340 lines
44 KiB
XML
340 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="BCF976EFCBB80492088A653ECED23594" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad088" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240366" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1716362034511" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Knecht, Richard J., Benner, Jacob S., Dunlop, Jason A. & Renczkowski, Mark D." docDate="2024" docId="03F7605216281D577C4EE000933B7791" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad088.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (3)" docSource="https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/7ea5a79f-0d02-3723-9e57-ddee455df19e/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.6:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Parilisthelyphonus bryantae Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski 2024, sp.nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="697" masterDocId="FFCE182A162E1D507D4DE27A961F703E" masterDocTitle="The largest Palaeozoic whip scorpion and the smallest (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonida); a new species and a new ichnospecies from the Carboniferous of New England, USA" masterLastPageNumber="704" masterPageNumber="690" pageNumber="696" updateTime="1727967750432" updateUser="guilherme">
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<mods:titleInfo id="32C3FD53C5BDF8321FB5D4D2E93A9BDC">
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<mods:title id="D32E0DFD671CB234710E24294961ED11">The largest Palaeozoic whip scorpion and the smallest (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonida); a new species and a new ichnospecies from the Carboniferous of New England, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="653065ECCA0A60571D0DD8722DACBBB4" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4A27AF3D41D3A56C933FA505AB81DCD6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C577477D32C6DCFF7FDCB6C60A2E742F">Knecht, Richard J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="67CCEBF3ECB717785BFE5DA0296B4844">Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3DF539B5D146A1E3FCE00D1B1273244E" type="email">rknecht@fas.harvard.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6BE7F07ADD178D5F0AA1929B308B41DA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="32C44BAF49F5A41817D61E6EB05589A5">Benner, Jacob S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="680343CF62B78E19A4E71C5B38EF839D">Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="08C04B6F38C43E9AC5C37F665EEEC6EA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9CB3E98576663195332A3E8994267BC6">Dunlop, Jason A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="91017BB0D77BD7BECDF61DC9CADBFAD4">Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse. 43, D- 10115 Berlin, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BF9EE47DE9F36CC94156DE45D222D410">Renczkowski, Mark D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="77E856ED9C44F20CC7838A72C76B360C">Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2940115DE092A49BFEEDB7476A24ADD8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="30DFE271990C3FBD7AE396025E3892DE">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A147D9BDEDC05D5BD96730A382B46418">
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<mods:date id="2914B3315C9D1207DEAA8326BAA5B806">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CE68D1BC69E42C0D2800DDB7262A7871">2023-08-11</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="47459CBCEACE8881AF53DA3E2782F048" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B438689D3DACF581389373441305DF51">200</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="1EFCBCAB90FC2DFE3E66760AB44B57A2" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="11901A00F86A1E97289AA8F8C5C4A7ED">3</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="261553F031F2FFB0163E880304540368">https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/7ea5a79f-0d02-3723-9e57-ddee455df19e/</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="AF530D5F04408A31BC71C540E7F4C023">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F84864143985EFDFF750B9C42C2F9C11" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad088</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="041707D33587B3FA001E4350F27D3DBB" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3F349CB9FFF5DDAFF8B4C08D31C8AF3D" type="Zenodo-Dep">11240366</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F7605216281D577C4EE000933B7791" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F7605216281D577C4EE000933B7791" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F7605216281D577C4EE000933B7791" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="697" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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<subSubSection id="C34482CF16281D567C4EE000947572AA" box="[259,618,634,660]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D567C4EE000947572AA" blockId="6.[259,618,634,660]" box="[259,618,634,660]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567C4EE000947572AA" box="[259,618,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D567C4EE000943C72AA" authority="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski, 2024" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[259,547,634,660]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryantae" status="sp. nov.">Parilisthelyphonus bryantae</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A219B02D16281D567F65E001947572AA" box="[552,618,635,660]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34482CF16281D567C33E0DD97F172FF" box="[382,494,679,705]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D567C33E0DD97F172FF" blockId="6.[382,494,679,705]" box="[382,494,679,705]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567C33E0DD97F172FF" box="[382,494,679,705]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1365CDC116281D567CC5E0D297FB72FF" box="[392,484,679,705]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[129,194,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[217,1386,147,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[214,1389,144,1807]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. The holotype of Parilisthelyphonus bryantae gen. nov., sp. nov.. Part (A; MCZ:IP:198710a) and counterpart (B; MCZ:IP:198710b) representing the dorsal and ventral views respectively and their corresponding line drawings (A1,B1). Image in Figure 4B, 4B1 has been flipped horizontally to match the same image orientation seen in Figure 4A, 4A1. Keys to the anatomical abbreviations used can be found under the Material and methods section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240376/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Fig.4A, B</figureCitation>
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)
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34482CF16281D567D3CE09D971C7466" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D567D3CE09D94E47300" blockId="6.[113,763,743,830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567D3CE09D96D372C1" box="[113,204,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Material:</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B36DB1916281D567D9FE09D94E47300" collectionCode="MCZ" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54E56FE616281D567D9FE09D972B72C1" box="[210,308,743,767]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
(part and counterpart) and only known
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||
<specimenCount id="9D581ACD16281D567F9DE09296AE7321" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectionCode id="ED4F498116281D567DF0E17D96E57321" box="[189,250,775,799]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">MCZ</collectionCode>
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:IP:198710a (dorsal) and
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<collectionCode id="ED4F498116281D567F4EE17D945F7321" box="[515,576,775,799]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">MCZ</collectionCode>
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:IP:198710b (ventral) preserved as a compression fossil (body fossil) on grey shale.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D567D3CE11F97F07385" blockId="6.[113,762,869,955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567D3CE11F97537343" box="[113,332,869,893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Horizon and locality:</emphasis>
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<collectorName id="26ABB49216281D567C1AE11F97ED7343" box="[343,498,869,893]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Westphalian C</collectorName>
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||
(
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||
<location id="8E81879F16281D567F49E11F94F07343" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F7605216281D577C4EE000933B7791:8E81879F16281D567F49E11F94F07343" box="[516,751,869,893]" name="Upper Carboniferous" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" stateProvince="Rhode Island">Upper Carboniferous</location>
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||
); from
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<collectingRegion id="499A1FA616281D567DE4E1FE972D73A2" box="[169,306,900,924]" country="United States of America" name="Rhode Island" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Rhode Island</collectingRegion>
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Fm. of the Narragansett Basin (see Geologic setting and palaeobiological context).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D567D3CE198971C7466" blockId="6.[113,763,994,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567D3CE19896CF73C4" box="[113,208,994,1018]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Collector:</emphasis>
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This specimen was collected by the late Robert G. Sproule and generously donated to Harvard University’s Museum of Comparative Zoology posthumously by his widow, Joyce Sproule.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34482CF16281D567D3CE60597F675D1" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="etymology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D567D3CE60597F675D1" blockId="6.[113,763,1151,1519]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567D3CE60596FE74A9" box="[113,225,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Etymology:</emphasis>
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This species is named in honour of the late American arachnologist Elizabeth Bangs Bryant (1875–1953). Known for her studies of New
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<collectingCountry id="F34991D416281D567C2FE6C797A874EB" box="[354,439,1213,1237]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">England</collectingCountry>
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and Caribbean spiders, Bryant had worked at the Museum of Comparative Zoology for over 50 years (1898–1950), and made significant contributions to the field of arachnology, authoring 38 publications at a time when women were often discouraged from participating in scientific pursuits. Known for her diligence to the collections and her scientific studies, as well as her mentorship of other women in science, Elizabeth Bryant’s legacy can still be seen and felt today in Harvard’s arachnological collection and beyond. For this, we name this new species in her honour.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34482CF16281D567D3CE46D97987610" box="[113,391,1558,1582]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D567D3CE46D97987610" blockId="6.[113,391,1558,1582]" box="[113,391,1558,1582]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567D3CE46D96C87610" box="[113,215,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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As for the genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34482CF16281D567D3CE434927672C5" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D567D3CE434927672C5" blockId="6.[113,763,1613,1982]" lastBlockId="6.[810,1460,144,763]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
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<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567D3CE43496F7765B" box="[113,232,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Description:</emphasis>
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The
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<typeStatus id="54E56FE616281D567C63E4379793765B" box="[302,396,1613,1637]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1365CDC116281D567CEAE437943E765B" box="[423,545,1613,1637]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[129,194,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[217,1386,147,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[214,1389,144,1807]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. The holotype of Parilisthelyphonus bryantae gen. nov., sp. nov.. Part (A; MCZ:IP:198710a) and counterpart (B; MCZ:IP:198710b) representing the dorsal and ventral views respectively and their corresponding line drawings (A1,B1). Image in Figure 4B, 4B1 has been flipped horizontally to match the same image orientation seen in Figure 4A, 4A1. Keys to the anatomical abbreviations used can be found under the Material and methods section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240376/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
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) comprises a part (MCZ:IP:198710a) and counterpart (MCZ:IP:198710b) representing the dorsal and ventral views respectively. Total body L
|
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<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D567D3CE4D196C476FD" box="[113,219,1707,1731]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.418" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="34.18">34.18 mm</quantity>
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||
(excluding telson). Carapace elongate; L
|
||
<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D567FC6E4D194E976FD" box="[651,758,1707,1731]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.591" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="15.91">15.91 mm</quantity>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6AB78316281D567D3CE4B196A476DC" box="[113,187,1738,1762]" degrees="6.70" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" precision="555" value="-6.7">
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W
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<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D567DC3E4B096A476DC" box="[142,187,1738,1762]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="6.7">6.70</quantity>
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||
</geoCoordinate>
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mm (L/W ratio 2.38) and nearly as long as the opisthosoma (carapace/opisthosoma ratio 0.85;
|
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<figureCitation id="1365CDC116281D567F6DE4909445773C" box="[544,602,1770,1794]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[129,194,1289,1313]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-299@7.[129,1473,144,1261]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Carapace to opisthosoma ratios (C: O) of all eight Carboniferous thelyphonid species [body fossils; does not include full-body impression (trace fossil) Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri, see text]. Green boxes represent the opisthosoma (including pygidium but excluding telson) and purple boxes represent the carapace, relative to each other. Measurements only included complete specimens.Averages were taken when data for multiple specimens of a single species were available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240378/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). The carapace is entire, rectangular in shape, with a straight posterior margin, and straight posterolateral margins until nearing the coxa of the first set of legs where the anterolateral margins then turn inwards in a straight, nearly 45 angle, to the anterior tip of carapace. The carapace contains several folds suggestive of a more raised or domed position in life with a gentle slope towards the anterior margin. There is also a distinct fovea slightly anterior to mid-centre of the carapace. The coxosternal region is poorly preserved with coxa (left leg I, legs II–IV, and palpal coxae) and some trochanters (legs III, IV, and left pedipalp) identifiable but not in great detail. In dorsal view, both pedipalps appear fully intact although details of the morphology of the right pedipalp are not preserved. Pedipalps are subraptorial; fe L
|
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<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D567E0CE31195BF71BD" box="[833,928,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.24" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="2.24">2.24 mm</quantity>
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||
, pa L
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<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D567EAFE311925D71BD" box="[994,1090,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.18" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="2.18">2.18 mm</quantity>
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||
, ti L
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||
<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D567937E31192C571BD" box="[1146,1242,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.60 mm</quantity>
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||
, ta L
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<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D56785AE311936771BD" box="[1303,1400,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="0.42">0.42 mm</quantity>
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||
. Legs are poorly preserved with some proximal podomeres present in legs I–IV but none exceeding the femur. Femurs are distinguishably robust and inflated. Femur of leg IV is at least
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<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D5678CBE3B39548723E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="9.2">9.20 mm</quantity>
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||
; other podomeres are incomplete or immeasurable due to lack of preserved morphology showing segment boundaries. Opisthosoma is elongate and suboval, L
|
||
<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D567999E05D935E7200" box="[1236,1345,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6219999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="16.22">16.22 mm</quantity>
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||
, minimum max
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6AB78316281D567E16E03D95BA7260" box="[859,933,582,606]" degrees="6.53" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" precision="555" value="-6.53">
|
||
W
|
||
<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D567E35E03C95BA7260" box="[888,933,582,606]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.53" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="6.53">6.53</quantity>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
mm (tergites TI–T9, L/W ratio 2.48), with 12 tergites and 12 sternites, the last three forming a squat pygidium (L
|
||
<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D567E01E0FF95B472A2" box="[844,939,645,669]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.01" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="2.01">2.01 mm</quantity>
|
||
, max.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6AB78316281D567EBCE0FF922272A3" box="[1009,1085,645,669]" degrees="1.76" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" precision="555" value="-1.76">
|
||
W
|
||
<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D56795DE0FF922272A3" box="[1040,1085,645,669]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="1.76">1.76</quantity>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
mm, min.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6AB78316281D5679FFE0FF92E172A3" box="[1202,1278,645,669]" degrees="1.07" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" precision="555" value="-1.07">
|
||
W
|
||
<quantity id="4CA67CA116281D56799CE0FF92E172A3" box="[1233,1278,645,669]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.07" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" unit="mm" value="1.07">1.07</quantity>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
mm) that is preserved folded back on itself and orientated to the left. Left side of the opisthosoma is not visible and appears covered in matrix. No telson is preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34482CF16281D577E67E162933B7791" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="697" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D567E67E162938976C5" blockId="6.[810,1459,792,1980]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567E67E16295877311" box="[810,920,792,815]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
The erection of the new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D5679B1E16293AD730E" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[1276,1458,792,816]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D5679B1E16293AD730E" box="[1276,1458,792,816]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parilisthelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is warranted as it differs significantly from the other four Palaeozoic genera (see above). The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D5679BCE12C93417350" box="[1265,1374,854,878]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Geralinura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D5679BCE12C93417350" box="[1265,1374,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Geralinura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was redefined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFACB516281D567EE6E10F92CF73B0" author="Tetlie OE & Dunlop JA" box="[939,1232,885,910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" pagination="299 - 312" refId="ref11376" refString="Tetlie OE, Dunlop JA. Geralinura carbonaria (Arachnida; Uropygi) from Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA, and the origin of subchelate pedipalps in whip scorpions. Journal of Paleontology 2008; 82: 299 - 312." type="journal article" year="2008">Tetlie and Dunlop (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a whip scorpion with an elongate opisthosoma ending in an extended pygidium where the 12th opisthosomal segment is longer than the two previous segments combined.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D56799AE1A9939273D5" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[1239,1421,979,1003]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D56799AE1A9939273D5" box="[1239,1421,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parilisthelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in contrast, has a pygidium in which each pygidial segment is shorter in length as you move posteriorly.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D5679A1E668954E7477" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D5679A1E668939F7414" box="[1260,1408,1042,1066]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parageralinura</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are short- to medium-sized and have a broad opisthosoma with a rounded pygidum with each pygidial segment nearly equal in length, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D567938E60A933474B6" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[1141,1323,1136,1160]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567938E60A933474B6" box="[1141,1323,1136,1160]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parilisthelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a genus of large whip scorpions with an elongate and ovate opisthosoma with pygidial segments of decreasing length.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D567867E6D593AD74F9" authorityName="Dunlop and Horrocks" authorityYear="1996" box="[1322,1458,1199,1223]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Proschizomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567867E6D593AD74F9" box="[1322,1458,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Proschizomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique as the only Carboniferous whip scorpion to have pedipalps that articulate in a non-horizontal plane, unlike the pedipalps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D567EF6E777926E751B" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[955,1137,1293,1317]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567EF6E777926E751B" box="[955,1137,1293,1317]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parilisthelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which articulate more horizontally as in living species. The closest match in size and habitus is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D567E36E731920A755D" authorityName="Fric" authorityYear="1904" box="[891,1045,1355,1379]" class="Arachnida" genus="Prothelyphonus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567E36E731920A755D" box="[891,1045,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Prothelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D5679D4E7319350755D" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[1177,1359,1355,1379]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D5679D4E7319350755D" box="[1177,1359,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parilisthelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, includes large (30* mm) whip scorpions with a slender opisthosoma and large, robust pedipalps.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D56791FE7F09317759C" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[1106,1288,1418,1442]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D56791FE7F09317759C" box="[1106,1288,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parilisthelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the Czech species in not having the well-developed spination on its pedipalps nor do its pedipalps exceed the length of its carapace as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D567E2CE79295E4763E" authorityName="Fric" authorityYear="1904" box="[865,1019,1512,1536]" class="Arachnida" genus="Prothelyphonus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567E2CE79295E4763E" box="[865,1019,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Prothelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D567944E79292A0763E" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[1033,1215,1512,1536]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567944E79292A0763E" box="[1033,1215,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parilisthelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a more robust and somewhat inflated femora and, significantly, a greater carapace: opisthosoma length ratio. Given their overlapping geologic age ranges, the similarity in body length and opisthosomal shape, and differences seen in pedipalp length and structure and carapace morphology between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D5679AAE4FF939E76A3" authorityName="Fric" authorityYear="1904" box="[1255,1409,1669,1693]" class="Arachnida" genus="Prothelyphonus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D5679AAE4FF939E76A3" box="[1255,1409,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Prothelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D567E67E4DE95FF7682" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[810,992,1700,1724]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567E67E4DE95FF7682" box="[810,992,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parilisthelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it cannot be completely ruled out that they may be sexually dimorphic individuals of the same species; a feature seen in some extant thelyphonids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFACB516281D5679ABE499939A76C5" author="Weygoldt P" box="[1254,1413,1763,1787]" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" pagination="137 - 47" refId="ref11621" refString="Weygoldt P. Notes on the life history and reproductive biology of the giant whip scorpion, Mastigoproctus giganteus (Uropygi, Thelyphonidae) from Florida. Journal of Zoology 1971; 164: 137 - 47." type="journal article" year="1971">Weygoldt 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416281D577E0BE57D94F776E9" blockId="6.[810,1459,792,1980]" lastBlockId="7.[129,778,1445,1970]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="697" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">
|
||
The high carapace: opisthosoma (C: O) ratio (0.85) is the best defining characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D5679D4E55D93B17701" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[1177,1454,1831,1855]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryantae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D5679D4E55D93B17701" box="[1177,1454,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Parilisthelyphonus bryantae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The range of all other Carboniferous whip scorpion species fall between 0.43 and 0.56 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1365CDC116281D56791BE51F928E7743" box="[1110,1169,1893,1917]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[129,194,1289,1313]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-299@7.[129,1473,144,1261]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Carapace to opisthosoma ratios (C: O) of all eight Carboniferous thelyphonid species [body fossils; does not include full-body impression (trace fossil) Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri, see text]. Green boxes represent the opisthosoma (including pygidium but excluding telson) and purple boxes represent the carapace, relative to each other. Measurements only included complete specimens.Averages were taken when data for multiple specimens of a single species were available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240378/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The full-body impression
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716281D567E67E5FF928477A3" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[810,1179,1925,1949]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Inmontibusichnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charleshenryturneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616281D567E67E5FF928477A3" box="[810,1179,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="696">Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(this paper) is not included in these calculations since exact anatomical measurements are not possible given the nature of the trace fossil, but a rough estimate would place it as the species with the second highest C: O between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577DACE79997EB75C5" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[225,500,1507,1531]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryantae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577DACE79997EB75C5" box="[225,500,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Parilisthelyphonus bryantae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.85) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577F3AE79996FD7625" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parageralinura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marsiglioi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577F3AE79996FD7625" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Parageralinura marsiglioi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.56). Despite being a significant outlier, there is no evidence to suggest that compression, distortion, or another taphonomic variable is responsible for the high C: O value of
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577DAFE41B97E07647" box="[226,511,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577DAFE41B97E47647" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[226,507,1633,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryantae">Parilisthelyphonus bryantae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
While
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577F18E41B96C776A6" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryantae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577F18E41B96C776A6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Parilisthelyphonus bryantae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nearly double the C: O of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577F46E4FA94C476A6" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1911" box="[523,731,1664,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Geralinura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brittanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577F46E4FA94C476A6" box="[523,731,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Geralinura brittanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the Carboniferous species with the smallest ratio, it is not particularly unusual, nor the highest, C: O amongst extant species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2181CC16291D577DCCE773957D754B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240378" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240378/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" startId="7.[129,194,1289,1313]" targetBox="[132,1470,147,1258]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416291D577DCCE773957D754B" blockId="7.[129,1452,1289,1397]" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577DCCE77396C7751F" bold="true" box="[129,216,1289,1313]" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Carapace to opisthosoma ratios (C: O) of all eight Carboniferous thelyphonid species [body fossils; does not include full-body impression (trace fossil)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577C27E75F94A37503" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[362,700,1317,1341]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Inmontibusichnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charleshenryturneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577C27E75F94A37503" box="[362,700,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see text]. Green boxes represent the opisthosoma (including pygidium but excluding telson) and purple boxes represent the carapace, relative to each other. Measurements only included complete specimens. Averages were taken when data for multiple specimens of a single species were available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416291D577DD1E4A493DC75C5" blockId="7.[129,778,1445,1970]" lastBlockId="7.[825,1475,1444,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">
|
||
The precise age of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577C29E4A4947076C8" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[356,623,1758,1782]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryantae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577C29E4A4947076C8" box="[356,623,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Parilisthelyphonus bryantae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be determined beyond the known age of the Rhode Island Formation (Westphalian C–Stephanian B/C). This age range places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577DCCE5469791776A" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[129,398,1852,1876]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryantae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577DCCE5469791776A" box="[129,398,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Parilisthelyphonus bryantae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as one of the youngest Palaeozoic thelyphonids along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577CCDE5219449774D" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1894" box="[384,598,1883,1907]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Geralinura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carbonaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577CCDE5219449774D" box="[384,598,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Geralinura carbonaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and an unnamed carapace from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34991D416291D577C6BE500976877AC" box="[294,375,1914,1938]" name="Ukraine" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFACB516291D577CDCE500944277AD" author="Selden PA & Shcherbakov DE & Dunlop JA" box="[401,605,1914,1939]" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" pagination="297 - 307" refId="ref11032" refString="Selden PA, Shcherbakov DE, Dunlop JA et al. Arachnids from the Carboniferous of Russia and Ukraine, and the Permian of Kazakhstan. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 2014; 88: 297 - 307." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Selden
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577CA9E501940377AC" box="[484,540,1914,1938]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577F31E50096C1778C" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parageralinura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marsiglioi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577F31E50096C1778C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Parageralinura marsiglioi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
retains its place as possibly the youngest Palaeozoic thelyphonid. While its exact age is also unknown, as it was found associated with a landslide, the geographic range (Kasimovian– Gzhelian) extends younger than that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D5779F4E79993DC75C5" box="[1209,1475,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D5779F4E79993DF75C5" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[1209,1472,1507,1531]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryantae">Parilisthelyphonus bryantae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416291D577E18E478930376C8" blockId="7.[825,1475,1444,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">
|
||
The Narragansett Basin, in which the RIFn is located and from where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EAAC716291D577EF2E458926E7604" authorityName="Knecht & Benner & Dunlop & Renczkowski" authorityYear="2024" box="[959,1137,1570,1594]" class="Arachnida" family="Thelyphonidae" genus="Parilisthelyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Uropygi" pageId="7" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577EF2E458926E7604" box="[959,1137,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Parilisthelyphonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered, represents only the second site in the western hemisphere, in what was western Laurasia, to have a Palaeozoic thelyphonid. This site is of significant biogeographical importance as it is located between the westernmost Palaeozoic thelyphonid site, the Mazon Creek Formation of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499A1FA616291D577941E4C4924976E8" box="[1036,1110,1726,1750]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34991D416291D57792DE4C5928B76E9" box="[1120,1172,1727,1751]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the eastern collection of Palaeozoic thelyphonid sites in Europe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1365CDC116291D57799EE4A4931476C8" box="[1235,1291,1758,1782]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[113,178,970,994]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,146,940]" captionTargetId="figure-303@8.[114,1458,144,943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Palaeogeographic map of Carboniferous (c. 310 Mya) showing thelyphonid sites. Red star indicates new locality and new species described in this paper. A, Mazon creek, Illinois, USA; Geralinura carbonaria. B, North Attleboro, Massachusetts, USA; Parilisthelyphonus bryantae, Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri. C, Dudley, Staffordshire, England, UK; Proschizomus petrunkevitchi.D, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Staffordshire, England, UK; Geralinura brittanica.E, Domaniale Mine, Limburg, the Netherlands; Parageralinura neerlandica.F, Hagen- Vorhalle, Nordrhein-Westphalia, Germany; Parageralinura naufraga. G, RakovnÍk, Okres RakovnÍk, Czech Republic; Prothelyphonus bohemicus.H, Carnic Alps, Friuli, Italy; Parageralinura marsiglioi. Brown shading = land; blue shading = marine flooding of continents; white shading = ocean basin. Map modified after Kocsis and Scotese (2021)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240380/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416291D577EB2E56E92E37713" blockId="7.[825,1474,1811,1968]" box="[1023,1276,1811,1838]" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577EB2E56E92E37713" box="[1023,1276,1811,1838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Systematic palaeoichnology</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1D14416291D577E74E541933B7791" blockId="7.[825,1474,1811,1968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A0D5616291D577E74E5419241776C" box="[825,1118,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">Data archiving statement</emphasis>
|
||
This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered with ZooBank: https://zoobank.org/References/
|
||
<uuid id="FFF8EB9116291D577E74E5E29300778E" box="[825,1311,1944,1968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="697">ABF4758F-1EC4-42C3-86E7-17EE826B7D41</uuid>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |