431 lines
61 KiB
XML
431 lines
61 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="01A7079604451D488651747CBA771671">Taxonomic reassessment of Tetrapygus niger (Arbacioida, Echinoidea): molecular and morphological evidence support its placement in Arbacia</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="C6C9AFEB520A77939800B1D85EBFAC33">Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France & Instituto Milenio de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE) and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5F4CB3CC30336F1701E03C38A442CB5F">Saucede, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2F5182A156CE885B2E66535096876CA0">Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="28D8373D4571426C2B6142C14C210924">California Academy of Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, San Francisco, California, US rmooi @ calacademy. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1533 - 8488</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="983C96EDFB2FE506BE724D1E8D69AAD1">Instituto Milenio de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE) and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile & Área Zoología de Invertebrados, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago. Chile</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="A16D87E898D4D5C554C0255216CEF5AA">Instituto Milenio de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE) and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile & Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile angiediaz @ udec. cl; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4944 - 588 X</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03B687ACFFC8FF939FD1FF7AFDA1FDD2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10197023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10197023" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B687ACFFC8FF939FD1FF7AFDA1FDD2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687ACFFC8FF939FD1FF7AFDA1FDD2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC8FF9C9FD1FF7AFE43FF7A" ID-CoL="G6C5" authority="(Molina, 1782)" baseAuthorityName="Molina" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[151,508,151,178]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Arbacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9FD1FF7AFE43FF7A" bold="true" box="[151,508,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
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Arbacia nigra (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4BFFC8FF9C9E17FF7AFE4CFF7A" author="Molina, G." box="[337,499,151,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" refId="ref8490" refString="Molina, G. (1782) Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili. Nella Stamperia di S. Tommaso d'Aquino, Bologna, 367 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62689" type="book" year="1782">Molina, 1782</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3056531FFC8FF9C9FD1FF38FBFDFEAC" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9C9FD1FF38FD86FF26" blockId="6.[151,1090,213,360]" box="[151,569,213,237]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
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1782
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC8FF9C9F96FF38FD8AFF26" authority="Molina, 1782 p. 175" authorityName="sensu Molina" authorityPageNumber="175" authorityYear="1782" box="[208,565,213,237]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Echinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9F96FF38FEE2FF26" box="[208,349,213,237]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Echinus niger</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4BFFC8FF9C9E22FF38FD8AFF26" author="Molina, G." box="[356,565,213,237]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" refId="ref8490" refString="Molina, G. (1782) Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili. Nella Stamperia di S. Tommaso d'Aquino, Bologna, 367 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62689" type="book" year="1782">Molina, 1782 p. 175</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9C9FD1FF19FD98FEC0" blockId="6.[151,1090,213,360]" box="[151,551,244,268]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
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1841
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC8FF9C9F96FF19FE4EFEC7" ID-CoL="55RYG" authority="L. Agassiz" authorityName="L. Agassiz" box="[208,497,244,268]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Tetrapygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9F96FF19FEC4FEC0" box="[208,379,244,267]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Tetrapygus niger</emphasis>
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L. Agassiz
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</taxonomicName>
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: p. 7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9C9FD1FEFFFDA6FEE1" blockId="6.[151,1090,213,360]" box="[151,537,274,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
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1863
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC8FF9C9F96FEFFFE69FEE1" authority="A. Agassiz" authorityName="A. Agassiz" box="[208,470,274,298]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Arbacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9F96FEFFFEE0FEE1" box="[208,351,274,298]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Arbacia nigra</emphasis>
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A. Agassiz
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</taxonomicName>
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: p. 20.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9C9FD1FEDCFCE4FE82" blockId="6.[151,1090,213,360]" box="[151,859,305,329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
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1910
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC8FF9C9F96FEDFFDEDFE83" authority="(Molina) Mortensen" authorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityName="Molina" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[208,594,305,329]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Tetrapygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9F96FEDFFEC4FE82" box="[208,379,306,329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Tetrapygus niger</emphasis>
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(Molina) Mortensen
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</taxonomicName>
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: p. 35–36; fig. XV 12, 15.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9C9FD1FEA2FBFDFEAC" blockId="6.[151,1090,213,360]" box="[151,1090,335,360]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
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1935
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC8FF9C9F96FEBDFDEDFEAC" authority="(Molina) Mortensen" authorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityName="Molina" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[208,594,336,360]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Tetrapygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9F96FEBDFEC4FEAC" box="[208,379,336,359]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Tetrapygus niger</emphasis>
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(Molina) Mortensen
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</taxonomicName>
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: p. 582–584; fig. LXX 10–12; LXXXVII 15–19.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3056531FFC8FF9C9FD1FE62FEC1FDF2" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9C9FD1FE62FEC1FDF2" blockId="6.[151,1437,399,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9FD1FE62FE37FE62" bold="true" box="[151,392,399,425]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Emended diagnosis</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC8FF9C9EE6FE62FE45FE62" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[416,506,399,425]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Arbacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9EE6FE62FE45FE62" box="[416,506,399,425]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Arbacia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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with ocular plate V invariably insert; ambulacral plates quadrigeminate to quinquegeminate; additional secondary tubercles below and above primary tubercles for each interambulacral plate above the ambitus; cleaned test deep purple; valves of aboral ophicephalous pedicellariae bilobed; epistroma well-developed, present as punctation among tubercles in ambulacra and interambulacra; tips of oral spines with vestigial “enameled” tip only.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3056531FFC8FF9C9F81FDAEFEB3FCDA" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9C9F81FDAEFEB3FCDA" blockId="6.[151,1437,399,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
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||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9F81FDAEFEC8FD96" bold="true" box="[199,375,579,605]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Type material.</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B773CE7FFC8FF9C9E39FDA9FEB7FCDA" collectionCode="PD" collectorName="de Concepcion" country="Chile" county="It" latitude="-36.666668" location="Universidad de Concepcion" longLatPrecision="44572" longitude="-73.0" municipality="Bahia Concepcion" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="neotype">
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Type specimen was not established in the original description, which also lacks illustrations.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4BFFC8FF9C9FD1FD8AFE80FD49" author="Larrain, A. P." box="[151,319,615,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref8109" refString="Larrain, A. P. (1975) Los equinoideos regulares fosiles y recientes de Chile. Gayana, Zoologia, 35, 1 - 189. [https: // biostor. org / reference / 100805]" type="journal article" year="1975">Larraín (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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designated a
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<typeStatus id="54A48818FFC8FF9C9EA5FD85FD80FD49" box="[483,575,616,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
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||
, housed in the Museum of the Zoological Department of the
|
||
<location id="8EC06061FFC8FF9C9A55FD8AFEF8FD6E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B687ACFFC8FF939FD1FF7AFDA1FDD2:8EC06061FFC8FF9C9A55FD8AFEF8FD6E" country="Chile" county="It" latitude="-36.666668" longLatPrecision="44572" longitude="-73.0" municipality="Bahia Concepcion" name="Universidad de Concepcion" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
|
||
Universidad
|
||
<collectorName id="26EA536CFFC8FF9C9FD1FD66FEF8FD6E" box="[151,327,651,677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">de Concepción</collectorName>
|
||
</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F308762AFFC8FF9C9E11FD66FE29FD6E" box="[343,406,651,677]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
, under catalogue number MZUC-UCCC n° 7967. The neotype was collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC4ACC0FFC8FF9C9A1DFD66FE9FFD02" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Bahía Concepción</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, Chile (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2B507DFFC8FF9C9E3EFD42FE68FD02" box="[376,471,687,713]" degrees="36" direction="south" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" precision="925" value="-36.666668">36°40’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2B507DFFC8FF9C9EA5FD42FD9AFD01" box="[483,549,687,714]" degrees="73" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" precision="55555" value="-73.0">73°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in 1973.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62C14E36FFC8FF9C9DDCFD5DFD14FD01" box="[666,683,688,714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">It</collectingCounty>
|
||
is preserved dry, retaining all its spines and soft tissues, except for a cleaned ambulacrum, extending from the apical system to the peristome (TD =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC8FF9C9B74FD3EFB24FD25" box="[1074,1179,723,750]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7299999999999995" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="77.3">77.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0EAE7FFFC8FF9C9BE1FD39FB74FD25" box="[1191,1227,724,750]" country="Netherlands" name="Dutch Plant Protection Service, Culture Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">PD</collectionCode>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC8FF9C9BADFD3EFAECFD25" box="[1259,1363,723,750]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="29.5">29.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; TH =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC8FF9C9FD1FD1AFF40FCDA" box="[151,255,759,785]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.92" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="39.2">39.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3056531FFC8FF939F81FCF6FDA1FDD2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9C9F81FCF6FB63FC6A" blockId="6.[151,1437,399,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9F81FCF6FEE6FCFE" bold="true" box="[199,345,795,821]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Test circular to subpentagonal in outline at ambitus. Test large, reaching
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC8FF9C9BC3FCF6FAACFCFD" box="[1157,1299,795,822]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="85.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="80.0">80 to 90 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. Living specimens deep purple. Denuded test and spines purple. As for other species in genus, test height highly variable. Test height relative to test diameter increasing with size, allometric relationship between test height and test diameter described by linear regression model ln(y) = 1.2112ln(x)—ln (1.6139); R² = 0.9612.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF606632FFC8FF9C9FD1F8E5FD6FF8A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184312" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10184312" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184312/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" startId="6.[151,250,1800,1824]" targetBox="[158,1429,960,1770]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9C9FD1F8E5FD6FF8A3" blockId="6.[151,1437,1800,1897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9FD1F8E5FEB1F8EB" bold="true" box="[151,270,1800,1824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC8FF9C9E5AF8E5FE13F8EB" box="[284,428,1800,1824]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Arbacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9E5AF8E5FE13F8EB" box="[284,428,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Arbacia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, details of test plating.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9DE6F8E5FD70F8EB" bold="true" box="[672,719,1800,1824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
, apical system:
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9C31F8E5FC36F8EB" bold="true" box="[887,905,1800,1824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">A</emphasis>
|
||
, small specimen (TD = 28 mm);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9BA2F8E4FB4AF8EA" bold="true" box="[1252,1269,1801,1825]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">B</emphasis>
|
||
, large specimen (TD = 70 mm);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9E7FF8C1FEF4F88F" bold="true" box="[313,331,1836,1860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">C</emphasis>
|
||
, aboral plates of ambulacrum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9DC1F8C0FD08F88E" bold="true" box="[647,695,1837,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">D–E</emphasis>
|
||
, aboral plates of interambulacrum:
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9B67F8C0FB8CF88E" bold="true" box="[1057,1075,1837,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">D</emphasis>
|
||
, small specimen (TD = 29 mm);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9AC3F8C0FA29F88E" bold="true" box="[1413,1430,1837,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">E</emphasis>
|
||
, large specimen (TD = 70 mm). Scale bars equal 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC8FF9D9F81F856FAA6FED0" blockId="6.[151,1437,1979,2041]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,917]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="256" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC8FF9C9F81F856FEDFF81F" box="[199,352,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Apical system</emphasis>
|
||
—Small, hemicyclic, with ocular plate V always insert (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC8FF9C9C8DF856FBD3F81E" box="[971,1132,1979,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">Figs. 3A, C, G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC8FF9C9B3CF856FB03F81E" box="[1146,1212,1979,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,960,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-306@6.[151,1436,953,1777]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Arbacia nigra, details of test plating. A–B, apical system: A, small specimen (TD = 28 mm); B, large specimen (TD = 70 mm); C, aboral plates of ambulacrum; D–E, aboral plates of interambulacrum: D, small specimen (TD = 29 mm); E, large specimen (TD = 70 mm). Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184312" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184312/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="255">4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and plates I and IV also often insert in adult, large specimens (oculars I, V, IV insert 57%, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4BFFC8FF9C9B78F833FB66F833" author="Jackson, R. T." box="[1086,1241,2014,2040]" pageId="6" pageNumber="255" pagination="1 - 491" refId="ref7819" refString="Jackson, R. T. (1912) Phylogeny of the Echini: with a revision of palaeozoic species. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 1 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4630" type="journal article" year="1912">Jackson 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Juvenile always with dicyclic apical system, ocular plates becoming insert with growth. Ocular and genitals free of tubercles in adults, but juveniles have vestigial tubercle on each ocular as do other species of genus. Ocular plates bearing ophicephalous pedicellariae. Genital plates and periproct surrounded by pedicellariae. Periproctal membrane with four anal plates, purple, with a white adoral band (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC9FF9D9D4BFEEDFD38FED1" box="[525,647,256,282]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Periproct oval, with maximum diameter in direction 1-IV.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC9FF9D9F81FEC9FD62FE01" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,917]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9F81FEC9FE86FEF6" box="[199,313,292,317]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Peristome</emphasis>
|
||
—Relative peristome diameter less than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC9FF9D9CC4FECEFB82FEF6" box="[898,1085,291,317]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9CC4FECEFC63FEF6" box="[898,988,291,317]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Arbacia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, usually close to 35% of test diameter. Relative peristome size decreasing with growth. Buccal notches shallow. Tags long and narrow (spanning>2 tubercles). Perignathic girdle large, auricles in contact, sometimes fused with each other, forming arch over perradius. Allometric relationship between peristome diameter and test diameter described by linear regression model ln(y) = 0.8094ln(x) + ln(0.0714); R² = 0.968.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC9FF9D9F81FE3EFB0CFD2F" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,917]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9F81FE3EFEFCFE26" box="[199,323,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Ambulacra</emphasis>
|
||
—Very narrow (one third width of interambulacra), each plate with one imperforate and non-crenulate primary tubercle of almost same size as interambulacral ones at the ambitus and progressively decreasing in size adapically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC9FF9D9E5FFDF7FE27FDFF" box="[281,408,538,564]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Figs. 3A, F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC9FF9D9EE2FDF7FE77FDFF" box="[420,456,538,564]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,960,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-306@6.[151,1436,953,1777]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Arbacia nigra, details of test plating. A–B, apical system: A, small specimen (TD = 28 mm); B, large specimen (TD = 70 mm); C, aboral plates of ambulacrum; D–E, aboral plates of interambulacrum: D, small specimen (TD = 29 mm); E, large specimen (TD = 70 mm). Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184312" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184312/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Above ambitus, ambulacral tubercles smaller than interambulacrals. Tubercles closely spaced, occupying most of each ambulacral plate, separated from each other by few small granules perradially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC9FF9D9FD9FD8DFF47FDB1" box="[159,248,608,634]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tubercles small, forming two well-developed columns of tubercles reaching apical system (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC9FF9D9A74FD8DFA30FDB1" box="[1330,1423,608,634]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ambulacral plates quadrigeminate to quinquegeminate, of arbaciid
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A48818FFC9FF9D9CCDFD69FC04FD55" box="[907,955,644,670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">type</typeStatus>
|
||
aborally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC9FF9D9B68FD6EFB3AFD55" box="[1070,1157,643,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,960,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-306@6.[151,1436,953,1777]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Arbacia nigra, details of test plating. A–B, apical system: A, small specimen (TD = 28 mm); B, large specimen (TD = 70 mm); C, aboral plates of ambulacrum; D–E, aboral plates of interambulacrum: D, small specimen (TD = 29 mm); E, large specimen (TD = 70 mm). Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184312" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184312/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
), forming more complex compound plating adorally, leading to wide phyllodes occupying entire oral side adorally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC9FF9D9BEEFD4AFA97FD0A" box="[1192,1320,679,705]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Close to peristome, single perradial pit for sphaeridium along perradius of each ambulacrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC9FF9D9B08FD27FB19FD2F" box="[1102,1190,714,740]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC9FF9D9F81FD00FA84FC5E" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,917]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9F81FD00FE2EFCCC" box="[199,401,749,775]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Ambulacral pores</emphasis>
|
||
—As in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC9FF9D9D50FD00FD72FCCC" box="[534,717,749,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9D50FD00FDCFFCCC" box="[534,624,749,775]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Arbacia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, oral and aboral pores differentiated. Aborally, pores round and deeply conjugate. These conjugate isopores correspond to Smith’s C1-
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A48818FFC9FF9D9CE0FCFDFC63FCE1" box="[934,988,784,810]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">type</typeStatus>
|
||
classification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4BFFC9FF9D9BC3FCFDFAABFCE1" author="Smith, A. B." box="[1157,1300,784,810]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256" pagination="759 - 789" refId="ref8994" refString="Smith, A. B. (1978) A functional classification of the coronal pores of regular echinoids. Palaeontology, 21 (Part 4), 759 - 789." type="journal article" year="1978">Smith, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Oral pores exhibit morphological features characteristic of Smith’s P
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D19FD33FFC9FF9D9C6EFCD9FCD0FC85" box="[808,879,820,846]" count="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="256" type="generic" typeStatus="type">4 type</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4BFFC9FF9D9C39FCDEFBB6FC85" author="Smith, A. B." box="[895,1033,819,846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256" pagination="759 - 789" refId="ref8994" refString="Smith, A. B. (1978) A functional classification of the coronal pores of regular echinoids. Palaeontology, 21 (Part 4), 759 - 789." type="journal article" year="1978">Smith 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including large circular interporal partition and broad circular attachment area. Tube feet, associated with small pores inside large periporal areas, ending in large adhesive discs with thick connective tissue, allowing for strong fixation to hard substrates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF606632FFC9FF9D9FD1F8DBFE38F870" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184314" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10184314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184314/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="256" startId="7.[151,250,1846,1870]" targetBox="[151,1436,941,1823]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC9FF9D9FD1F8DBFE38F870" blockId="7.[151,1436,1846,1979]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9FD1F8DBFEB2F885" bold="true" box="[151,269,1846,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9E5CF8DBFEF3F885" bold="true" box="[282,332,1846,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">A–G</emphasis>
|
||
, SEM photographs of pedicellariae and stalk of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC9FF9D9C7FF8DBFC77F885" box="[825,968,1846,1870]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Arbacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="7" pageNumber="256" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9C7FF8DBFC77F885" box="[825,968,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">Arbacia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9C93F8DBFC58F885" bold="true" box="[981,999,1846,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">A</emphasis>
|
||
, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9A11F8DBFAD7F885" bold="true" box="[1367,1384,1846,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">B</emphasis>
|
||
, oral ophicephalous pedicellaria;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9EF2F8B7FE79F8B9" bold="true" box="[436,454,1882,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">C</emphasis>
|
||
, triphyllous pedicellaria;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9D8DF8B7FD62F8B9" bold="true" box="[715,733,1882,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">D</emphasis>
|
||
, tridactylous pedicellaria;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9CAAF8B7FC42F8B9" bold="true" box="[1004,1021,1882,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">E</emphasis>
|
||
, distal end of ophicephalous pedicellaria stalk;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9F90F893FEB9F85D" bold="true" box="[214,262,1918,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">F–G</emphasis>
|
||
, maginifications;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9E87F893FE6FF85D" bold="true" box="[449,464,1918,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">F</emphasis>
|
||
, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC9FF9D9C00F893FCE5F85D" bold="true" box="[838,858,1918,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="256">G</emphasis>
|
||
, tridentate pedicellaria. Scale bars: A–E, 100 µm; F–G: scale bars equal 50 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC6FF929F81FF7AFC1AFDAA" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929F81FF7AFEC8FF7A" box="[199,375,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Interambulacra</emphasis>
|
||
—Wide, with five to six imperforate and non-crenulate primary tubercles per plate at ambitus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929FD9FF56FEBAFF1E" box="[159,261,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Figs. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929E52FF56FE87FF1E" box="[276,312,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,960,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-306@6.[151,1436,953,1777]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Arbacia nigra, details of test plating. A–B, apical system: A, small specimen (TD = 28 mm); B, large specimen (TD = 70 mm); C, aboral plates of ambulacrum; D–E, aboral plates of interambulacrum: D, small specimen (TD = 29 mm); E, large specimen (TD = 70 mm). Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184312" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184312/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Smaller specimens (TD =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC6FF929D3BFF56FD6FFF1E" box="[637,720,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
) bear three to four tubercles at ambitus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929BEDFF56FAB0FF1E" box="[1195,1295,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Figs. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929A58FF56FAFBFF1E" box="[1310,1348,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,960,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-306@6.[151,1436,953,1777]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Arbacia nigra, details of test plating. A–B, apical system: A, small specimen (TD = 28 mm); B, large specimen (TD = 70 mm); C, aboral plates of ambulacrum; D–E, aboral plates of interambulacrum: D, small specimen (TD = 29 mm); E, large specimen (TD = 70 mm). Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184312" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184312/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). These tubercles with large mamelons, narrow platforms and broad areoles occupying most of plate width and deforming plate margins. Number of interambulacral plates low, usually between 14 (TD =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC6FF929B75FEEEFB3AFED6" box="[1075,1157,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and 17 (TD =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC6FF929A7AFEEEFA2FFED6" box="[1340,1424,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Largest specimens reaching
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC6FF929E94FECAFD9FFE8A" box="[466,544,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="89.0">89 mm</quantity>
|
||
TD bear up to 21 interambulacral plates. Height of plates increase quickly along aboral surface adapically (from 2 to more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC6FF929DF5FEA6FD49FEAE" box="[691,758,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
height). Above ambitus, size of tubercles reducing towards interradius and number of interambulacral primary tubercles decrease slowly towards apical system. Additional secondary tubercles developed aborally, forming second row of tubercles in adoral part of each plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929A77FE7EFA28FE66" box="[1329,1431,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Figs. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929FD1FE5AFF04FE1A" box="[151,187,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,960,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-306@6.[151,1436,953,1777]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Arbacia nigra, details of test plating. A–B, apical system: A, small specimen (TD = 28 mm); B, large specimen (TD = 70 mm); C, aboral plates of ambulacrum; D–E, aboral plates of interambulacrum: D, small specimen (TD = 29 mm); E, large specimen (TD = 70 mm). Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184312" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184312/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). In largest specimens (TD>
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC6FF929D51FE5BFDD2FE1A" box="[535,621,438,465]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
), number of secondary tubercles higher, with another row of tubercles below primary tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929EF5FE36FDAAFE3E" box="[435,533,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-207@5.[160,1428,957,1909]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Denuded test of Arbacia nigra from Las Cruces (A–F; Chile) and Concepción (G; Chile). A–B, specimen TN_ 35LC: A, aboral view; B, oral view. C–F, specimen TN_9LC; C, aboral view; D, oral view; E–F, lateral views; G, apical system of specimen TN_2CO. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184310/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Figs. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929D59FE36FDFCFE3E" box="[543,579,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,960,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-306@6.[151,1436,953,1777]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Arbacia nigra, details of test plating. A–B, apical system: A, small specimen (TD = 28 mm); B, large specimen (TD = 70 mm); C, aboral plates of ambulacrum; D–E, aboral plates of interambulacrum: D, small specimen (TD = 29 mm); E, large specimen (TD = 70 mm). Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184312" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184312/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Otherwise, plates coarsely granulated in between tubercles. Epistroma well-developed, covering all plates and forming punctation or even crenulation, more easily visible in small specimens. In small specimens (TD <
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B5FFFC6FF929E92FDCEFD95FDF6" box="[468,554,547,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
), naked interradial area restricted to interradius. In larger specimens, aboral interradial region covered with both primary and secondary tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC6FF929F81FD86FCB7FD62" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929F81FD86FEE1FD4E" box="[199,350,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Pedicellariae</emphasis>
|
||
—Pedicellariae of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D19FD33FFC6FF929D76FD86FD12FD4E" box="[560,685,619,645]" count="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
|
||
, ophicephalous, tridactylous and triphyllous, all abundant over test (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929FD9FD62FF5BFD62" box="[159,228,654,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1846,1870]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-367@7.[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A–G, SEM photographs of pedicellariae and stalk of Arbacia nigra; A, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; B, oral ophicephalous pedicellaria; C, triphyllous pedicellaria; D, tridactylous pedicellaria; E, distal end of ophicephalous pedicellaria stalk; F–G, maginifications; F, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; G, tridentate pedicellaria. Scale bars: A–E, 100 µm; F–G: scale bars equal 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184314/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). All pedicellariae are purple in adult specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC6FF929F81FD5EFCE2FC02" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">
|
||
Ophicephalous pedicellariae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929D5FFD5EFD2AFD06" box="[537,661,690,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1846,1870]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-367@7.[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A–G, SEM photographs of pedicellariae and stalk of Arbacia nigra; A, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; B, oral ophicephalous pedicellaria; C, triphyllous pedicellaria; D, tridactylous pedicellaria; E, distal end of ophicephalous pedicellaria stalk; F–G, maginifications; F, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; G, tridentate pedicellaria. Scale bars: A–E, 100 µm; F–G: scale bars equal 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184314/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) strongly differentiated between oral and aboral surface, more than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC6FF929E47FD3AFE7EFD3A" box="[257,449,727,753]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Arbacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929E47FD3AFEE4FD3A" box="[257,347,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Arbacia</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aboral surface covered with numerous ophicephalous pedicellariae, including area surrounding apical system. Valves of ophicephalous pedicellariae low, narrow, and strongly constricted in upper part, with indented and sharply serrated blade edges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929DB0FCF2FCEDFCF2" box="[758,850,798,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1846,1870]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-367@7.[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A–G, SEM photographs of pedicellariae and stalk of Arbacia nigra; A, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; B, oral ophicephalous pedicellaria; C, triphyllous pedicellaria; D, tridactylous pedicellaria; E, distal end of ophicephalous pedicellaria stalk; F–G, maginifications; F, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; G, tridentate pedicellaria. Scale bars: A–E, 100 µm; F–G: scale bars equal 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184314/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). These valves very typical, being flattened or even concave at tip, with broad and deeply grooved apophyses. Numerous lateral spines in medial region of inner valve surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929FB0FC8AFED5FC4A" box="[246,362,870,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1846,1870]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-367@7.[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A–G, SEM photographs of pedicellariae and stalk of Arbacia nigra; A, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; B, oral ophicephalous pedicellaria; C, triphyllous pedicellaria; D, tridactylous pedicellaria; E, distal end of ophicephalous pedicellaria stalk; F–G, maginifications; F, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; G, tridentate pedicellaria. Scale bars: A–E, 100 µm; F–G: scale bars equal 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184314/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Fig. 5A, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Buccal membrane covered by second
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A48818FFC6FF929C58FC8AFCF1FC4A" box="[798,846,871,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of ophicephalous pedicellariae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC6FF929BF2FC8AFAB5FC4A" box="[1204,1290,870,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1846,1870]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-367@7.[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A–G, SEM photographs of pedicellariae and stalk of Arbacia nigra; A, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; B, oral ophicephalous pedicellaria; C, triphyllous pedicellaria; D, tridactylous pedicellaria; E, distal end of ophicephalous pedicellaria stalk; F–G, maginifications; F, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; G, tridentate pedicellaria. Scale bars: A–E, 100 µm; F–G: scale bars equal 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184314/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
), with higher valves, indented blade edges, and slight serration, without spines on inner surface. Second
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A48818FFC6FF929BE4FC66FB6DFC6E" box="[1186,1234,907,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of ophicephalous pedicellariae also observed sparsely distributed on oral surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF606632FFC6FF929FD1F885FB69F86E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184316" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10184316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184316/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" startId="8.[151,250,1896,1920]" targetBox="[155,1433,993,1873]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC6FF929FD1F885FB69F86E" blockId="8.[151,1436,1896,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929FD1F885FEB3F84B" bold="true" box="[151,268,1896,1920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
|
||
. Spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC6FF929E3CF885FDB7F84B" box="[378,520,1896,1920]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Arbacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929E3CF885FDB7F84B" box="[378,520,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Arbacia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen TN_36PA;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929DA5F885FCACF84B" bold="true" box="[739,787,1896,1920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
, adapical spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929CFCF885FC73F84B" bold="true" box="[954,972,1896,1920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929B1CF884FBD4F84A" bold="true" box="[1114,1131,1897,1921]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">B</emphasis>
|
||
, adoral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929BBEF885FA97F84B" bold="true" box="[1272,1320,1896,1920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">C–E</emphasis>
|
||
, oral spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929FD1F861FF16F86F" bold="true" box="[151,169,1932,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">C</emphasis>
|
||
, complete oral spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929ECCF860FE23F86E" bold="true" box="[394,412,1933,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">D</emphasis>
|
||
, zoom on the proximal part;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC6FF929D85F860FD6BF86E" bold="true" box="[707,724,1933,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">E</emphasis>
|
||
, zoom on the distal part. Scale bars equal 500 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC7FF939F81FF7AFB09FED6" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">
|
||
Triphyllous pedicellariae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC7FF939EB7FF7AFDF6FF7A" box="[497,585,150,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1846,1870]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-367@7.[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A–G, SEM photographs of pedicellariae and stalk of Arbacia nigra; A, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; B, oral ophicephalous pedicellaria; C, triphyllous pedicellaria; D, tridactylous pedicellaria; E, distal end of ophicephalous pedicellaria stalk; F–G, maginifications; F, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; G, tridentate pedicellaria. Scale bars: A–E, 100 µm; F–G: scale bars equal 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184314/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
) present but very scarce, resembling those found in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC7FF939BA4FF7AFA27FF7A" box="[1250,1432,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC7FF939BA4FF7AFA83FF7A" box="[1250,1340,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">Arbacia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as noted by A. Agassiz in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4BFFC7FF939E84FF56FD67FF1E" author="Agassiz, A. & Clark, H. L." box="[450,728,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="258" pagination="43 - 132" refId="ref6696" refString="Agassiz, A. & Clark, H. L. (1908) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. The Salenidae, Arbaciadae, Aspidodiadematidae, and Diadematidae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 34, 43 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 42203" type="journal article" year="1908">Agassiz & Clark (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Suggested of absence of these made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4BFFC7FF939BE8FF56FAECFF1E" author="Larrain, A. P." box="[1198,1363,186,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="258" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref8109" refString="Larrain, A. P. (1975) Los equinoideos regulares fosiles y recientes de Chile. Gayana, Zoologia, 35, 1 - 189. [https: // biostor. org / reference / 100805]" type="journal article" year="1975">Larraín (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
likely erroneous, so absence of triphyllous pedicellariae not diagnostic for species, contrary to that author. Valves of triphyllous pedicellariae elongated and constricted in middle part. Blade edges finely serrated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC7FF939F81FECAFF53FE66" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">
|
||
Tridentate pedicellariae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC7FF939E98FECAFD8AFE8A" box="[478,565,294,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1846,1870]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-367@7.[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A–G, SEM photographs of pedicellariae and stalk of Arbacia nigra; A, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; B, oral ophicephalous pedicellaria; C, triphyllous pedicellaria; D, tridactylous pedicellaria; E, distal end of ophicephalous pedicellaria stalk; F–G, maginifications; F, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; G, tridentate pedicellaria. Scale bars: A–E, 100 µm; F–G: scale bars equal 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184314/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
) small, only one and half times as long as ophicephalous pedicellariae. Scarce and exclusively on oral surface, lacking on buccal membrane. Valves slender, elongated, and noticeably constricted in middle. Blade edges finely serrated. Near constriction, inner surface of valve covered by sharp, long thorns (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC7FF939A29FE82FF64FE66" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1846,1870]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-367@7.[151,1436,941,1823]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A–G, SEM photographs of pedicellariae and stalk of Arbacia nigra; A, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; B, oral ophicephalous pedicellaria; C, triphyllous pedicellaria; D, tridactylous pedicellaria; E, distal end of ophicephalous pedicellaria stalk; F–G, maginifications; F, aboral ophicephalous pedicellaria; G, tridentate pedicellaria. Scale bars: A–E, 100 µm; F–G: scale bars equal 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184314/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">Fig. 5D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036BAFFC7FF939F81FE5AFDA1FDD2" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC7FF939F81FE5AFEAFFE1A" box="[199,272,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">Spines</emphasis>
|
||
—Primary spines longest at ambitus and decrease in size towards apical system. Close to apical system, spines short and large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC7FF939EDDFE36FDAAFE3E" box="[411,533,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,993,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-388@8.[155,1433,993,1873]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Spines of Arbacia nigra specimen TN_36PA; A–B, adapical spine; A, lateral view; B, adoral view; C–E, oral spine; C, complete oral spine; D, zoom on the proximal part; E, zoom on the distal part. Scale bars equal 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184316/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">Fig. 6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ambital and subambital spines with vestigial “enameled” tips, short relative to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D39FFC7FF939F9EFE12FE35FDD2" box="[216,394,511,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAA8FFC7FF939F9EFE12FE8DFDD2" box="[216,306,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">Arbacia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A3FFFC7FF939EDFFE12FDAEFDD2" box="[409,529,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,993,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-388@8.[155,1433,993,1873]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Spines of Arbacia nigra specimen TN_36PA; A–B, adapical spine; A, lateral view; B, adoral view; C–E, oral spine; C, complete oral spine; D, zoom on the proximal part; E, zoom on the distal part. Scale bars equal 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10184316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10184316/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">Fig. 6C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |