334 lines
47 KiB
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334 lines
47 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1A441A641FD2725AF6C59285D2A50E8D">Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="48E61F3035709FEB12569FA236269C44">Beck, Robin M. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E4E9318600829E8E1AB90444EA234AFA">School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford, U. K. & School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales, Australia & Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8652EDC64E4B656DB87DE682240E2368">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F8994A8B1623883D637B87F4D6861573">Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0A62B45F7915C4DD5C714586DCE6CC2D">Jansa, Sharon A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0D918E353EDADB2C3D3D97109F06B3AB">Bell Museum and Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="891A2B47F12200740F7B5C9C60ECC974">2022</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6D668C4D91BFCEB1E3AFC9A" box="[784,1112,837,861]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D668C4D91BFCEB1E3AFC9A" blockId="237.[784,1112,837,861]" box="[784,1112,837,861]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">
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<heading id="D0B1DB27F6D668C4D91BFCEB1E3AFC9A" box="[784,1112,837,861]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4D91BFCEB1E3AFC9A" ID-CoL="5H8" authority="Thomas, 1888" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[784,1112,837,861]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Phalangeroidea">
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Phalangeroidea
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D668C4D9B4FCEB1E3AFC9A" author="Thomas" box="[959,1112,837,861]" firstAuthor="Thomas" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" refId="ref229987" refString="Thomas, O. 1888. Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History)." type="book" year="1888">Thomas, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6D668C4D8C7FCD91E20FC16" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D668C4D8C7FCD91E20FC16" blockId="237.[684,1214,887,1738]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">
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CONTENTS:
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4D945FCD919C5FC48" box="[846,935,887,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Ailurops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932B059F6D668C4D945FCD919C5FC48" box="[846,935,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Ailurops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, †
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4D9CAFCD91E26FC49" authorityName="Crosby" authorityYear="2007" box="[961,1092,887,910]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Onirocuscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932B059F6D668C4D9CAFCD91E26FC49" box="[961,1092,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Onirocuscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4DE5BFCD91EDEFC48" authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1780" box="[1104,1212,887,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Phalanger" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932B059F6D668C4DE5BFCD91EDEFC48" box="[1104,1212,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Phalanger</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(fig. 47),
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4D91CFC3619F3FC77" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1861" box="[791,913,920,944]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Spilocuscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932B059F6D668C4D91CFC3619F3FC77" box="[791,913,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Spilocuscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4D9AAFC361E47FC68" box="[929,1061,920,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Strigocuscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932B059F6D668C4D9AAFC361E47FC68" box="[929,1061,920,943]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Strigocuscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4DE3CFC361ED4FC77" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1828" box="[1079,1206,920,944]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Trichosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932B059F6D668C4DE3CFC361ED4FC77" box="[1079,1206,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Trichosurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, “
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4D8BCFC171956FC16" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1828" box="[695,820,953,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Trichosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932B059F6D668C4D8BCFC171956FC16" box="[695,820,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Trichosurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” †
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4D95FFC1719C9FC16" authorityName="Muirhead & Archer" authorityYear="1990" box="[852,939,953,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacinidae" genus="Nimbacinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
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<emphasis id="B932B059F6D668C4D95FFC1719C9FC16" box="[852,939,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">dicksoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4D9E1FC171E5FFC16" authorityName="Beck & Voss & Jansa" authorityYear="2022" box="[1002,1085,953,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Wyulda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B932B059F6D668C4D9E1FC171E5FFC16" box="[1002,1085,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Wyulda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6D668C4D8C7FC7419FEF9E3" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D668C4D8C7FC74188EFBD4" blockId="237.[684,1214,887,1738]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">STEM AGE: 29.9 Mya (95% HPD: 25.8–35.4 Mya).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D668C4D8C7FBB2188FFB91" blockId="237.[684,1214,887,1738]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">CROWN AGE: 18.4 Mya (95% HPD: 14.1–23.7 Mya).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D668C4D8C7FBF119FEF9E3" blockId="237.[684,1214,887,1738]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">UNAMBIGUOUS CRANIODENTAL SYNAPOMORPHIES: One lacrimal foramen usually present (char. 10: 0→1; ci = 0.063); squamosal and pars canalicularis of the petrosal extensively pneumatized and cancellous (char. 87: 0→1; ci = 0.250); mastoid exposure of petrosal restricted to ventralmost part of occiput, not contacting supraoccipital (char. 90: 0→1; ci = 1.000); major crest of semi- or fully sectorial P3 oriented posterolingual to anterolabial (char. 127: 1→0; ci = 0.400); cristid obliqua with strongly developed buccal kink (char. 168: 0→1; ci = 0.333); and entocristid with distinct anterolabial kink (char. 177: 0→2; ci = 0.250).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6D668C6D8C7F9831943FA67" lastPageId="239" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D668C6D8C7F9831867FC48" blockId="237.[684,1214,887,1738]" lastBlockId="239.[108,638,226,1738]" lastPageId="239" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">
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COMMENTS: Monophyly of the only phalangeroid family included here, namely
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D668C4DE68F9E01963F940" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phalangeridae</taxonomicName>
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, is strongly supported by a number of distinctive craniodental apomorphies, several of which show relatively low homoplasy. Relationships among modern phalangerids in our molecular (figs. 27–29) and total-evidence (figs. 32,
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<figureCitation id="137D70CEF6D468C6DAD0FE8A1A95FEFB" box="[219,247,292,316]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="181.[108,150,938,959]" captionTargetId="figure-12@181.[241,1216,224,1485]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="FIG. 33. (opposite page and at right) Fifty-per- cent majority rule consensus of post-burn-in trees that results from dated Bayesian analysis (using combined tip-and-node dating and separate Independent Gamma Rates [IGR] clock models for the molecular and morpho- logical partitions) of our total evidence data- set. Black dots at nodes indicate ≥0.95 Bayesian posterior probability (“strong support”); dark gray dots indicate 0.75–0.94 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“moderate support”); light gray dots indicate 0.50–0.74 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“weak support”). Nodes with- out dots were constrained a priori so that their ages could be calibrated (see tables 6, 13). Orange bars represent 95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD) intervals on the ages of nodes. For clarity, 95% HPD intervals are not shown for the ages of fossil terminals." pageId="239" pageNumber="239">33</figureCitation>
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) analyses are congruent with the results of recent molecular studies (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D82DFEEB1B5FFEB9" author="Ruedas and Morales" firstAuthor="Ruedas" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="353 - 365" refId="ref225622" refString="Ruedas, L. A., and J. C. Morales. 2005. Evolutionary relationships among genera of Phalangeridae (Metatheria: Diprotodontia) inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 353 - 365." type="journal article" year="2005">Ruedas and Morales, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DB43FEC8185BFEB9" author="Raterman" box="[328,569,358,382]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Raterman" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="353 - 361" refId="ref223089" refString="Raterman, D., R. W. Meredith, L. A. Ruedas, and M. S. Springer. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of the cuscuses and brushtail possums (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) using the nuclear gene BRCA 1. Australian Journal of Zoology 54: 353 - 361." type="journal article" year="2006">Raterman et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D84EFEC81B3EFE58" author="Phillips and Pratt" firstAuthor="Phillips" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="594 - 605" refId="ref221205" refString="Phillips, M. J., and R. C. Pratt. 2008. Family-level relationships among the Australasian marsupial " herbivores " (Diprotodontia: koala, wombats, kangaroos and possums). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 594 - 605." type="journal article" year="2008">Phillips and Pratt, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DB67FE291815FE58" author="Meredith, R. W. & M. Westerman & M. S. Springer" box="[364,631,391,415]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="554 - 571" refId="ref216642" refString="Meredith, R. W., M. Westerman, and M. S. Springer. 2009 a. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (3): 554 - 571." type="journal article" year="2009">Meredith et al., 2009a</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DA67FE061B33FE07" author="Mitchell, K. J." box="[108,337,424,448]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="2322 - 2330" refId="ref217043" refString="Mitchell, K. J., et al. 2014. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and habitat preference evolution of marsupials. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (9): 2322 - 2330." type="journal article" year="2014">Mitchell et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DB56FE061815FE07" author="May-Collado, L. J. & C. W. Kilpatrick & I. Agnarsson" box="[349,631,424,448]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="805" refId="ref216304" refString="May-Collado, L. J., C. W. Kilpatrick, and I. Agnarsson. 2015. Mammals from ' down under': a multi-gene species-level phylogeny of marsupial mammals (Mammalia, Metatheria). PeerJ 3: e 805." type="journal article" year="2015">May-Collado et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DA66FE671B3EFE26" author="Duchene, D. A." box="[109,348,457,481]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="400 - 412" refId="ref200659" refString="Duchene, D. A., et al. 2018. Analysis of phylogenomic tree space resolves relationships among marsupial families. Systematic Biology 67 (3): 400 - 412." type="journal article" year="2018">Duchêne et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DB63FE641ACAFDC5" author="Alvarez-Carretero, S." pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="263 - 267" refId="ref188636" refString="Alvarez-Carretero, S., et al. 2021. A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data. Nature 602: 263 - 267." type="journal article" year="2021">Álvarez-Carretero et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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; see also
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DB3BFE44181BFDC5" author="Jackson, S. & C. Groves" box="[304,633,490,514]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" refId="ref209778" refString="Jackson, S., and C. Groves. 2015. Taxonomy of Australian mammals, Clayton: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="2015">Jackson and Groves, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DA67FDA51B0AFDE4" author="Eldridge, M. D. B. & R. M. D. Beck & D. A. Croft & K. J. Travouillon & B. J. Fox" box="[108,360,523,547]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="802 - 837" refId="ref200965" refString="Eldridge, M. D. B., R. M. D. Beck, D. A. Croft, K. J. Travouillon, and B. J. Fox. 2019. An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria). Journal of Mammalogy 100 (3): 802 - 837." type="journal article" year="2019">Eldridge et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in supporting a split between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DAD8FD821B34FD83" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1828" box="[211,342,556,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Trichosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DAD8FD821B34FD83" box="[211,342,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Trichosurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DB73FD821BADFD83" authorityName="Beck & Voss & Jansa" authorityYear="2022" box="[376,463,556,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Wyulda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB73FD821BADFD83" box="[376,463,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Wyulda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(= Trichosurinae) and the remaining modern genera. Within Phalangerinae, there is support for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DA67FD211AAEFD60" box="[108,204,655,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Ailurops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DA67FD211AAEFD60" box="[108,204,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Ailurops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DAF3FD3E1BE6FD60" box="[248,388,656,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Strigocuscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DAF3FD3E1BE6FD60" box="[248,388,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Strigocuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=Ailuropinae) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DA67FD1E1ABDFD0F" authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1780" box="[108,223,688,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Phalanger" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DA67FD1E1ABDFD0F" box="[108,223,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Phalanger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DB07FD1E1BEFFD0F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1861" box="[268,397,688,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Spilocuscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB07FD1E1BEFFD0F" box="[268,397,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Spilocuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(= Phalangerinae), again in agreement with recent molecular studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DAC7FD5D1B9DFCCC" author="Ruedas and Morales" box="[204,511,755,779]" firstAuthor="Ruedas" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="353 - 365" refId="ref225622" refString="Ruedas, L. A., and J. C. Morales. 2005. Evolutionary relationships among genera of Phalangeridae (Metatheria: Diprotodontia) inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 353 - 365." type="journal article" year="2005">Ruedas and Morales, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D806FD5D1A89FCEB" author="Raterman" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Raterman" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="353 - 361" refId="ref223089" refString="Raterman, D., R. W. Meredith, L. A. Ruedas, and M. S. Springer. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of the cuscuses and brushtail possums (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) using the nuclear gene BRCA 1. Australian Journal of Zoology 54: 353 - 361." type="journal article" year="2006">Raterman et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DAF3FCBA1B96FCEB" author="Meredith, R. W. & M. Westerman & M. S. Springer" box="[248,500,788,812]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="554 - 571" refId="ref216642" refString="Meredith, R. W., M. Westerman, and M. S. Springer. 2009 a. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (3): 554 - 571." type="journal article" year="2009">Meredith et al., 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D80AFCBA1AB6FC8A" author="Mitchell, K. J." pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="2322 - 2330" refId="ref217043" refString="Mitchell, K. J., et al. 2014. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and habitat preference evolution of marsupials. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (9): 2322 - 2330." type="journal article" year="2014">Mitchell et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DAEFFC9B186FFC8A" author="May-Collado, L. J. & C. W. Kilpatrick & I. Agnarsson" box="[228,525,821,845]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="805" refId="ref216304" refString="May-Collado, L. J., C. W. Kilpatrick, and I. Agnarsson. 2015. Mammals from ' down under': a multi-gene species-level phylogeny of marsupial mammals (Mammalia, Metatheria). PeerJ 3: e 805." type="journal article" year="2015">May-Collado et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; ÁlvarezCarretero et al., 2021; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DBE7FCF81B60FC48" author="Jackson, S. & C. Groves" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" refId="ref209778" refString="Jackson, S., and C. Groves. 2015. Taxonomy of Australian mammals, Clayton: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="2015">Jackson and Groves, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DB04FCD91B98FC48" author="Eldridge, M. D. B. & R. M. D. Beck & D. A. Croft & K. J. Travouillon & B. J. Fox" box="[271,506,887,911]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="802 - 837" refId="ref200965" refString="Eldridge, M. D. B., R. M. D. Beck, D. A. Croft, K. J. Travouillon, and B. J. Fox. 2019. An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria). Journal of Mammalogy 100 (3): 802 - 837." type="journal article" year="2019">Eldridge et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF393CC3F6D568C7DA67F93E182CF904" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6971465" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6971465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6971465/files/figure.png" pageId="238" pageNumber="238" startId="238.[108,150,1680,1701]" targetBox="[171,1160,240,1646]" targetPageId="238">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D568C7DA67F93E182CF904" blockId="238.[108,1212,1678,1732]" pageId="238" pageNumber="238">
|
||
FIG. 47.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D568C7DAC3F9201BAFF961" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1895" box="[200,461,1678,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Phalanger" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="238" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intercastellanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D568C7DAC3F9201BAFF961" box="[200,461,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="238">Phalanger intercastellanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D568C7DBD7F9201810F961" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1866" box="[476,626,1678,1702]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="238" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Diprotodontia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D568C7D875F9201972F961" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[638,784,1678,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="238" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phalangeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; based on AMNH 157208, an adult male from Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D468C6DA85FC3619FCFDA1" blockId="239.[108,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="239.[684,1214,226,1440]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">
|
||
The relationships of the two fossil phalangerids included here, “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DB47FC171BACFC16" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1828" box="[332,462,953,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Trichosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB47FC171BACFC16" box="[332,462,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Trichosurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DBFBFC171828FC16" authorityName="Muirhead & Archer" authorityYear="1990" box="[496,586,953,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacinidae" genus="Nimbacinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DBFBFC171828FC16" box="[496,586,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">dicksoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DA71FC751B27FC35" box="[122,325,986,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Onirocuscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DA71FC751B27FC35" box="[122,325,986,1010]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Onirocuscus reidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, differ markedly between the undated and dated total-evidence analyses. In the undated analysis (fig. 32), “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DBE4FBB21813FBF3" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1828" box="[495,625,1052,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Trichosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DBE4FBB21813FBF3" box="[495,625,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Trichosurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DA71FB931AB6FB92" authorityName="Muirhead & Archer" authorityYear="1990" box="[122,212,1085,1109]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacinidae" genus="Nimbacinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DA71FB931AB6FB92" box="[122,212,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">dicksoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms a clade with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DBB0FB93186DFB92" authorityName="Beck & Voss & Jansa" authorityYear="2022" box="[443,527,1085,1109]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Wyulda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DBB0FB93186DFB92" box="[443,527,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Wyulda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DADAFBF01B36FBB1" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1828" box="[209,340,1118,1142]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Trichosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DADAFBF01B36FBB1" box="[209,340,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Trichosurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sister to this clade (suggesting that “
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB00FB2E1B42FB50" box="[267,288,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">T.</emphasis>
|
||
” †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DB4EFBD11BC2FB50" authorityName="Muirhead & Archer" authorityYear="1990" box="[325,416,1151,1175]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacinidae" genus="Nimbacinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB4EFBD11BC2FB50" box="[325,416,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">dicksoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a trichosurine), whereas †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DAEEFB0F1B12FB7F" authorityName="Crosby" authorityYear="2007" box="[229,368,1185,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Onirocuscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DAEEFB0F1B12FB7F" box="[229,368,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Onirocuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6D807FB0F1AF2FB1E" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Strigocuscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6D807FB0F1AF2FB1E" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Strigocuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within Ailuropinae; the latter result is notably similar to the relationship originally inferred by Flannery and Archer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D819FAAA1B2EFAFA" author="Flannery, T. F. & M. Archer" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="527 - 536" refId="ref202119" refString="Flannery, T. F., and M. Archer. 1987 a. Strigocuscus reidi and Trichosurus dicksoni, two new fossil phalangerids (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) from the Miocene of northwestern Queensland. In M. Archer (editor), Possums and opossums: studies in evolution: 527 - 536. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons." type="book chapter" year="1987">Flannery and Archer, 1987a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), who placed the species currently known as †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DB54FAE81BD6FA99" box="[351,436,1350,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Onirocuscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB54FAE81BD6FA99" box="[351,436,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">O. reidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6D804FAE81AEDFAB8" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Strigocuscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6D804FAE81AEDFAB8" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Strigocuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. By contrast, in the dated analysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137D70CEF6D468C6D82FFAC9180CFAB8" box="[548,622,1383,1407]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="181.[108,150,938,959]" captionTargetId="figure-12@181.[241,1216,224,1485]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="FIG. 33. (opposite page and at right) Fifty-per- cent majority rule consensus of post-burn-in trees that results from dated Bayesian analysis (using combined tip-and-node dating and separate Independent Gamma Rates [IGR] clock models for the molecular and morpho- logical partitions) of our total evidence data- set. Black dots at nodes indicate ≥0.95 Bayesian posterior probability (“strong support”); dark gray dots indicate 0.75–0.94 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“moderate support”); light gray dots indicate 0.50–0.74 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“weak support”). Nodes with- out dots were constrained a priori so that their ages could be calibrated (see tables 6, 13). Orange bars represent 95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD) intervals on the ages of nodes. For clarity, 95% HPD intervals are not shown for the ages of fossil terminals." pageId="239" pageNumber="239">fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
), both fossil taxa are placed outside crown-clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DA66FA071B73FA06" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[109,273,1449,1473]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phalangeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DB60FA071B96FA07" authorityName="Crosby" authorityYear="2007" box="[363,500,1449,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Onirocuscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB60FA071B96FA07" box="[363,500,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Onirocuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the first to diverge, reflecting the impact that incorporating temporal information can have on tree topology (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DB40F9A31855F9E3" author="Lee, M. S. Y. & A. M. Yates" box="[331,567,1548,1572]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="20181071" refId="ref213269" refString="Lee, M. S. Y., and A. M. Yates. 2018. Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil record. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 285 (1881): 20181071." type="journal article" year="2018">Lee and Yates, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D84EF9A21B01F982" author="Beck, R. M. D. & M. L. Taglioretti" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="385 - 417" refId="ref192802" refString="Beck, R. M. D., and M. L. Taglioretti. 2020. A nearly complete juvenile skull of the marsupial Sparassocynus derivatus from the Pliocene of Argentina, the affinities of " sparassocynids, " and the diversification of opossums (Marsupialia; Didelphimorphia; Didelphidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 27: 385 - 417." type="journal article" year="2020">Beck and Taglioretti, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DB78F9831812F982" author="King, B. & R. M. D. Beck" box="[371,624,1581,1605]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="20200943" refId="ref211206" refString="King, B., and R. M. D. Beck. 2020. Tip dating supports novel resolutions of controversial relationships among early mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 287 (1928): 20200943." type="journal article" year="2020">King and Beck, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DA67F9E01B77F9A0" author="Crosby, K." box="[108,277,1614,1639]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="33 - 58" refId="ref199299" refString="Crosby, K. 2007. Rediagnosis of the fossil species assigned to Strigocuscus (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae), with description of a new genus and three new species. Alcheringa: an Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 31: 33 - 58." type="journal article" year="2007">Crosby’s (2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7) informal phylogeny also suggests that “
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB1EF9DE1B48F940" box="[277,298,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">T.</emphasis>
|
||
” †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DB46F9C11BC5F940" authorityName="Muirhead & Archer" authorityYear="1990" box="[333,423,1647,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacinidae" genus="Nimbacinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB46F9C11BC5F940" box="[333,423,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">dicksoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DBFFF9DE1819F940" authorityName="Crosby" authorityYear="2007" box="[500,635,1648,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Onirocuscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DBFFF9DE1819F940" box="[500,635,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Onirocuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not closely related to the living trichosurines (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DABDF91C1B5AF90D" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1828" box="[182,312,1714,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Trichosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DABDF91C1B5AF90D" box="[182,312,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Trichosurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DB7DF91C1BA8F90D" authorityName="Beck & Voss & Jansa" authorityYear="2022" box="[374,458,1714,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Wyulda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DB7DF91C1BA8F90D" box="[374,458,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Wyulda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6D81AF91C18ADFF3E" box="[529,719,226,1737]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Strigocuscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6D81AF91C18ADFF3E" box="[529,719,226,1737]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Strigocuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
respectively, but it is otherwise incongruent with our molecular and total-evidence results and with other recent molecular studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6DE8FFE8A19D3FE9A" author="Ruedas and Morales" firstAuthor="Ruedas" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="353 - 365" refId="ref225622" refString="Ruedas, L. A., and J. C. Morales. 2005. Evolutionary relationships among genera of Phalangeridae (Metatheria: Diprotodontia) inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 353 - 365." type="journal article" year="2005">Ruedas and Morales, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D9B4FEEB1EDAFE9A" author="Raterman" box="[959,1208,325,349]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Raterman" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="353 - 361" refId="ref223089" refString="Raterman, D., R. W. Meredith, L. A. Ruedas, and M. S. Springer. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of the cuscuses and brushtail possums (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) using the nuclear gene BRCA 1. Australian Journal of Zoology 54: 353 - 361." type="journal article" year="2006">Raterman et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D8A7FEC819D7FEB9" author="Meredith, R. W. & M. Westerman & M. S. Springer" box="[684,949,358,382]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="554 - 571" refId="ref216642" refString="Meredith, R. W., M. Westerman, and M. S. Springer. 2009 a. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (3): 554 - 571." type="journal article" year="2009">Meredith et al., 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D9CDFEC81ED5FEB9" author="Mitchell, K. J." box="[966,1207,358,382]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="2322 - 2330" refId="ref217043" refString="Mitchell, K. J., et al. 2014. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and habitat preference evolution of marsupials. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (9): 2322 - 2330." type="journal article" year="2014">Mitchell et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D8A7FE2919A4FE58" author="May-Collado, L. J. & C. W. Kilpatrick & I. Agnarsson" box="[684,966,391,415]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="805" refId="ref216304" refString="May-Collado, L. J., C. W. Kilpatrick, and I. Agnarsson. 2015. Mammals from ' down under': a multi-gene species-level phylogeny of marsupial mammals (Mammalia, Metatheria). PeerJ 3: e 805." type="journal article" year="2015">May-Collado et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D9D8FE291970FE07" author="Alvarez-Carretero, S." pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="263 - 267" refId="ref188636" refString="Alvarez-Carretero, S., et al. 2021. A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data. Nature 602: 263 - 267." type="journal article" year="2021">Álvarez-Carretero et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). With “
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6D978FE0719EAFE07" box="[883,904,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">T.</emphasis>
|
||
” †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6D9A1FE061E66FE07" authorityName="Muirhead & Archer" authorityYear="1990" box="[938,1028,424,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacinidae" genus="Nimbacinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6D9A1FE061E66FE07" box="[938,1028,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">dicksoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DE44FE0618ADFE26" authorityName="Crosby" authorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Onirocuscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DE44FE0618ADFE26" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Onirocuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
excluded, our dated total-evidence analysis suggests that the phalangerid crown clade is comparatively young, dating to the middle-tolate Miocene (median estimate: 11.0 Mya; 95% HPD: 8.0–13.1 Mya).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D468C6D8C7FDC01943FA67" blockId="239.[684,1214,226,1440]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">
|
||
The oldest known fossil phalangerid is †
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6D8B1FD3E19C5FD60" box="[698,935,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Eocuscus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6D928FD3E19C5FD60" box="[803,935,656,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Ekaltadeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarastamppi">sarastamppi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, from the late Oligocene Ditjimanka Local Fauna of the Etadunna Fomation in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4982A2A9F6D468C6D8F4FD7C19CFFD2D" box="[767,941,722,746]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">South Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D9B6FD7C1E18FD2D" author="Case, J. A. & R. Meredith & J. Person" box="[957,1146,722,746]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="659 - 676" refId="ref196885" refString="Case, J. A., R. Meredith, and J. Person. 2008. A Pre- Neogene phalangerid possum from South Australia. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 65: 659 - 676." type="journal article" year="2008">Case et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This interesting taxon is known from a single right maxilla, and so has not been included in our analyses, but it exhibits a number of dental features that are likely plesiomorphic relative to other phalangerids. These include the morphology of its P3, which has its major cutting crest parallel to the upper molars rather than oriented posterolingual to anterolabially as in most other known phalangerids (see char. 127); additionally, this crest lacks obvious enamel ridges (see char. 126), suggesting that the presence of these ridges (as seen in most phalangerids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DE87FBF1188CFB50" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DE87FBF1188CFB50" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">Burramys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and many macropodiforms) may have arisen multiple times within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DE15FB0E1EDAFB7F" box="[1054,1208,1184,1208]" pageId="239" pageNumber="234" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Phalangerida">Phalangerida</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lastly, the protoloph and metaloph of M2 each have a centrally placed cusp in †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DE1EFB4D1ED4FB3D" box="[1045,1206,1251,1274]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Ekaltadeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarastamppi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B932B059F6D468C6DE1EFB4D1ED4FB3D" box="[1045,1206,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">E. sarastamppi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; although these central cusps were identified as neomorphs by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D951FA8B1E44FAFA" author="Case, J. A. & R. Meredith & J. Person" box="[858,1062,1317,1341]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" pagination="659 - 676" refId="ref196885" refString="Case, J. A., R. Meredith, and J. Person. 2008. A Pre- Neogene phalangerid possum from South Australia. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 65: 659 - 676." type="journal article" year="2008">Case et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we consider them homologs of the paracone and metacone for reasons previously discussed at length (see char. 136).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |