1071405,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FD61F994FD35F9FB" bold="true" box="[686,703,1570,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">e.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1071416,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FCB6F994FC0DF9FB" bold="true" box="[889,903,1570,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">f.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1070976,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FB8EF994FBDEF9FB" bold="true" box="[1089,1108,1570,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">g.</emphasis>
|
||
BPBM 1017, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FAC0F994FAA9F9FB" bold="true" box="[1295,1315,1570,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">h.</emphasis>
|
||
BPBM 982 (photographs courtesy of HURL).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2FFFA6FF08F9CBFA84FE36" blockId="5.[151,1437,1661,2011]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="283" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FF08F9CBFCB8F955" bold="true" box="[199,818,1661,1686]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">Intraspecific variability and a unique morphotype.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C2FFFA5FCBEF9CBFC59F955" box="[881,979,1661,1686]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C2FFFA5FBC0F9C9FBE5F954" box="[1039,1135,1663,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2FFFA5FB54F9CBFAFBF955" box="[1179,1393,1661,1686]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FB54F9CBFAFBF955" box="[1179,1393,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2FFFA5FAB5F9CBFF42F978" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FAB5F9CBFF42F978" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
both have skeletal spines that are smooth, hemispherical, often times multi-lobed, 30–225 Μm in height and 35–310 Μm in width. In the examination of the 14 additional specimens assigned to this species (see Table 1), skeletal spine morphology ranged widely even within the same specimen, and varied from hemispherical, balloonshaped, irregularly knobby, multi-lobed, mound-like, conical and deltoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C2FFFA5FBC3F8BBFBDCF8E5" box="[1036,1110,1805,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1489,1511]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,553,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,553,1468]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines of Hawaiian Leiopathes specimens examined as part of this study, assigned to L. annosa sp. nov. (a-o) and Leiopathes sp. (p). a. BPBM D 1871, b. BPBM 910, c. BPBM 970, d. USNM 77082, e. USNM 77480, f. USNM 99500, g. USNM 99497, h. USNM 99496, i. USNM 1071405, j. USNM 1071416, k. USNM 1071417, l. USNM 1070976, m. USNM 1070976, n. USNM 1129919, o. USNM 99501 and p. USNM 52278 (scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244532/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
a–o). However, spines with multiple lobes were present on all specimens assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2FFFA5FCD6F885FC02F889" box="[793,904,1843,1866]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FCD6F885FC02F889" box="[793,904,1843,1866]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2FFFA5FC40F884FC62F888" box="[911,1000,1842,1867]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FC40F884FC62F888" bold="true" box="[911,1000,1842,1867]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(see Table 1). Similar to skeletal spine morphology, the dimensions of skeletal spines varied between the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D75F6E89C2FFFA5FC58F8E3FBB8F8AD" box="[919,1074,1877,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2FFFA5FB0BF8E1FABCF8AD" box="[1220,1334,1879,1902]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FB0BF8E1FABCF8AD" box="[1220,1334,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2FFFA5FA8FF8E3FA16F8AD" box="[1344,1436,1877,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FA8FF8E3FA16F8AD" bold="true" box="[1344,1436,1877,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(Table 1), and ranged from an average height of 55 Μm and average basal width of 125 Μm for specimen USNM 1071417, to an average height of 95 Μm and average basal width of 190 Μm for specimen USNM 99500. However, the skeletal spines of all specimens assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2FFFA5FD7CF875FCA8F819" box="[691,802,1987,2010]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FD7CF875FCA8F819" box="[691,802,1987,2010]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2FFFA5FCE5F874FC0FF818" box="[810,901,1986,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2FFFA5FCE5F874FC0FF818" bold="true" box="[810,901,1986,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="282">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, ranged between 30–225 Μm in height and 35– 310 Μm in width at the base. In contrast, one specimen from Hawaiian waters (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FBDFFF21FB01FF73" box="[1040,1163,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FBDFFF21FB01FF73" box="[1040,1163,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.; USNM 52278) was unique in that its skeletal spines were (1) much smaller (average = 40 Μm; range = 20–65 Μm), (2) narrower (average = 90 Μm; range = 30–160 Μm), and (3) had almost no multi-lobed spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C2CFFA6FBFBFF69FBF2FF3B" box="[1076,1144,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1489,1511]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,553,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,553,1468]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines of Hawaiian Leiopathes specimens examined as part of this study, assigned to L. annosa sp. nov. (a-o) and Leiopathes sp. (p). a. BPBM D 1871, b. BPBM 910, c. BPBM 970, d. USNM 77082, e. USNM 77480, f. USNM 99500, g. USNM 99497, h. USNM 99496, i. USNM 1071405, j. USNM 1071416, k. USNM 1071417, l. USNM 1070976, m. USNM 1070976, n. USNM 1129919, o. USNM 99501 and p. USNM 52278 (scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244532/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
p). Additionally, while the polyp spacing of specimen USNM 52278 (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2CFFA6FDBAFEB2FC86FEDF" box="[629,780,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.125" metricValueMax="3.05" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" unit="mm" value="2.125" valueMax="3.05" valueMin="1.2">1.2–3.05 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is similar to those of the specimens assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FAE2FEB3FA16FEDF" box="[1325,1436,261,284]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FAE2FEB3FA16FEDF" box="[1325,1436,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2CFFA6FF58FE91FF64FE83" box="[151,238,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FF58FE91FF64FE83" bold="true" box="[151,238,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2CFFA6FF31FE9EFE07FE83" box="[254,397,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="1.2">1.2–3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), its polyps are smaller (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2CFFA6FD65FE9EFCDBFEFC" box="[682,849,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" unit="mm" value="1.4" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="0.7">0.70–2.10 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2CFFA6FC4BFE91FBA7FE83" box="[900,1069,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.115" metricValueMax="3.35" metricValueMin="0.88" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" unit="mm" value="2.115" valueMax="3.35" valueMin="0.88">0.88–3.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Furthermore, the 16 Hawaiian specimens assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FE6AFEFBFD92FEA7" box="[421,536,333,356]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FE6AFEFBFD92FEA7" box="[421,536,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2CFFA6FDEBFEFAFD09FEA6" box="[548,643,332,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FDEBFEFAFD09FEA6" bold="true" box="[548,643,332,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
were all collected at depths ranging between
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2CFFA6FB65FEFAFABAFEA7" box="[1194,1328,332,357]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.154999999999999" metricValueMax="5.36" metricValueMin="2.95" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" unit="m" value="415.5" valueMax="536.0" valueMin="295.0">295–536 m</quantity>
|
||
, whereas specimen USNM 52278 was collected in much deeper waters (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2CFFA6FC44FED9FC57FE44" box="[907,989,367,392]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.66" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" unit="m" value="966.0">966 m</quantity>
|
||
; Table 1). Based on these substantial differences, specimen USNM 52278 represents a distinct species that is morphologically more similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FA4AFE23FF73FE13" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="montana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FA4AFE23FF73FE13" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">L. montana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FEF8FE0FFE54FE13" box="[311,478,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FEF8FE0FFE50FE13" box="[311,474,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">L. glaberrima</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, a more detailed study, ideally using both morphological and molecular markers, will be needed to determine the taxonomic identity and affinities of specimen USNM 52278.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C6DE99C2CFFA6FF58FA67FF42F9A1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244532/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" targetBox="[151,1435,553,1466]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2CFFA6FF58FA67FF42F9A1" blockId="6.[151,1436,1489,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FF58FA67FE9CFA24" bold="true" box="[151,278,1489,1511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines of Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FC7DFA67FBABFA24" box="[946,1057,1489,1511]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FC7DFA67FBABFA24" box="[946,1057,1489,1511]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens examined as part of this study, assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FE9BFA47FE32F9C5" box="[340,440,1521,1542]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FE9BFA47FE32F9C5" box="[340,440,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2CFFA6FE0FFA46FD9BF9C5" box="[448,529,1520,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FE0FFA46FD9BF9C5" bold="true" box="[448,529,1520,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(a-o) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FDB1FA46FD67F9C5" box="[638,749,1520,1542]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FDB1FA46FD67F9C5" box="[638,749,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (p).
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FC8BFA46FCDDF9C5" bold="true" box="[836,855,1520,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">a.</emphasis>
|
||
BPBM D1871,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FC30FA46FB99F9C5" bold="true" box="[1023,1043,1520,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">b.</emphasis>
|
||
BPBM 910,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FB53FA46FB24F9C5" bold="true" box="[1180,1198,1520,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">c.</emphasis>
|
||
BPBM 970,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FAF8FA46FAC1F9C5" bold="true" box="[1335,1355,1520,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">d.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 77082,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FF2DF9B9FF7EF9E6" bold="true" box="[226,244,1551,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">e.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 77480,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FE5BF9B9FE29F9E6" bold="true" box="[404,419,1551,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">f.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 99500,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FD8CF9B9FDDFF9E6" bold="true" box="[579,597,1551,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">g.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 99497,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FD3AF9B9FC80F9E6" bold="true" box="[757,778,1551,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">h.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 99496,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FC65F9B9FC32F9E6" bold="true" box="[938,952,1551,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">i.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1071405,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FBBFF9B9FBF5F9E6" bold="true" box="[1136,1151,1551,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">j.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1071416,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FAF6F9B9FAC7F9E6" bold="true" box="[1337,1357,1551,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">k.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1071417,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FF33F99BFE80F980" bold="true" box="[252,266,1581,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">l.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1070976,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FE0AF99BFE6BF980" bold="true" box="[453,481,1581,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">m.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1070976,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FD53F99BFD3AF980" bold="true" box="[668,688,1581,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">n.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1129919,
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FCA4F99BFCF4F980" bold="true" box="[875,894,1581,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">o.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 99501 and
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FB8AF99BFBD3F980" bold="true" box="[1093,1113,1581,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">p.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM52278 (scale bars = 100 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2CFFA7FF08F938FB17FE13" blockId="6.[151,1436,1678,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="284" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FF08F938FEE7F964" bold="true" box="[199,365,1678,1703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
In Hawaiian waters,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FD91F938FCB8F964" box="[606,818,1678,1703]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FD91F938FCB8F964" box="[606,818,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2CFFA6FCF5F938FC1EF964" box="[826,916,1678,1703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FCF5F938FC1EF964" bold="true" box="[826,916,1678,1703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has previously been referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FAEEF938FA16F964" box="[1313,1436,1678,1703]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FAEEF938FA16F964" box="[1313,1436,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2CFFA6FF09F905FE05F908" author="Roark" box="[198,399,1715,1740]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" refString="Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B., Fallon, S. J. & Mucciarone, D. A. (2009) Extreme longevity in proteinaceous deepsea corals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 5204 - 5208. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0810875106" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FEDBF902FEC7F90F" box="[276,333,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wagner
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FE35F902FDB9F90F" box="[506,563,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2CFFA6FD4FF902FCD0F908" author="Wagner" box="[640,858,1715,1740]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" refString="Wagner, D., Luck, D. G. & Toonen, R. J. (2012) The biology and ecology of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia). Advances in Marine Biology, 63, 67 - 132. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / b 978 - 0 - 12 - 394282 - 1.00002 - 8" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Wagner
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FD11F902FC9DF90F" box="[734,791,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2CFFA6FCA9F905FBB4F908" author="Brugler" box="[870,1086,1715,1740]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FC0BF902FC77F90F" box="[964,1021,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FBB2F902FA90F90F" box="[1149,1306,1715,1740]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FBB2F902FA90F90F" box="[1149,1306,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2CFFA6FAE6F905FEB2F92C" author="Grigg" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" refString="Grigg, R. W. & Opresko, D. M. (1977) Order Antipatharia, black corals. In Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawai'i. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora., (Eds. D. M. Devaney and L. G. Eldredge), Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, pp. 242 - 261." type="book chapter" year="1977">Grigg and Opresko 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2CFFA6FE8AF960FE43F92C" author="Grigg" box="[325,457,1750,1775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" refString="Grigg, R. W. (1988) Recruitment limitation of a deep benthic hard-bottom octocoral population in the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 45, 121 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 045121" type="journal article" year="1988">Grigg 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Chave and Malahoff 1988; Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FC96F96EFC18F92C" box="[857,914,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2CFFA6FC2EF960FB6DF92C" author="Parrish" box="[993,1255,1750,1775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" refString="Parrish, F. A. & Baco, A. R. (2007) State of deep coral ecosystems: in the U. S. Pacific Islands region: Hawaii and the U. S. Pacific territories. In: The state of deep coral ecosystems in the United States, Lumsden, S. E., Hourigan, T. F., Bruckner, A. W. & Dorr, G. (Eds.), pp. 365. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP - 3, pp. 159 - 194." type="journal article" year="2007">Parrish and Baco 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C2CFFA6FB35F961FA93F92C" box="[1274,1305,1751,1775]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
part of this study, we reexamined
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FE59F94AFE57F8D0" box="[406,477,1788,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
photographs and specimens referenced in those previous studies, and as a result reassigned those records to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FE07F896FDB1F8F4" box="[456,571,1824,1847]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FE07F896FDB1F8F4" box="[456,571,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2CFFA6FD89F8A8FD2EF8F4" box="[582,676,1822,1847]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FD89F8A8FD2EF8F4" bold="true" box="[582,676,1822,1847]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The previous misidentification of the Hawaiian specimens as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FA4AF896FE9FF89F" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FA4AF896FE9FF89F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was due to: (1) Hawaiian specimens were not compared to specimens from other geographic locations, and (2) diagnostic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FDD8F8DEFD3DF8BC" box="[535,695,1894,1919]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FDD8F8DEFD3DF8BC" box="[535,695,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were largely unknown because Esper's (1792) original species description was quite brief and
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C2CFFA6FDCBF83AFDBEF867" box="[516,564,1932,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material remained without further reexamination until recently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2CFFA6FAD3F83DFEFAF804" author="Opresko" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" refString="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C. (2001) Re-descriptions of the antipatharian corals described by E. J. C. Esper with selected English translations of the original German text (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Antipatharia). Seckenbergiana Biologica, 81, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2001">Opresko & Baron-Szabo 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The recent redescription of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2CFFA6FD05F806FCE0F804" box="[714,874,1966,1991]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2CFFA6FD05F806FCE0F804" box="[714,874,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="283">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has established the diagnostic characters of this species which include (1) triangular, simple and smooth spines which are 20–60 Μm tall, (2) polyps that are up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2CFFA7FA41F865FF49FF6C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="284" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="283" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, (3) terminal branches with a length of
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FCCBFF2EFCD0FF6C" box="[772,858,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
|
||
, and (4) an irregularly branched corallum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2DFFA7FAF4FF21FE01FF17" author="Opresko" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" refString="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C. (2001) Re-descriptions of the antipatharian corals described by E. J. C. Esper with selected English translations of the original German text (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Antipatharia). Seckenbergiana Biologica, 81, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2001">Opresko & Baron-Szabo 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FE6FFF0AFDFEFF17" box="[416,628,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FE6FFF0AFDFEFF17" box="[416,628,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FDB3FF0AFD5DFF16" box="[636,727,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FDB3FF0AFD5DFF16" bold="true" box="[636,727,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FCA1FF0BFB81FF16" box="[878,1035,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FCA1FF0BFB81FF16" box="[878,1035,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that its spines are hemispherical and frequently multi-lobed, and substantially larger (30–225 Μm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C2DFFA7FCB2FF69FC4AFF3B" box="[893,960,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,517,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,517,1399]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines of various Leiopathes spp. including a. L. annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871), b. L. bullosa (USNM 99409), c. L. secunda (USNM 99404), d. L. acanthophora (USNM 99402), and e. L. glaberrima (USNM 1099249) (scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244533/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
a. e). Additionally, polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FACAFF57FAFEFF3B" box="[1285,1396,225,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FACAFF57FAFEFF3B" box="[1285,1396,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FAB5FF69FF42FEDE" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FAB5FF69FF42FEDE" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
reach a larger maximum size (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FDE1FEB2FD1DFEDF" box="[558,663,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="3.35">3.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FC8BFEB3FC68FEDE" box="[836,994,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FC8BFEB3FC68FEDE" box="[836,994,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FC38FEB2FBB6FEDF" box="[1015,1084,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and its terminal branches are longer (<
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FEC9FE91FEC8FE83" box="[262,322,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
). Finally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FE7FFE9FFD95FE83" box="[432,543,297,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FE7FFE9FFD95FE83" box="[432,543,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FDE9FE91FD0AFE83" box="[550,640,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FDE9FE91FD0AFE83" bold="true" box="[550,640,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
colonies are fan-like and bright orange
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FB8FFE9FFB0CFE83" box="[1088,1158,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C2DFFA7FB5AFE91FB5CFE83" box="[1173,1238,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a, 3a–h), whereas living colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FEA8FEFBFD8FFEA6" box="[359,517,332,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FEA8FEFBFD8FFEA6" box="[359,517,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are grayish-white, white, pale orange or bright orange, and branched irregularly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2DFFA7FF50FEC6FE8EFE4B" author="Bo" box="[159,260,368,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" refString="Bo, M. (2008) Taxonomy and ecology of Antipatharians. Ph. D. Dissertation in Marine Biology and Ecology, Universita Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy, 212 pp." type="book" year="2008">Bo 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2DFFA7FEDFFED9FE6DFE4B" author="Vertino" box="[272,487,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" refString="Vertino, A., Savini, A., Rosso, A., Di Geronimo, I., Mastrototaro, Sanfilippo R., Gay, G. & Etiope, G. (2010) Benthic habitat characterization and distribution from two representative sites of the deep-water SML Coral Province (Mediterranean). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 57, 380 - 396. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2009.08.023" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Vertino
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FEA5FEC7FE2EFE4B" box="[362,420,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2DFFA7FE3CFEC6FC82FE4B" author="Mastrototaro" box="[499,776,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" refString="Mastrototaro, F., D'Onghia, G., Corriero, G., Matarrese, A., Maiorano, P., Panetta, P., Gherardi, M., Longo, C., Rosso, A., Sciuto, F., Sanfilippo, R., Gravili, C., Boero, F., Taviani, M. & Tursi, A. (2010) Biodiversity of the white coral bank off Cape Santa Maria di Leuca (Mediterranean Sea): an update. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 57, 412 - 430. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2009.08.021" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Mastrototaro
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FD44FEC7FD4EFE4B" box="[651,708,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2DFFA7FCDCFEC6FC33FE4B" author="Bo" box="[787,953,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" refString="Bo, M., Bavestrello, G., Angiolillo, M., Calcagnile, L., Canese, S., Cannas, R., Cau, A., D'Elia, M., D'Oriano, F., Follesa, M. C., Quarta, G. & Cau, A. (2015) Persistence of pristine deep-sea coral gardens in the Mediterranean Sea (SW Sardinia). PLoS ONE, 10, e 0119393. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0119393" type="journal volume" year="2015">
|
||
Bo
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FCF3FEC7FCFFFE4B" box="[828,885,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FC03FED9FB47FE4B" box="[972,1229,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FC03FED9FB47FE4B" box="[972,1229,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Leiopathes glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported to occur at depths as shallow as
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FDC8FE22FDCBFE6F" box="[519,577,404,428]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="m" value="37.0">37 m</quantity>
|
||
in the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C2DFFA7FD22FE22FCC8FE6E" box="[749,834,404,429]" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Opresko 2009) and as deep as
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FB7EFE22FA8DFE6F" box="[1201,1287,404,429]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5319999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="m" value="1532.0">1532 m</quantity>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C2DFFA7FAF8FE23FA16FE6F" box="[1335,1436,405,428]" name="Morocco" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2DFFA7FF51FE01FEDBFE13" author="Grasshoff" box="[158,337,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1989) Die Meerenge von Gibraltar als Faunen-Barriere: Die Gorgonaria, Pennatularia und Antipatharia der BALGIM-Expedition (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Seckenbergiana Maritima, 20, 201 - 223." type="journal article" year="1989">Grasshoff 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FE08FE0FFDBFFE13" box="[455,565,441,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FE08FE0FFDBFFE13" box="[455,565,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FDF3FE01FD1CFE13" box="[572,662,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FDF3FE01FD1CFE13" bold="true" box="[572,662,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has a limited bathymetric range (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FBC3FE01FB1BFE13" box="[1036,1169,439,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.154999999999999" metricValueMax="5.36" metricValueMin="2.95" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="m" value="415.5" valueMax="536.0" valueMin="295.0">295–536 m</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C6DE99C2DFFA7FF58FA3AFD3BFA23" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244533/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" targetBox="[151,1435,517,1393]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2DFFA7FF58FA3AFD3BFA23" blockId="7.[151,1437,1420,1504]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FF58FA3AFE9CFA61" bold="true" box="[151,278,1420,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines of various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FC6EFA3AFB9AFA61" box="[929,1040,1420,1442]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FC6EFA3AFB9AFA61" box="[929,1040,1420,1442]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. including
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FB77FA3AFB41FA61" bold="true" box="[1208,1227,1420,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FB1AFA3BFAB6FA61" box="[1237,1340,1421,1442]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FB1AFA3BFAB6FA61" box="[1237,1340,1421,1442]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FA88FA3AFA11FA61" box="[1351,1435,1420,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FA88FA3AFA11FA61" bold="true" box="[1351,1435,1420,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(BPBM D1871),
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FE86FA1DFED7FA02" bold="true" box="[329,349,1451,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">b.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FEAAFA1AFE47FA02" box="[357,461,1451,1473]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FEAAFA1AFE47FA02" box="[357,461,1451,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 99409),
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FD4BFA1DFD1FFA02" bold="true" box="[644,661,1451,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FD52FA1AFC86FA02" box="[669,780,1451,1473]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FD52FA1AFC86FA02" box="[669,780,1451,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. secunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 99404),
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FC0BFA1DFC52FA02" bold="true" box="[964,984,1451,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">d.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FC2FFA1AFB00FA02" box="[992,1162,1451,1473]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="acanthophora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FC2FFA1AFB00FA02" box="[992,1162,1451,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. acanthophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 99402), and
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FAA1FA1DFAF5FA02" bold="true" box="[1390,1407,1451,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">e.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FA48FA1AFE83FA23" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FA48FA1AFE83FA23" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 1099249) (scale bars = 100 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C2DFFA8FF08F9B1FE2DFEDE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1543,2036]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="285" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FF08F9B1FE17F9DC" box="[199,413,1543,1568]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FF08F9B1FE17F9DC" box="[199,413,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Leiopathes annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FE67F9B1FD8FF9E3" box="[424,517,1543,1568]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FE67F9B1FD8FF9E3" bold="true" box="[424,517,1543,1568]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be easily differentiated from all but one of the remaining seven described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FEC1F99DFE03F987" box="[270,393,1579,1604]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FEC1F99DFE03F987" box="[270,393,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of the morphology of its skeletal spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C2DFFA7FC22F99DFBBAF987" box="[1005,1072,1579,1604]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,517,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,517,1399]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines of various Leiopathes spp. including a. L. annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871), b. L. bullosa (USNM 99409), c. L. secunda (USNM 99404), d. L. acanthophora (USNM 99402), and e. L. glaberrima (USNM 1099249) (scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244533/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
a–e). In
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FB42F99AFDF6F9AB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FB42F99AFA80F980" box="[1165,1290,1580,1603]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="expansa">L. expansa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FAD9F99AFA12F987" box="[1302,1432,1579,1604]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grimaldi">L. grimaldi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FF58F9E6FEA8F9AB" box="[151,290,1615,1640]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="valdiviae">L. valdiviae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FEFFF9E6FE25F9AB" box="[304,431,1615,1640]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secunda">L. secunda</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FE71F9E6FDF6F9AB" box="[446,636,1615,1640]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="acanthophora">L. acanthophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FD77F9E6FCB1F9A4" box="[696,827,1616,1639]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="montana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FD77F9E6FCB1F9A4" box="[696,827,1616,1639]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. montana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the spines are predominantly conical, subdeltoid or relatively tall (height greater than width at the base) with a rounded apex. In none of these seven species are the spines hemispherical or multi-lobed (see summary of species characteristics as given on Table
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FB10F921FA87F973" box="[1247,1293,1687,1712]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C2DFFA7FAD9F921FF59F917" author="Molodtsova" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" refString="Molodtsova, T. N. (2011) A new species of Leiopathes (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Great Meteor seamount (North Atlantic). Zootaxa, 3138, 52 - 64." type="journal article" year="2011">Molodtsova 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hemispherical spines are, however, found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FD11F90AFCC5F917" box="[734,847,1723,1748]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FD11F90AFCC5F917" box="[734,847,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C2DFFA7FC92F90DFC2AF917" box="[861,928,1723,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,517,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,517,1399]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines of various Leiopathes spp. including a. L. annosa sp. nov. (BPBM D 1871), b. L. bullosa (USNM 99409), c. L. secunda (USNM 99404), d. L. acanthophora (USNM 99402), and e. L. glaberrima (USNM 1099249) (scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244533/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
b, 6f–h). The major morphological difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FF34F956FEE0F934" box="[251,362,1760,1783]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FF34F956FEE0F934" box="[251,362,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FEBEF969FE41F93B" box="[369,459,1759,1784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FEBEF969FE41F93B" bold="true" box="[369,459,1759,1784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FDCDF956FDF8F93B" box="[514,626,1759,1784]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FDCDF956FDF8F93B" box="[514,626,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the fact that in the former the spines, especially those on the terminal branches, can be multi-lobed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C2DFFA7FE3EF8B5FDBDF8DF" box="[497,567,1795,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1489,1511]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,553,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,553,1468]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of skeletal spines of Hawaiian Leiopathes specimens examined as part of this study, assigned to L. annosa sp. nov. (a-o) and Leiopathes sp. (p). a. BPBM D 1871, b. BPBM 910, c. BPBM 970, d. USNM 77082, e. USNM 77480, f. USNM 99500, g. USNM 99497, h. USNM 99496, i. USNM 1071405, j. USNM 1071416, k. USNM 1071417, l. USNM 1070976, m. USNM 1070976, n. USNM 1129919, o. USNM 99501 and p. USNM 52278 (scale bars = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244532/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
a–o, 6c–d), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FC8EF8B2FC39F8DF" box="[833,947,1795,1820]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FC8EF8B2FC39F8DF" box="[833,947,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
multi-lobed spines have not been reported (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C2DFFA7FF50F891FF6EF883" box="[159,228,1831,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1220,1242]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,337,1194]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[150,1436,337,1198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Comparison of branching pattern and skeletal spine morphology between a – d. L. annosa sp. nov. (USNM 77480), and e – h. L. bullosa (USNM 99409) (scale bars: a and e = 2 cm; b – d and f – h = 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244534/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
f–h). Other differences between the two species exist in the maximum thickness of the terminal branches (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FF50F8FAFF72F8A0" box="[159,248,1868,1892]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FED1F8FAFE1AF8A7" box="[286,400,1867,1892]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FED1F8FAFE1AF8A7" box="[286,400,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FE05F8FAFDA8F8A0" box="[458,546,1868,1892]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FD86F8FAFD33F8A0" box="[585,697,1868,1891]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FD86F8FAFDD2F8A0" box="[585,600,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FDA7F8FAFD33F8A0" box="[616,697,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FD0DF8FDFC97F8A7" box="[706,797,1867,1892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FD0DF8FDFC97F8A7" bold="true" box="[706,797,1867,1892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
), maximum length of the terminal branches (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FAEBF8FAFAD4F8A0" box="[1316,1374,1868,1892]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FA4AF8FAFF60F84B" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FA4AF8FAFF60F84B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FEEAF8D9FED5F844" box="[293,351,1903,1928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FE46F8C6FE70F844" box="[393,506,1904,1927]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FE46F8C6FE70F844" box="[393,506,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FDCBF8D9FDEAF84B" box="[516,608,1903,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FDCBF8D9FDEAF84B" bold="true" box="[516,608,1903,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
), maximum size of the spines (140 Μm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FB9BF8C6FB4DF84B" box="[1108,1223,1903,1928]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FB9BF8C6FB4DF84B" box="[1108,1223,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 225 Μm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FA4AF8C6FF62F868" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FA4AF8C6FF62F868" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FF21F825FEC2F86F" box="[238,328,1939,1964]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FF21F825FEC2F86F" bold="true" box="[238,328,1939,1964]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
), arrangement of the spines (clearly in rows in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FC96F822FC42F86F" box="[857,968,1939,1964]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FC96F822FC42F86F" box="[857,968,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and not in discernable rows in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FAE2F822FA16F868" box="[1325,1436,1940,1963]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FAE2F822FA16F868" box="[1325,1436,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FF58F801FF7BF813" box="[151,241,1975,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FF58F801FF7BF813" bold="true" box="[151,241,1975,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
), maximum size of the polyps (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FD98F801FD13F80C" box="[599,665,1975,1999]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FD72F80EFCA4F813" box="[701,814,1975,2000]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FD72F80EFCA4F813" box="[701,814,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C2DFFA7FCAAF801FC43F80C" box="[869,969,1975,2000]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="3.35">3.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FC22F80EFBD6F80C" box="[1005,1116,1976,1999]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FC22F80EFBD6F80C" box="[1005,1116,1976,1999]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FBACF801FB37F813" box="[1123,1213,1975,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FBACF801FB37F813" bold="true" box="[1123,1213,1975,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
), and in the density of the polyps (3–5/cm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FE73F86AFDA5F837" box="[444,559,2011,2036]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FE73F86AFDA5F837" box="[444,559,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 5–6/cm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FD2AF86AFCDCF830" box="[741,854,2012,2035]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FD2AF86AFCDCF830" box="[741,854,2012,2035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C2DFFA7FCA0F86AFC6AF830" box="[879,992,2012,2035]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FCA0F86AFC6AF830" box="[879,992,2012,2035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C2DFFA7FC26F86DFBCFF837" box="[1001,1093,2011,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C2DFFA7FC26F86DFBCFF837" bold="true" box="[1001,1093,2011,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="284">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
forms colonies that are large, flabellate, with relatively thick branches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C22FFA8FD4FFF21FD49FF73" box="[640,707,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[150,1311,195,940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,941]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leiopathes annosa sp. nov. type material. a. holotype (BPBM D 1871) in situ, b. preserved specimen of holotype (BPBM D 1871), c. dry specimen of paratype (USNM 77480). d. polyps of holotype (BPBM D 1871) under light microscopy, e. distal branches of paratype (USNM 77480) (scale bars: b = 8 cm; c = 8 cm; d = 2 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244529/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a, 3a–h). In comparison, the branches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FB7FFF2FFAAEFF73" box="[1200,1316,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FB7FFF2FFB35FF73" box="[1200,1215,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FB1DFF21FAAEFF73" box="[1234,1316,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much thinner, and even though individual clusters of branches of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C22FFA8FC95FF0AFC36FF16" box="[858,956,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
were described as being somewhat planar, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C22FFA8FF0EFF69FEA9FF3B" box="[193,291,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
consists of small fragments, and therefore the size, shape, and branching pattern of intact colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FF58FEB3FE8CFEDE" box="[151,262,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FF58FEB3FE8CFEDE" box="[151,262,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C6DE99C22FFA8FF58FB72FB9BFB3B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244534/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" targetBox="[150,1436,337,1194]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C22FFA8FF58FB72FB9BFB3B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1220,1272]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FF58FB72FE98FB19" bold="true" box="[151,274,1220,1242]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of branching pattern and skeletal spine morphology between
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FBCDFB72FBBAFB19" bold="true" box="[1026,1072,1220,1242]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">a–d.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FBF9FB73FB13FB19" box="[1078,1177,1221,1242]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FBF9FB73FB13FB19" box="[1078,1177,1221,1242]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C22FFA8FB6FFB72FB7AFB19" box="[1184,1264,1220,1242]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FB6FFB72FB7AFB19" bold="true" box="[1184,1264,1220,1242]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(USNM 77480), and
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FF0DFB54FF64FB3B" bold="true" box="[194,238,1250,1272]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">e–h.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FF3BFB55FED0FB3B" box="[244,346,1250,1272]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FF3BFB55FED0FB3B" box="[244,346,1250,1272]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 99409) (scale bars: a and e = 2 cm; b–d and f–h = 100 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C22FFA9FF08FA96FE93FF17" blockId="8.[151,1436,1312,2023]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FF08FA96FD90FAFA" bold="true" box="[199,538,1312,1337]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">Previous studies in Hawaiʻi.</emphasis>
|
||
Several studies have reported on different ecological aspects of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FACEFA97FAFBFAFB" box="[1281,1393,1313,1336]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FACEFA97FAFBFAFB" box="[1281,1393,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C22FFA8FAB5FA96FF42FA9E" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FAB5FA96FF42FA9E" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in Hawai‘i (identified at the time as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FDBAFAF3FC99FA9E" box="[629,787,1348,1373]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FDBAFAF3FC99FA9E" box="[629,787,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FCF2FAF2FC32FA9E" box="[829,952,1348,1373]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FCF2FAF2FC32FA9E" box="[829,952,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.), including on its: (1) growth rate and longevity (Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FEA4FADFFE21FA42" box="[363,427,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C22FFA8FDC8FADEFD69FA43" author="Roark" box="[519,739,1384,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" refString="Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B., Fallon, S. J. & Mucciarone, D. A. (2009) Extreme longevity in proteinaceous deepsea corals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 5204 - 5208. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0810875106" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FD96FADFFD13FA42" box="[601,665,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (2) population density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C22FFA8FBD5FADEFB2CFA43" author="Grigg" box="[1050,1190,1384,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" refString="Grigg, R. W. (1988) Recruitment limitation of a deep benthic hard-bottom octocoral population in the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 45, 121 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 045121" type="journal article" year="1988">Grigg 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (3) associated fish assemblages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C22FFA8FEFEFA3AFE4FFA66" author="Parrish" box="[305,453,1420,1445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" refString="Parrish, F. A. (2006) Precious corals and subphotic fish assemblages. Atoll Research Bulletin, 543, 425 - 438." type="journal article" year="2006">Parrish 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and (4) sexual reproduction (Wagner
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FCB6FA3BFC3BFA66" box="[889,945,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011). Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FB9EFA3BFB03FA66" box="[1105,1161,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006, 2009) used highresolution skeletal radiocarbon measurements and estimated average radial growth rates of 5–13 µm/year for this species, corresponding to longevities ranging between 350–4,265 years, thus making this the longest living marine organism studied to date. Furthermore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C22FFA8FD9EFA4EFCADF9D3" box="[593,807,1528,1553]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" refString="Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B., Fallon, S. J. & Mucciarone, D. A. (2009) Extreme longevity in proteinaceous deepsea corals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 5204 - 5208. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0810875106" type="journal article">
|
||
Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FD52FA4FFD5FF9D2" box="[669,725,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that growth rates are not uniform throughout the lifespan of this species, with faster initial growth rates that gradually decrease with age.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C22FFA8FB59F9AAFAA2F9F7" author="Grigg" box="[1174,1320,1564,1589]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" refString="Grigg, R. W. (1988) Recruitment limitation of a deep benthic hard-bottom octocoral population in the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 45, 121 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 045121" type="journal article" year="1988">Grigg (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the population densities of various dominant deep-water corals (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C22FFA8FCBFF9F6FC79F99B" box="[880,1011,1600,1625]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.825" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.65" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" unit="m" value="382.5" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="365.0">365–400 m</quantity>
|
||
) off Oʻahu
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C22FFA8FBB5F9F6FB4BF99A" box="[1146,1217,1600,1625]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and noted average densities of 0.002–0.003 colonies/m2 for this species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C22FFA8FD31F9D0FC28F9BC" author="Parrish" box="[766,930,1638,1663]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" refString="Parrish, F. A. (2006) Precious corals and subphotic fish assemblages. Atoll Research Bulletin, 543, 425 - 438." type="journal article" year="2006">Parrish (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied fish assemblages within deep-water corals (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C22FFA8FF27F93DFEE0F960" box="[232,362,1675,1700]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" unit="m" value="400.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="300.0">300–500 m</quantity>
|
||
) across various Hawaiian Islands, and noted that various fish occasionally use taller colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FF58F906FE8CF904" box="[151,262,1712,1735]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FF58F906FE8CF904" box="[151,262,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C22FFA8FEC2F918FEE2F904" box="[269,360,1710,1735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FEC2F918FEE2F904" bold="true" box="[269,360,1710,1735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
as shelter. Wagner
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FD8BF906FDF7F904" box="[580,637,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011) used histological techniques to study the reproductive anatomy of eight Hawaiian antipatharian species, including a sample of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FC5DF962FB89F928" box="[914,1027,1748,1771]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FC5DF962FB89F928" box="[914,1027,1748,1771]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FBC3F965FBEDF92F" bold="true" box="[1036,1127,1747,1772]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C22FFA8FBC3F965FBEDF92F" box="[1036,1127,1747,1772]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C883C39C22FFA8FBA0F965FB5EF92F" box="[1135,1236,1747,1772]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and noted that it had both previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes within its primary mesenteries. Finally, as part of a study on the evolutionary history of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FDD2F8ADFC27F8F0" authority="Brugler et al. (2013)" authorityName="Brugler et al." authorityYear="2013" box="[541,941,1819,1844]" class="Anthozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
|
||
Antipatharia,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C22FFA8FD74F8ADFC27F8F0" box="[699,941,1819,1844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FCD3F8AAFCD2F8F7" box="[796,856,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
provided mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data for two specimens (USNM 1070976 and BPBM D1871 as P4-227-2) that are assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C22FFA8FAE2F8F6FA16F894" box="[1325,1436,1856,1879]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FAE2F8F6FA16F894" box="[1325,1436,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C22FFA8FF58F8D5FF7EF8BF" box="[151,244,1891,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FF58F8D5FF7EF8BF" bold="true" box="[151,244,1891,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
here (see Table 1 for GenBank accession numbers). Molecular sequences of these two specimens had identical sequences in the intergenic region between nad5 and nad1, and between cox3-cox1, but did differ in a single position in the intergenic region between trnW and nad2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C22FFA8FCB7F81DFBD2F800" author="Brugler" box="[888,1112,1963,1988]" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C22FFA8FC17F81AFB98F807" box="[984,1042,1963,1988]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Future studies will need to include a molecular component in order to determine whether the morphological analysis presented in this study holds up, as well as to elucidate the taxonomic relationships among the various species within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FF58FF0AFE98FF16" box="[151,274,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FF58FF0AFE98FF16" box="[151,274,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3696EEA9C23FFA9FF08FF69FC1EFEDF" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C23FFA9FF08FF69FC1EFEDF" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FF08FF69FEC4FF3B" bold="true" box="[199,334,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
From the latin ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FDC6FF57FDD0FF3B" box="[521,602,225,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FDC6FF57FDD0FF3B" box="[521,602,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ (long-lived) in reference to the extreme longevity estimates reported for this species (350–4,265 years; Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FDF4FEB3FDF9FEDE" box="[571,627,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FD0FFEB2FC02FEDF" author="Roark" box="[704,904,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B., Fallon, S. J. & Mucciarone, D. A. (2009) Extreme longevity in proteinaceous deepsea corals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 5204 - 5208. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0810875106" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FCC3FEB3FCCEFEDE" box="[780,836,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3696EEA9C23FFA9FF08FE91FBBBFE37" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C23FFA9FF08FE91FBBBFE37" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FF08FE91FEEAFE83" bold="true" box="[199,352,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FDF9FE9FFD5CFE83" box="[566,726,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FDF9FE9FFD5CFE83" box="[566,726,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FCC8FE91FC08FE83" box="[775,898,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FCC8FE91FC08FE83" box="[775,898,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FC0EFE9FFBBFFE83" box="[961,1077,297,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FC0EFE9FFBBFFE83" box="[961,1077,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C23FFA9FB8EFE91FB2AFE83" box="[1089,1184,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FB8EFE91FB2AFE83" bold="true" box="[1089,1184,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, has previously been reported throughout the Hawaiian Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FD48FEFAFC13FEA7" author="Grigg" box="[647,921,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Grigg, R. W. & Opresko, D. M. (1977) Order Antipatharia, black corals. In Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawai'i. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora., (Eds. D. M. Devaney and L. G. Eldredge), Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, pp. 242 - 261." type="book chapter" year="1977">Grigg & Opresko 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC67FEFAFB4DFEA7" author="Chave" box="[936,1223,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Chave, E. H. & Malahoff, A. (1998) In deeper waters: photographic studies of Hawaiian deep-sea habitats and life-forms. University of Hawai'i Press: Honolulu, 136 pp." type="book" year="1998">Chave & Malahoff 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FB19FEFAFF59FE4B" author="Parrish" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Parrish, F. A. & Baco, A. R. (2007) State of deep coral ecosystems: in the U. S. Pacific Islands region: Hawaii and the U. S. Pacific territories. In: The state of deep coral ecosystems in the United States, Lumsden, S. E., Hourigan, T. F., Bruckner, A. W. & Dorr, G. (Eds.), pp. 365. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP - 3, pp. 159 - 194." type="journal article" year="2007">Parrish and Baco 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FEE6FEC7FEEBFE4B" box="[297,353,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FE61FED9FDFEFE4B" author="Roark" box="[430,628,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B., Fallon, S. J. & Mucciarone, D. A. (2009) Extreme longevity in proteinaceous deepsea corals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 5204 - 5208. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0810875106" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Roark
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FE35FEC7FDB8FE4B" box="[506,562,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wagner
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD12FEC7FC9FFE4B" box="[733,789,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FCADFEC6FBB3FE4B" author="Wagner" box="[866,1081,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Wagner, D., Luck, D. G. & Toonen, R. J. (2012) The biology and ecology of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia). Advances in Marine Biology, 63, 67 - 132. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / b 978 - 0 - 12 - 394282 - 1.00002 - 8" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Wagner
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FC70FEC7FC7DFE4B" box="[959,1015,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FB8AFED9FA96FE4B" author="Brugler" box="[1093,1308,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FB6EFEC7FB53FE4B" box="[1185,1241,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FF1AFE22FEF0FE6E" box="[213,378,404,429]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Johnston Atoll</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FE46FE22FD15FE6F" author="Chave" box="[393,671,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Chave, E. H. & Malahoff, A. (1998) In deeper waters: photographic studies of Hawaiian deep-sea habitats and life-forms. University of Hawai'i Press: Honolulu, 136 pp." type="book" year="1998">Chave & Malahoff 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) at depths between
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C23FFA9FC4FFE22FB88FE6F" box="[896,1026,404,429]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" unit="m" value="400.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="300.0">
|
||
300–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D75F6E89C23FFA9FC77FE22FB88FE6F" box="[952,1026,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" type="generic">500 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. Specimens examined as part of this study were collected throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago from Hawai‘i
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FC3AFE01FBB3FE13" box="[1013,1081,439,464]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C23FFA9FB82FE0EFB5AFE13" box="[1101,1232,440,464]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" precision="15" value="19.5">19°30'00''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C23FFA9FB13FE01FAF9FE13" box="[1244,1395,439,464]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" precision="15" value="-155.0">155°00'00''W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) to Salmon Bank (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C23FFA9FEF1FE6AFE48FE37" box="[318,450,476,500]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" precision="15" value="27.019444">27°01'10''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C23FFA9FE07FE6AFDEAFE36" box="[456,608,476,501]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" precision="15" value="-176.52583">176°31'33''W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at depths between
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B90849C23FFA9FCF0FE6AFC34FE37" box="[831,958,476,501]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.154999999999999" metricValueMax="5.36" metricValueMin="2.95" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" unit="m" value="415.5" valueMax="536.0" valueMin="295.0">295–536 m</quantity>
|
||
(Table 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C6DE99C23FFA9FF58FAB4FC3AFADB" box="[151,944,1282,1304]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244535/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" targetBox="[151,1436,553,1259]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C23FFA9FF58FAB4FC3AFADB" blockId="9.[151,944,1282,1304]" box="[151,944,1282,1304]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FF58FAB4FE98FADB" bold="true" box="[151,274,1282,1304]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
World distribution of black coral species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FCF5FAB4FC23FADB" box="[826,937,1282,1304]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FCF5FAB4FC23FADB" box="[826,937,1282,1304]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3696EEA9C23FFAAFF08FAF2FA0FFEA7" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="287" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C23FFA9FF08FAF2FA16F826" blockId="9.[151,1436,1348,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FF08FAF2FD9EFA9E" bold="true" box="[199,532,1348,1373]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FF08FAF2FEEEFA9E" ID-CoL="7NJ8F" box="[199,356,1348,1373]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Leiopathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
biogeography.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Within the monogeneric family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FC4DFAF2FB9DFA9E" ID-CoL="7NJ8F" box="[898,1047,1348,1373]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Leiopathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, seven species have been recorded from a limited geographic region, including (1)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FD7FFADFFCA3FA43" ID-CoL="3SYZP" box="[688,809,1385,1408]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="expansa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD7FFADFFCA3FA43" box="[688,809,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. expansa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Madeira (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC15FADEFBF0FA42" author="Johnson" box="[986,1146,1384,1409]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Johnson, J. Y. (1899) Notes on the antipatharian corals of Madeira, with descriptions of a new species and a new variety, and remarks on a specimen from the West-Indies in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 53, 813 - 824. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1899. tb 07913. x" type="journal article" year="1899">Johnson 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (2)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FB7AFADFFABFFA43" ID-CoL="3SYZS" box="[1205,1333,1385,1408]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="montana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FB7AFADFFABFFA43" box="[1205,1333,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. montana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Great Meteor Seamount (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FE0EFA3AFD1DFA66" author="Molodtsova" box="[449,663,1420,1445]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Molodtsova, T. N. (2011) A new species of Leiopathes (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Great Meteor seamount (North Atlantic). Zootaxa, 3138, 52 - 64." type="journal article" year="2011">Molodtsova, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (3)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FD13FA38FCECFA66" ID-CoL="3SYZR" box="[732,870,1420,1445]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grimaldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD13FA38FCECFA66" box="[732,870,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. grimaldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from two locations in the northeastern Atlantic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FF51FA06FEACFA0A" author="Roule" box="[158,294,1456,1481]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Roule, L. (1905) Description des Antipathaires et Cerianthaires recueillis par S. A. S. le Prince de Monaco dans L'Atlantique nord. Fascicule XXX. Monaco." type="book" year="1905">Roule 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (4)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FEABFA07FE63FA0A" ID-CoL="6P7GF" box="[356,489,1456,1481]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="valdiviae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FEABFA07FE63FA0A" box="[356,489,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. valdiviae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FD96FA06FC80FA0A" box="[601,778,1456,1481]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Nicobar Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FCD5FA07FC03FA0A" author="Pax" box="[794,905,1456,1481]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Pax, F. (1915) Diagnosen neuer Antipatharien. Zoologische Anzeiger, 45, 598 - 601." type="journal article" year="1915">Pax 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC59FA07FB89FA0A" author="Pax" box="[918,1027,1457,1481]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Pax, F. (1922) Die Antipatharien der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition, 1898 - 1899, 3 - 5. Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B. & Ingram, B. L. (2006) Radiocarbon-based ages and growth rates of Hawaiian deepsea corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 327, 1 - 14. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 327001" type="journal article" year="1922">Pax 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (5)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FB8FFA07FB31FA0A" ID-CoL="3SYZT" box="[1088,1211,1456,1481]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FB8FFA07FB31FA0A" box="[1088,1211,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. secunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tasmania and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FF58FA63FEBAFA2E" box="[151,304,1492,1517]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FE8EFA62FE6DFA2E" author="Opresko" box="[321,487,1492,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Opresko, D. M. (1998) Three new species of Leiopathes (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from southern Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum, 31, 99 - 111." type="journal article" year="1998">Opresko 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FE39FA62FD40FA2E" author="Cairns" box="[502,714,1492,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Cairns, S. D., Gershwin, L. A., Brook, F. J., Pugh, P., Dawson, E. W., Ocana, O., Vervoort, W., Williams, G., Watson, J. E., Opresko, D. M., Schuchert, P., Hine, P. M., Gordon, D. P., Campbell, H. J., Wright, A. J., Sanchez, J. A. & Fautin, D. G. (2009) The Phylum Cnidaria, Corals, Medusae and Hydroids. In: New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, volume 1. Kingdom Animalia, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand, pp. 59 - 101." type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||
Cairns
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD86FA60FD0FFA2E" box="[585,645,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (6)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FCC3FA60FC43FA2E" ID-CoL="3SYZL" box="[780,969,1492,1517]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="acanthophora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FCC3FA60FC43FA2E" box="[780,969,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. acanthophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FB90FA62FB4CFA2E" box="[1119,1222,1492,1517]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FACCFA63FA16FA2E" box="[1283,1436,1492,1517]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FF51FA4EFECEF9D2" author="Opresko" box="[158,324,1528,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Opresko, D. M. (1998) Three new species of Leiopathes (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from southern Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum, 31, 99 - 111." type="journal article" year="1998">Opresko 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FE9CFA4EFDADF9D2" author="Cairns" box="[339,551,1528,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Cairns, S. D., Gershwin, L. A., Brook, F. J., Pugh, P., Dawson, E. W., Ocana, O., Vervoort, W., Williams, G., Watson, J. E., Opresko, D. M., Schuchert, P., Hine, P. M., Gordon, D. P., Campbell, H. J., Wright, A. J., Sanchez, J. A. & Fautin, D. G. (2009) The Phylum Cnidaria, Corals, Medusae and Hydroids. In: New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, volume 1. Kingdom Animalia, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand, pp. 59 - 101." type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||
Cairns
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FE69FA4FFE6BF9D2" box="[422,481,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and (7)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FD54FA4FFC84F9D2" ID-CoL="3SYZN" box="[667,782,1528,1553]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bullosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD54FA4FFC84F9D2" box="[667,782,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. bullosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FC6BFA4EFB81F9D2" box="[932,1035,1528,1553]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FB88FA4FFB6AF9D2" box="[1095,1248,1528,1553]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FB3EFA4EFA1DF9D2" author="Opresko" box="[1265,1431,1528,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Opresko, D. M. (1998) Three new species of Leiopathes (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from southern Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum, 31, 99 - 111." type="journal article" year="1998">Opresko 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FF58F9AAFEEDF9F6" author="Cairns" box="[151,359,1564,1589]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Cairns, S. D., Gershwin, L. A., Brook, F. J., Pugh, P., Dawson, E. W., Ocana, O., Vervoort, W., Williams, G., Watson, J. E., Opresko, D. M., Schuchert, P., Hine, P. M., Gordon, D. P., Campbell, H. J., Wright, A. J., Sanchez, J. A. & Fautin, D. G. (2009) The Phylum Cnidaria, Corals, Medusae and Hydroids. In: New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, volume 1. Kingdom Animalia, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand, pp. 59 - 101." type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||
Cairns
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FF27F9A8FEA8F9F6" box="[232,290,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C23FFA9FE4BF9AAFE40F9F6" box="[388,458,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1282,1304]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,1259]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,553,1260]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. World distribution of black coral species in the genus Leiopathes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244535/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FDA7F9A8FC8FF9F6" ID-CoL="3SYZQ" box="[616,773,1564,1589]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glaberrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FDA7F9A8FC8FF9F6" box="[616,773,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. glaberrima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded from widespread geographic locations, including from throughout the Mediterranean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FD66F9F7FCACF99A" author="Gray" box="[681,806,1600,1625]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Gray, J. E. (1857) Synopsis of the families and genera of axiferous zoophytes or barked corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 25, 278 - 294. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1857. tb 01242. x" type="journal article" year="1857">Gray 1857</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FCFCF9F6FB05F99A" author="Opresko" box="[819,1167,1600,1625]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C. (2001) Re-descriptions of the antipatharian corals described by E. J. C. Esper with selected English translations of the original German text (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Antipatharia). Seckenbergiana Biologica, 81, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2001">Opresko & Baron-Szabo 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FB54F9F7FB75F99A" author="Bo" box="[1179,1279,1601,1625]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Bo, M. (2008) Taxonomy and ecology of Antipatharians. Ph. D. Dissertation in Marine Biology and Ecology, Universita Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy, 212 pp." type="book" year="2008">Bo 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FAC2F9F6FF59F9BE" author="Carlier" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Carlier, A., Le Guilloux, E., Olu, K., Sarrazin, J., Mastrototaro, F., Taviani, M. & Clavier, J. (2009) Trophic relationships in a deep Mediterraean cold-water coral bank (Santa Maria di Leuca, Ionian Sea). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 397, 125 - 137. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 08361" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Carlier
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FAACF9F7FA16F99A" box="[1379,1436,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FF12F9D2FDA1F9BE" author="Sinninger" box="[221,555,1636,1661]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Sinninger, F. & Pawlowski, J. (2009) The partial mitochondrial genome of Leiopathes glaberrima (Hexacorallia: antipatharia) and the first report of the presence of an intron in COI in black corals. Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies, 11, 21 - 26. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3755 / galaxea. 11.21" type="journal article" year="2009">Sinninger & Pawlowski 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Deidun
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD5FF9D0FD42F9BE" box="[656,712,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FCDAF9D2FC62F9BE" author="Vertino" box="[789,1000,1636,1661]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Vertino, A., Savini, A., Rosso, A., Di Geronimo, I., Mastrototaro, Sanfilippo R., Gay, G. & Etiope, G. (2010) Benthic habitat characterization and distribution from two representative sites of the deep-water SML Coral Province (Mediterranean). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 57, 380 - 396. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2009.08.023" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Vertino
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FCA1F9D0FC2DF9BE" box="[878,935,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC3BF9D3FA8FF9BE" author="Mastrototaro" box="[1012,1285,1636,1661]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Mastrototaro, F., D'Onghia, G., Corriero, G., Matarrese, A., Maiorano, P., Panetta, P., Gherardi, M., Longo, C., Rosso, A., Sciuto, F., Sanfilippo, R., Gravili, C., Boero, F., Taviani, M. & Tursi, A. (2010) Biodiversity of the white coral bank off Cape Santa Maria di Leuca (Mediterranean Sea): an update. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 57, 412 - 430. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2009.08.021" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Mastrototaro
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FB44F9D0FB49F9BE" box="[1163,1219,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; D’Onghia
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FA47F9D0FF3EF962" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FECEF93EFE53F962" author="Brugler" box="[257,473,1672,1697]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FE91F93FFE1DF962" box="[350,407,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FE2BF93EFD44F962" author="Angeletti" box="[484,718,1672,1697]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Angeletti, L., Taviani, M., Canese, S., Foglini, F., Mastrototaro, F., Argnani, A., Trincardi, F., Bakran-Petricioli, T., Ceregato, A., Chimienti, G., Macic, V. & Poliseno, A. (2014) New deep-water cnidarian sites in the southern Adriatic Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science, 15, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Angeletti
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD9BF93FFD06F962" box="[596,652,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FD15F93FFC02F962" author="Bo" box="[730,904,1672,1697]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Bo, M., Cerrano, C., Canese, S., Salvati, E., Angiolillo, M., Santangelo, G. & Bavestrello, G. (2014 a) The coral assemblages of an off-shore deep Mediterranean rocky bank (NW Sicily, Italy). Marine Ecology, 35, 332 - 342." type="journal article" year="2014" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Bo
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FCCDF93FFCB1F962" box="[770,827,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC5BF93EFC57F962" author="Bo" box="[916,989,1672,1697]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Bo, M., Bava, S., Canese, S., Angiolillo, M., Cattaneo-Vietti, R. & Bavestrello, G. (2014 b) Fishing impact on deep Mediterranean rocky habitats as revealed by ROV investigation. Biological Conservation, 171, 167 - 176." type="journal article" year="2014" yearSuffix="b">2014b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC27F93EFBA9F962" author="Bo" box="[1000,1059,1672,1697]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Bo, M., Bavestrello, G., Angiolillo, M., Calcagnile, L., Canese, S., Cannas, R., Cau, A., D'Elia, M., D'Oriano, F., Follesa, M. C., Quarta, G. & Cau, A. (2015) Persistence of pristine deep-sea coral gardens in the Mediterranean Sea (SW Sardinia). PLoS ONE, 10, e 0119393. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0119393" type="journal volume" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FBE0F93EFB66F962" author="Fabri" box="[1071,1260,1672,1697]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Fabri, M. C., Pedel, L., Beuck, L., Galgani, F., Hebbeln, D. & Freiwald, A. (2014) Megafauna of vulnerable marine ecosystems in French Mediterranean submarine canyons: spatial distribution and anthropogenic impacts. Deep-Sea Research II, 104, 184 - 207. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2013.06.016" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Fabri
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FBBEF93FFB20F962" box="[1137,1194,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ingrassia
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FAABF93FFA16F962" box="[1380,1436,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press), the northeastern Atlantic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FDE2F91AFD45F906" author="Johnson" box="[557,719,1708,1733]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Johnson, J. Y. (1899) Notes on the antipatharian corals of Madeira, with descriptions of a new species and a new variety, and remarks on a specimen from the West-Indies in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 53, 813 - 824. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1899. tb 07913. x" type="journal article" year="1899">Johnson 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FD14F91AFC01F906" author="Grasshoff" box="[731,907,1708,1733]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1985) Die Gorgonaria und Antipatharia der Großen Meteor-Bank und der Josephine-Bank (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Seckenbergiana Maritima, 17, 65 - 87." type="journal article" year="1985">Grasshoff 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC57F91BFC59F906" author="Grasshoff" box="[920,979,1709,1733]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1989) Die Meerenge von Gibraltar als Faunen-Barriere: Die Gorgonaria, Pennatularia und Antipatharia der BALGIM-Expedition (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Seckenbergiana Maritima, 20, 201 - 223." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC2FF91AFB41F906" author="Brito" box="[992,1227,1708,1733]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Brito, A. & Ocana, O. (2004) Corales de las Islas Canarias. Francisco Lemus: La Laguna, 477 pp." type="book" year="2004">Brito & Ocaña 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the northwestern Atlantic and Caribbean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FE67F966FDBBF92A" author="Brook" box="[424,561,1744,1769]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia. Report of the scientific results of the voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 32, 1 - 222." type="journal article" year="1889">Brook 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FDF2F966FC8CF92A" author="Cairns" box="[573,774,1744,1769]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Cairns, S. D., Opresko, D. M. & Hopkins, T. S. (1993) New records of deep-water Cnidaria (Scleractinia & Antipatharia) from the Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science, 13, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Cairns
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD43F967FD4EF92A" box="[652,708,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FCDEF966FC7CF92A" author="Williams" box="[785,1014,1744,1769]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Williams, B., Risk, M. J., Ross, S. W. & Sulak, K. J. (2006) Deep-water antipatharians: proxies of environmental change. Geology, 34, 773 - 776. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1130 / G 22685.1" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Williams
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FCB2F967FC3FF92A" box="[893,949,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FBCEF967FBB6F92A" author="Williams" box="[1025,1084,1745,1769]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Williams, B., Risk, M. J., Ross, S. W. & Sulak, K. J. (2007) Stable isotopes data from deep-water antipatharians: 400 - year records from the southeastern coast of the United States of America. Bulletin of Marine Science, 81, 437 - 447." type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Opresko 2009) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C23FFA9FB32F966FACBF92A" box="[1277,1345,1744,1769]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1282,1304]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,1259]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,553,1260]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. World distribution of black coral species in the genus Leiopathes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244535/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). To the eight previously described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FD8FF942FD31F8CE" ID-CoL="7P95J" box="[576,699,1780,1805]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD8FF942FD31F8CE" box="[576,699,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we here add
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FC93F940FC41F8CE" ID-CoL="3SYZM" box="[860,971,1782,1805]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FC93F940FC41F8CE" box="[860,971,1782,1805]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">L. annosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2345C089C23FFA9FC1CF942FBA7F8CE" box="[979,1069,1780,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FC1CF942FBA7F8CE" bold="true" box="[979,1069,1780,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the Hawaiian Archipelago and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FF06F8AEFEFAF8F2" box="[201,368,1816,1841]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Johnston Atoll</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C23FFA9FE4EF8AEFE42F8F2" box="[385,456,1816,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1282,1304]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,1259]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,553,1260]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. World distribution of black coral species in the genus Leiopathes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244535/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition to the described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FCE9F8AEFC2BF8F2" ID-CoL="7P95J" box="[806,929,1816,1841]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FCE9F8AEFC2BF8F2" box="[806,929,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fauna, several undescribed and unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C23FFA9FF58F88AFE98F896" ID-CoL="7P95J" box="[151,274,1852,1877]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FF58F88AFE98F896" box="[151,274,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. have been reported from around the globe, including from the coasts off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FB59F88AFB59F896" box="[1174,1235,1852,1877]" name="Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FB2CF88BFEB5F8BA" author="Haussermann" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Haussermann, V. & Forsterra, G. (2007) Large assemblages of cold-water corals in Chile: a summary of recent findings and potential impacts. In: Conservation and adaptive management of seamount and deep-sea coral ecosystems, George, R. Y. & Cairns, S. D. (Eds.), Miami, FL: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, pp. 1 - 324." type="book chapter" year="2007">Häussermann & Försterra 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FE83F8D7FD9CF8BA" author="Yanez" box="[332,534,1888,1913]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Yanez, E., Silva, C., Vega, R., Espindola, F., Alvarez, L., Solva, N., Palma, S., Salina, S., Menschel, E., Haussermann, V., Soto, D. & Ramirez, N. (2009) Seamounts in the southeastern Pacific Ocean and biodiversity on Juan Fernandez seamounts, Chile. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 37, 555 - 570." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Yañez
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FE56F8D7FE59F8BA" box="[409,467,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FD25F8D6FC0BF8BA" box="[746,897,1888,1913]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC5FF8D6FB47F8BA" author="Fernholm" box="[912,1229,1888,1913]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Fernholm, B. & Quattrini, A. M. (2008) A new species of hagfish (Myxinidae: Eptatretus) associated with deep-sea coral habitat in the western North Atlantic. Copeia, 1, 126 - 132. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 07 - 039" type="journal article" year="2008">Fernholm & Quattrini 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FB15F8D7FF59F85E" author="Ross" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Ross, S. W. & Quattrini, A. M. (2009) Deep-sea reef fish assemblage patterns on the Blake Plateau (Western North Atlantic Ocean). Marine Ecology, 30, 74 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2008.00260. x" type="journal article" year="2009">Ross & Quattrini 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FF12F832FE39F85E" author="Brugler" box="[221,435,1924,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FEF6F830FEFBF85E" box="[313,369,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FDD3F832FDFAF85E" box="[540,624,1924,1949]" name="Canada" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FDB1F832FCDCF85E" author="Murillo" box="[638,854,1924,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Murillo, F. J., Duran Munoz, P., Altuna, A. & Serrano, A. (2010) Distribution of deep-water corals of the Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass, and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Ocean): interaction with fishing activities. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68, 319 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / icesjms / fsq 071" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Murillo
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FD13F830FC9EF85E" box="[732,788,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FCA6F832FC32F85E" box="[873,952,1924,1949]" name="Ireland" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC08F832FB2AF85E" author="Roberts" box="[967,1184,1924,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Roberts, J. M., Wheeler, A. J. & Freiwald, A. (2006) Reefs of the deep: the biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems. Science, 312, 543 - 547. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 1119861" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Roberts
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FBE9F830FBD4F85E" box="[1062,1118,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FB64F832FA1DF85E" author="Wienberg" box="[1195,1431,1924,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Wienberg, C., Beuck, L., Heidkamp, S., Hebbeln, D., Freiwald, A., Pfannkuche, O. & Monteys, X. (2008) Franken Mound: facies and biocoenoses on a newly-discovered " carbonate mound " on the western Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic. Facies, 54, 1 - 24. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10347 - 007 - 0118 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Wienberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FAD1F830FADFF85E" box="[1310,1365,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FF58F81FFE39F802" author="Le" box="[151,435,1960,1985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Le Guilloux, E., Hall-Spencer, J. M., Soffker, M. K. & Olu, K. (2010) Association between the squat lobster Gastroptychus formosus and the cold-water corals in the North Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 90, 1363 - 1369. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315410000524" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Le Guilloux
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FEE0F81FFEE6F802" box="[303,364,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Saint Paul
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FD82F81EFD1BF802" box="[589,657,1960,1985]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FD6AF81EFC28F802" author="Guerriero" box="[677,930,1960,1985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Guerriero, A., D'Ambrosio, M. & Pietra, F. (1988) Leiopathic acid, a novel optically active hydroxydocosapentaenoic acid, and related compounds, from the black coral Leiopathes sp. of Saint Paul Island (S. Indian Ocean). Helvetica Chimica Acta, 71, 1094 - 1100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / hlca. 19880710523" type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Guerriero
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FCD0F81FFCD6F802" box="[799,860,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Azores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FBD2F81EFAC5F802" author="Carreiro-Silva" box="[1053,1359,1960,1985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Carreiro-Silva, M., Andrews, A. H., Braga-Henriques, A., de Matos, V., Porteiro, F. M. & Santos, R. S. (2013) Variability in growth rates of long-lived black coral Leiopathes from Azores. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 473, 189 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 10052" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Carreiro-Silva
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FB04F81FFA82F802" box="[1227,1288,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C23FFA9FAA8F81FFF7BF826" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FECFF87AFE47F826" author="Cairns" box="[256,461,1996,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Cairns, S. D., Gershwin, L. A., Brook, F. J., Pugh, P., Dawson, E. W., Ocana, O., Vervoort, W., Williams, G., Watson, J. E., Opresko, D. M., Schuchert, P., Hine, P. M., Gordon, D. P., Campbell, H. J., Wright, A. J., Sanchez, J. A. & Fautin, D. G. (2009) The Phylum Cnidaria, Corals, Medusae and Hydroids. In: New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, volume 1. Kingdom Animalia, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand, pp. 59 - 101." type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||
Cairns
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FE9CF878FE06F826" box="[339,396,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Hawai‘i (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FDB9F87AFCE2F826" author="Parrish" box="[630,872,1996,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Parrish, F. A. & Baco, A. R. (2007) State of deep coral ecosystems: in the U. S. Pacific Islands region: Hawaii and the U. S. Pacific territories. In: The state of deep coral ecosystems in the United States, Lumsden, S. E., Hourigan, T. F., Bruckner, A. W. & Dorr, G. (Eds.), pp. 365. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP - 3, pp. 159 - 194." type="journal article" year="2007">Parrish & Baco 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Baco 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C23FFA9FC32F87AFB5CF826" author="Brugler" box="[1021,1238,1996,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="286" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C23FFA9FB95F878FB1EF826" box="[1114,1172,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this report) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C23FFA9FAA1F87AFA16F826" box="[1390,1436,1996,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1282,1304]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,1259]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,553,1260]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. World distribution of black coral species in the genus Leiopathes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244535/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="286">Fig.</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC3D619C20FFAAFF58FF2EFA0FFEA7" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="287">
|
||
7). Based on all available records, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C20FFAAFD8CFF21FD5FFF73" ID-CoL="7NJ8F" box="[579,725,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Leiopathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are currently known from tropical latitudes around the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C20FFAAFA8DFF21FF6CFF16" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="287">Nicobar Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C20FFAAFF37FF0AFEC7FF17" box="[248,333,188,212]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" precision="555" value="7.8">7.80°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C20FFAAFE94FF0BFE43FF16" author="Pax" box="[347,457,188,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" refString="Pax, F. (1915) Diagnosen neuer Antipatharien. Zoologische Anzeiger, 45, 598 - 601." type="journal article" year="1915">Pax 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C20FFAAFE18FF0BFDCEFF17" author="Pax" box="[471,580,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" refString="Pax, F. (1922) Die Antipatharien der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition, 1898 - 1899, 3 - 5. Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B. & Ingram, B. L. (2006) Radiocarbon-based ages and growth rates of Hawaiian deepsea corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 327, 1 - 14. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 327001" type="journal article" year="1922">Pax 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to temperate latitudes off the coasts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C20FFAAFBD6FF0AFBE2FF16" box="[1049,1128,188,213]" name="Ireland" pageId="10" pageNumber="287">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C20FFAAFBB5FF0AFB54FF16" box="[1146,1246,188,213]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" precision="555" value="56.5">56.50°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C20FFAAFB24FF0AFF5BFF3B" author="Wienberg" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" refString="Wienberg, C., Beuck, L., Heidkamp, S., Hebbeln, D., Freiwald, A., Pfannkuche, O. & Monteys, X. (2008) Franken Mound: facies and biocoenoses on a newly-discovered " carbonate mound " on the western Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic. Facies, 54, 1 - 24. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10347 - 007 - 0118 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Wienberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B907E1739C20FFAAFAAEFF0BFA16FF16" box="[1377,1436,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="287">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647DF19C20FFAAFEC1FF56FE29FF3B" box="[270,419,223,248]" name="New Zealand" pageId="10" pageNumber="287">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475BA69C20FFAAFE7DFF56FD9AFF3B" box="[434,528,224,248]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" precision="555" value="-48.8">48.80°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE240909C20FFAAFDD3FF69FD37FF3B" author="Opresko" box="[540,701,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" refString="Opresko, D. M. (1998) Three new species of Leiopathes (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from southern Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum, 31, 99 - 111." type="journal article" year="1998">Opresko 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The conspicuous absence of this family from polar regions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134821E49C20FFAAFAA0FF69FF2CFEDF" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1282,1304]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,1259]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,553,1260]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. World distribution of black coral species in the genus Leiopathes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244535/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="287">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) may suggest that the geographic distribution of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C20FFAAFD30FEB2FC1BFEDE" ID-CoL="7NJ8F" box="[767,913,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Leiopathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is limited by oceanographic or environmental conditions. Alternatively, the absence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7346E29C20FFAAFDA4FE91FD77FE83" ID-CoL="7NJ8F" box="[619,765,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="287" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Leiopathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
records from polar regions may be due to lower sampling efforts in these areas, and future collections in these regions will be needed to determine whether this is the case.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |