177 lines
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177 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4413D4B9D09D98E293A7ECA1ED32F815">Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B66CE6B91F7345CFF89CC4F5CD7983A7">Beck, Robin M. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5914B9F9ECC2EB250D90316719BC7F12">School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford, U. K. & School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales, Australia & Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B0D7602902D83CB213E72D875453EEF0">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D0C2BC73ECAB36F22602ABEDA7946A8D">Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4126EC5B8A8B783C7AD7ECEB0CF1E470">Jansa, Sharon A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B07A0956E88BF48D978F3C9025DB101D">Bell Museum and Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6D468C6D913FA751E30FA34" box="[792,1106,1499,1523]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D468C6D913FA751E30FA34" blockId="239.[792,1106,1499,1523]" box="[792,1106,1499,1523]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">
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<heading id="D0B1DB27F6D468C6D913FA751E30FA34" box="[792,1106,1499,1523]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6D913FA751E30FA34" ID-CoL="5H7" authority="Bonaparte, 1832" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1832" box="[792,1106,1499,1523]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Petauroidea">
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Petauroidea
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6D468C6D9AAFA751E30FA34" author="Bonaparte, C." box="[929,1106,1499,1523]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" refId="ref194553" refString="Bonaparte, C. 1832. Saggio d'una distribuzione metodica degli animali vertebrati a sangue freddo, Roma: Presso Antonio Boulzaler." type="book" year="1832">Bonaparte, 1832</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6D468C6D8C7F9A219BDF982" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D468C6D8C7F9A219BDF982" blockId="239.[684,1212,1548,1738]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">
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CONTENTS:
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6D95BF9A219B4F9E3" authorityName="Aplin" authorityYear="1987" box="[848,982,1548,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Acrobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acrobatidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6D9E9F9A21E3AF9E3" box="[994,1112,1548,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Petauridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Petauridae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6DE68F9A21970F982" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1893" class="Mammalia" family="Pseudocheiridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pseudocheiridae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6D468C6D945F98319BEF982" authorityName="Gervais and Verreaux" authorityYear="1842" box="[846,988,1581,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Tarsipedidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tarsipedidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6D468D9D8C7F9E11BBBFD83" lastPageId="240" lastPageNumber="240" pageId="239" pageNumber="239" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D468C6D8C7F9E1188EF94F" blockId="239.[684,1212,1548,1738]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">STEM AGE: 33.0 Mya (95% HPD: 29.3–37.7 Mya).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6D468C6D8C7F93F188FF90D" blockId="239.[684,1212,1548,1738]" pageId="239" pageNumber="239">CROWN AGE: 29.0 Mya (95% HPD: 26.4–32.7 Mya).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6CB68D9DA87FF4C1BBBFD83" blockId="240.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240">
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UNAMBIGUOUS CRANIODENTAL SYNAPOMORPHIES: Maxillary foramen bordered by lacrimal (char. 14: 1→0; ci = 0.200); postorbital process formed by frontal and parietal (char. 19: 1→0; ci = 0.400); scars of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DB25FEC81872FEB9" box="[302,528,358,382]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Metachirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="240" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="temporalis" subSpecies="origin">M. temporalis origin</taxonomicName>
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on braincase not fused middorsally to form sagittal crest in adults (char. 27: 1→0; ci = 0.059); dP3 very small, nonoccluding, and structurally simplified or absent (char. 120: 0→2; ci = 0.118); and third upper premolar (P3) conventionally premolariform (char. 123: 2→0; ci = 0.385).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6CB68D9DA87FDE3191BFEFB" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6CB68D9DA87FDE31BCDFB50" blockId="240.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240">
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COMMENTS: The superfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DBFDFDE31819FDA2" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[502,635,589,613]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Petauroidea">Petauroidea</taxonomicName>
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comprises four morphologically disparate families of phalangeridans:
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DB7EFD211B9FFD60" authorityName="Aplin" authorityYear="1987" box="[373,509,655,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Acrobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acrobatidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9D807FD211AFAFD0F" authorityName="Gervais and Verreaux" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Tarsipedidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tarsipedidae</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DAB0FD1E1B5DFD0F" box="[187,319,688,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Petauridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Petauridae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DBA5FD1E181AFD0F" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1893" box="[430,632,688,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Pseudocheiridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pseudocheiridae</taxonomicName>
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. Nevertheless, petauroid monophyly is strongly supported in our molecular (figs. 27–29) and total-evidence (figs. 32,
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<figureCitation id="137D70CEF6CB68D9DB8AFCBA1BFFFCEB" box="[385,413,788,812]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="181.[108,150,938,959]" captionTargetId="figure-12@181.[241,1216,224,1485]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="FIG. 33. (opposite page and at right) Fifty-per- cent majority rule consensus of post-burn-in trees that results from dated Bayesian analysis (using combined tip-and-node dating and separate Independent Gamma Rates [IGR] clock models for the molecular and morpho- logical partitions) of our total evidence data- set. Black dots at nodes indicate ≥0.95 Bayesian posterior probability (“strong support”); dark gray dots indicate 0.75–0.94 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“moderate support”); light gray dots indicate 0.50–0.74 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“weak support”). Nodes with- out dots were constrained a priori so that their ages could be calibrated (see tables 6, 13). Orange bars represent 95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD) intervals on the ages of nodes. For clarity, 95% HPD intervals are not shown for the ages of fossil terminals." pageId="240" pageNumber="240">33</figureCitation>
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) analyses, as it has also been in other recent molecular studies (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9D84EFC9B1B3EFCA9" author="Phillips and Pratt" firstAuthor="Phillips" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="594 - 605" refId="ref221205" refString="Phillips, M. J., and R. C. Pratt. 2008. Family-level relationships among the Australasian marsupial " herbivores " (Diprotodontia: koala, wombats, kangaroos and possums). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 594 - 605." type="journal article" year="2008">Phillips and Pratt, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DB65FCF8181AFCA9" author="Meredith, R. W. & M. Westerman & M. S. Springer" box="[366,632,854,878]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="554 - 571" refId="ref216642" refString="Meredith, R. W., M. Westerman, and M. S. Springer. 2009 a. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (3): 554 - 571." type="journal article" year="2009">Meredith et al., 2009a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DA67FCD91ACCFC48" author="Meredith, R. W. & C. Krajewski & M. Westerman & M. S. Springer" box="[108,174,887,911]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="383 - 406" refId="ref216745" refString="Meredith, R. W., C. Krajewski, M. Westerman, and M. S. Springer. 2009 c. Relationships and divergence times among the orders and families of Marsupialia. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 65: 383 - 406." type="journal article" year="2009">
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2009
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DAA8FCD91ACCFC48" author="Rodgers, J. C." box="[163,174,887,911]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" refId="ref224441" refString="Rodgers, J. C. 2011. Comparative morphology of the vestibular semicircular canals in therian mammals. Ph. D. dissertation, Faculty of the Graduate School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin." type="book" year="2011">c</bibRefCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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, 2011;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DAF4FCD91BBDFC48" author="Mitchell, K. J." box="[255,479,887,911]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="2322 - 2330" refId="ref217043" refString="Mitchell, K. J., et al. 2014. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and habitat preference evolution of marsupials. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (9): 2322 - 2330." type="journal article" year="2014">Mitchell et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DBE7FCD91A83FC77" author="May-Collado, L. J. & C. W. Kilpatrick & I. Agnarsson" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="805" refId="ref216304" refString="May-Collado, L. J., C. W. Kilpatrick, and I. Agnarsson. 2015. Mammals from ' down under': a multi-gene species-level phylogeny of marsupial mammals (Mammalia, Metatheria). PeerJ 3: e 805." type="journal article" year="2015">May-Collado et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DAE0FC361BA5FC77" author="Duchene, D. A." box="[235,455,920,944]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="400 - 412" refId="ref200659" refString="Duchene, D. A., et al. 2018. Analysis of phylogenomic tree space resolves relationships among marsupial families. Systematic Biology 67 (3): 400 - 412." type="journal article" year="2018">Duchêne et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DBDAFC361B78FC16" author="Alvarez-Carretero, S." pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="263 - 267" refId="ref188636" refString="Alvarez-Carretero, S., et al. 2021. A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data. Nature 602: 263 - 267." type="journal article" year="2021">Álvarez-Carretero et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). One of the five unambiguous craniodental synapomorphies found to support
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DA67FC551A8FFBD4" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[108,237,1019,1043]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Petauroidea">Petauroidea</taxonomicName>
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is a reversal, namely reacquisition of a conventionally premolariform morphology of the third upper premolar from a fully sectorial precursor that is inferred as having evolved deeper within
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DB00FBD11BC8FB50" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1866" box="[267,426,1151,1175]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Diprotodontia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6CB68D9DA86FB0E191BFEFB" blockId="240.[108,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="240.[684,1212,226,316]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240">
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The branching order within
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DBFEFB0E181FFB7F" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[501,637,1184,1208]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Petauroidea">Petauroidea</taxonomicName>
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recovered in both of our total-evidence analyses (figs. 32,
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<figureCitation id="137D70CEF6CB68D9DADAFB4D1A88FB3C" box="[209,234,1251,1275]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="181.[108,150,938,959]" captionTargetId="figure-12@181.[241,1216,224,1485]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="FIG. 33. (opposite page and at right) Fifty-per- cent majority rule consensus of post-burn-in trees that results from dated Bayesian analysis (using combined tip-and-node dating and separate Independent Gamma Rates [IGR] clock models for the molecular and morpho- logical partitions) of our total evidence data- set. Black dots at nodes indicate ≥0.95 Bayesian posterior probability (“strong support”); dark gray dots indicate 0.75–0.94 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“moderate support”); light gray dots indicate 0.50–0.74 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“weak support”). Nodes with- out dots were constrained a priori so that their ages could be calibrated (see tables 6, 13). Orange bars represent 95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD) intervals on the ages of nodes. For clarity, 95% HPD intervals are not shown for the ages of fossil terminals." pageId="240" pageNumber="240">33</figureCitation>
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)—with
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DB4CFB4D1BDFFB3C" box="[327,445,1251,1275]" class="Mammalia" family="Petauridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Petauridae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DBFFFB4D1AC4FADB" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1893" class="Mammalia" family="Pseudocheiridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pseudocheiridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
forming a clade,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DB8BFAAA1873FADB" authorityName="Gervais and Verreaux" authorityYear="1842" box="[384,529,1284,1308]" class="Mammalia" family="Tarsipedidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tarsipedidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sister to this, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9DAE4FA8B1B1EFAFA" authorityName="Aplin" authorityYear="1987" box="[239,380,1317,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Acrobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acrobatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the first family to diverge—is congruent with the results of recent molecular studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DB58FAC9181AFAB8" author="Phillips and Pratt" box="[339,632,1383,1407]" firstAuthor="Phillips" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="594 - 605" refId="ref221205" refString="Phillips, M. J., and R. C. Pratt. 2008. Family-level relationships among the Australasian marsupial " herbivores " (Diprotodontia: koala, wombats, kangaroos and possums). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 594 - 605." type="journal article" year="2008">Phillips and Pratt, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DA67FA261B06FA67" author="Meredith, R. W. & M. Westerman & M. S. Springer" box="[108,356,1416,1440]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="554 - 571" refId="ref216642" refString="Meredith, R. W., M. Westerman, and M. S. Springer. 2009 a. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (3): 554 - 571." type="journal article" year="2009">Meredith et al., 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DB7BFA261BD1FA67" author="Meredith, R. W. & C. Krajewski & M. Westerman & M. S. Springer" box="[368,435,1416,1440]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="383 - 406" refId="ref216745" refString="Meredith, R. W., C. Krajewski, M. Westerman, and M. S. Springer. 2009 c. Relationships and divergence times among the orders and families of Marsupialia. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 65: 383 - 406." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
2009
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DBA3FA261BD1FA67" author="Rodgers, J. C." box="[424,435,1416,1440]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" refId="ref224441" refString="Rodgers, J. C. 2011. Comparative morphology of the vestibular semicircular canals in therian mammals. Ph. D. dissertation, Faculty of the Graduate School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin." type="book" year="2011">c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9D808FA261AACFA06" author="Mitchell, K. J." pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="2322 - 2330" refId="ref217043" refString="Mitchell, K. J., et al. 2014. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and habitat preference evolution of marsupials. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (9): 2322 - 2330." type="journal article" year="2014">Mitchell et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DAD1FA071B93FA06" author="May-Collado, L. J. & C. W. Kilpatrick & I. Agnarsson" box="[218,497,1449,1473]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="805" refId="ref216304" refString="May-Collado, L. J., C. W. Kilpatrick, and I. Agnarsson. 2015. Mammals from ' down under': a multi-gene species-level phylogeny of marsupial mammals (Mammalia, Metatheria). PeerJ 3: e 805." type="journal article" year="2015">May-Collado et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DBF5FA071AB0FA25" author="Duchene, D. A." pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="400 - 412" refId="ref200659" refString="Duchene, D. A., et al. 2018. Analysis of phylogenomic tree space resolves relationships among marsupial families. Systematic Biology 67 (3): 400 - 412." type="journal article" year="2018">Duchêne et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DAEAFA65185DFA25" author="Alvarez-Carretero, S." box="[225,575,1482,1510]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="263 - 267" refId="ref188636" refString="Alvarez-Carretero, S., et al. 2021. A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data. Nature 602: 263 - 267." type="journal article" year="2021">Álvarez-Carretero et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The oldest described petauroids are pseudocheirids from the late Oligocene of central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3512CDBF6CB68D9DBE2F9A2182CF9E3" box="[489,590,1548,1572]" name="Australia" pageId="240" pageNumber="240">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Riversleigh World Heritage Area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DBE2F9831AC6F9A0" author="Bassarova, M. & M. Archer" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="25 - 27" refId="ref192343" refString="Bassarova, M., and M. Archer. 1999. Living and extinct pseudocheirids (Marsupialia, Pseudocheiridae): Phylogenetic relationships and changes in diversity through time. Australian Mammalogy 21: 25 - 27." type="journal article" year="1999">Archer et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DABBF9E11B0BF9A0" author="Long, J. A. & M. Archer & T. F. Flannery & S. J. Hand" box="[176,361,1614,1639]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" refId="ref213561" refString="Long, J. A., M. Archer, T. F. Flannery, and S. J. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric mammals of Australia and New Guinea: one hundred million years of evolution, Sydney: UNSW Press." type="book" year="2002">Long et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DB78F9E0181BF9A1" author="Archer, M. & S. J. Hand" box="[371,633,1614,1638]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="575 - 646" refId="ref190275" refString="Archer, M., and S. J. Hand. 2006. The Australian marsupial radiation. In J. R. Merrick, M. Archer, G. M. Hickey, and M. S. Y. Lee (editors), Evolution and biogeography of Australasian vertebrates: 575 - 646. Sydney: Auscipub Pty Ltd." type="book chapter" year="2006">Archer and Hand, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DA67F9C11B6AF94F" author="Roberts, K. K." box="[108,264,1647,1672]" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" refId="ref224254" refString="Roberts, K. K. 2008. Oligo-Miocene pseudocheirid diversity and the early evolution of ringtail possums (Marsupialia). Ph. D. dissertation, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney." type="book" year="2008">Roberts, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DB1EF9C11B92F94F" author="Roberts" box="[277,496,1647,1672]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Roberts" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="441 - 456" refId="ref224393" refString="Roberts, K. K., M. Archer, S. J. Hand, and H. Godthelp. 2009. New Australian Oligocene to Miocene ringtail possums (Pseudocheiridae) and revision of the genus Marlu. Palaeontology 52: 441 - 456." type="journal article" year="2009">Roberts et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6CB68D9DBF0F9C11AD5F96F" author="Black, K. H. & M. Archer & S. J. Hand & H. Godthelp" pageId="240" pageNumber="240" pagination="983 - 1078" refId="ref194115" refString="Black, K. H., M. Archer, S. J. Hand, and H. Godthelp. 2012 b. The rise of Australian marsupials: a synopsis of biostratigraphic, phylogenetic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiogeographic understanding. In J. A. Talent (editor), Earth and life: global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time: 983 - 1078. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag." type="book chapter" year="2012">Black et al., 2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), indicating that the petauroid crown clade had already begun to diversify by this time; our estimated divergence times imply that the first split within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6CB68D9D99FFEAD1E7AFEDC" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[916,1048,259,283]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="240" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Petauroidea">Petauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred during the Oligocene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |