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<mods:title id="A1D825B0F27F8FDC7772D56A29CAB80B">Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6C268D0D8E5FB7C1E1BFB2D" box="[750,1145,1234,1258]" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6C268D0D8E5FB7C1E1BFB2D" blockId="249.[750,1145,1234,1258]" box="[750,1145,1234,1258]" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">
<heading id="D0B1DB27F6C268D0D8E5FB7C1E1BFB2D" box="[750,1145,1234,1258]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C268D0D8E5FB7C1E1BFB2D" ID-CoL="BBY" authority="Collett, 1887" authorityName="Collett" authorityYear="1887" box="[750,1145,1234,1258]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hypsiprymnodontidae Collett, 1887</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6C268D0D8C7FAAA19B3FAFA" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6C268D0D8C7FAAA19B3FAFA" blockId="249.[684,1212,1284,1738]" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">
CONTENTS:
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C268D0D95CFAAA1E76FADB" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" box="[855,1044,1284,1308]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C268D0D95CFAAA1E76FADB" box="[855,1044,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C268D0DE25FAAA1EDEFADB" baseAuthorityName="Flannery and Archer" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[1070,1212,1284,1308]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bartholomaii">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C268D0DE25FAAA1EDEFADB" box="[1070,1212,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">bartholomaii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C268D0D8D7FA88190FFAFA" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" box="[732,877,1317,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moschatus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C268D0D8D7FA88190FFAFA" box="[732,877,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">H. moschatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fig. 52).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6C268D0D8C7FAE81E14F9E3" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6C268D0D8C7FAE8188EFAB8" blockId="249.[684,1212,1284,1738]" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">STEM AGE: 27.7 Mya (95% HPD: 23.632.1 Mya).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6C268D0D8C7FA26188FFA06" blockId="249.[684,1212,1284,1738]" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">CROWN AGE: 16.9 Mya (95% HPD: 11.722.0 Mya).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6C268D0D8C7FA641E14F9E3" blockId="249.[684,1212,1284,1738]" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">UNAMBIGUOUS CRANIODENTAL SYNAPOMORPHIES: Cristid obliqua with strongly developed “buccal kink” (char. 168: 0→1; ci = 0.333).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6C268D2D8C7F983199CFD2D" lastPageId="251" lastPageNumber="251" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6C268D2D8C7F9831B97FBD4" blockId="249.[684,1212,1284,1738]" lastBlockId="251.[108,638,226,1738]" lastPageId="251" lastPageNumber="251" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">
COMMENTS:
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C268D0D953F98319BBF982" author="Ride" box="[856,985,1581,1605]" firstAuthor="Ride" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" pagination="441 - 459" refId="ref224049" refString="Ride, W. D. L. 1993. Jackmahoneya gen. nov. and the genesis of the macropodiform molar. Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 15: 441 - 459." type="journal article" year="1993">Ride (1993)</bibRefCitation>
recognized the family
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C268D0D8DEF9E019B6F9A1" authorityName="Collett" authorityYear="1887" box="[725,980,1614,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hypsiprymnodontidae</taxonomicName>
as comprising two subfamilies: Hypsiprymnodontinae (for the extant genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C268D0D948F93E199CF96F" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" box="[835,1022,1680,1704]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C268D0D948F93E199CF96F" box="[835,1022,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only) and †Propleopinae (for †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C268D0D957F91C19ACF90D" baseAuthorityName="Archer and Flannery" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[860,974,1714,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Ekaltadeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C268D0D957F91C19ACF90D" box="[860,974,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">Ekaltadeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C268D0D9E1F91C1EE6F90D" authorityName="Ride" authorityYear="1993" box="[1002,1156,1714,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Jackmahoneya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="249" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C268D0D9E1F91C1EE6F90D" box="[1002,1156,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="249" pageNumber="249">Jackmahoneya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DA71FF4C1A93FF3D" authorityName="Longman" authorityYear="1924" box="[122,241,226,250]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Propleopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DA71FF4C1A93FF3D" box="[122,241,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Propleopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). This arrangement has been followed by most subsequent authors (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2D801FEAD1B63FEFB" author="Wroe and Archer" firstAuthor="Wroe" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="597 - 603" refId="ref236525" refString="Wroe, S., and M. Archer. 1995. Extraordinary diphyodonty-related change in dental function for a tooth of the extinct marsupial Ekaltadeta ima (Propleopinae, Hypsiprymnodontidae). Archives of Oral Biology 40 (7): 597 - 603." type="journal article" year="1995">Wroe and Archer, 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DB19FE8A1B89FEFB" author="Kirsch, J. A. W. &amp; F. J. Lapointe &amp; M. S. Springer" box="[274,491,292,316]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="211 - 280" refId="ref211668" refString="Kirsch, J. A. W., F. J. Lapointe, and M. S. Springer. 1997. DNA-hybridization studies of marsupials and their implications for metatherian classification. Australian Journal of Zoology 45: 211 - 280." type="journal article" year="1997">Kirsch et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DBF7FE8A1AC0FE9A" author="Ride" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ride" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="243 - 328" refId="ref224085" refString="Ride, W. D. L., P. A. Pridmore, R. E. Barwick, R. T. Wells, and R. D. Heady. 1997. Towards a biology of Propleopus oscillans (Marsupialia: Propleopinae, Hypsiprymnodontidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 117: 243 - 328." type="journal article" year="1997">Ride et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DAA4FEEB1B58FE9A" author="Wroe" box="[175,314,325,349]" firstAuthor="Wroe" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="449 - 456" refId="ref236369" refString="Wroe, S. 1997 c. Stratigraphy and phylogeny of the giant extinct rat-kangaroos (Propleopinae, Hypsiprymnodontidae, Marsupialia). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 41 (2): 449 - 456." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="c">Wroe, 1997c</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DB4DFEEB185EFE9A" author="Cooke, B. N. &amp; B. P. Kear" box="[326,572,325,349]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="27 - 29" refId="ref198388" refString="Cooke, B. N., and B. P. Kear. 1999. Evolution and diversity of kangaroos (Macropodoidea, Marsupialia). Australian Mammalogy 21: 27 - 29." type="journal article" year="1999">Cooke and Kear, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2D842FEEB1B45FEB9" author="Kear, B. P. &amp; B. N. Cooke" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="83 - 101" refId="ref210698" refString="Kear, B. P., and B. N. Cooke. 2001. A review of macropodoid (Marsupialia) systematics with the inclusion of a new family. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 25: 83 - 101." type="journal article" year="2001">Kear and Cooke, 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DB3AFEC81B84FEB9" author="Long, J. A. &amp; M. Archer &amp; T. F. Flannery &amp; S. J. Hand" box="[305,486,358,382]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" refId="ref213561" refString="Long, J. A., M. Archer, T. F. Flannery, and S. J. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric mammals of Australia and New Guinea: one hundred million years of evolution, Sydney: UNSW Press." type="book" year="2002">Long et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DBFBFEC81818FEB9" author="Cooke, B. N." box="[496,634,358,382]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="647 - 672" refId="ref198332" refString="Cooke, B. N. 2006. Kangaroos. In J. R. Merrick, M. Archer, G. M. Hickey, and M. S. Y. Lee (editors), Evolution and biogeography of Australasian vertebrates: 647 - 672. Sydney: Auscipub Pty Ltd." type="book chapter" year="2006">Cooke, 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DA67FE291B53FE58" author="Black, K. H. &amp; M. Archer &amp; S. J. Hand &amp; H. Godthelp" box="[108,305,391,415]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="983 - 1078" refId="ref194115" refString="Black, K. H., M. Archer, S. J. Hand, and H. Godthelp. 2012 b. The rise of Australian marsupials: a synopsis of biostratigraphic, phylogenetic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiogeographic understanding. In J. A. Talent (editor), Earth and life: global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time: 983 - 1078. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag." type="book chapter" year="2012">Black et al., 2012b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DB30FE291B92FE58" author="Bates, H." box="[315,496,391,415]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="383 - 396" refId="ref192429" refString="Bates, H., et al. 2014. Three new Miocene species of musky rat-kangaroos (Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodoidea): description, phylogenetics, and paleoecology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (2): 383 - 396." type="journal article" year="2014">Bates et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DBF1FE291A9DFE07" author="Jackson, S. &amp; C. Groves" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" refId="ref209778" refString="Jackson, S., and C. Groves. 2015. Taxonomy of Australian mammals, Clayton: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="2015">Jackson and Groves, 2015</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DB74FE071824FE07" author="Wroe, S. &amp; B. S. Mackness" box="[383,582,424,448]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="605 - 612" refId="ref236571" refString="Wroe, S., and B. S. Mackness. 1998. Revision of the Pliocene dasyurid, Dasyurus dunmalli (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 42 (2): 605 - 612." type="journal article" year="1998">Wroe et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
suggested, based on a study of the cranial morphology of †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DAC1FE441B5FFDC5" baseAuthorityName="Archer and Flannery" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[202,317,490,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Ekaltadeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DAC1FE441B5FFDC5" box="[202,317,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Ekaltadeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that propleopines might be more closely related to balbarids than to
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2D821FDA21ABCFD83" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2D821FDA21ABCFD83" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Our dated total-evidence analysis failed to support monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DBEDFDE31BDAFD40" authority="sensu Ride (1993)" authorityName="sensu Ride" authorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Hypsiprymnodontidae sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DB3BFDC01BDAFD40" author="Ride" box="[304,440,622,647]" firstAuthor="Ride" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="441 - 459" refId="ref224049" refString="Ride, W. D. L. 1993. Jackmahoneya gen. nov. and the genesis of the macropodiform molar. Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 15: 441 - 459." type="journal article" year="1993">Ride (1993)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; instead,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2D823FDC11A80FD60" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2D823FDC11A80FD60" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DB04FD211BE8FD60" baseAuthorityName="Archer and Flannery" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[271,394,655,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Ekaltadeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DB04FD211BE8FD60" box="[271,394,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Ekaltadeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DBBFFD211854FD60" authorityName="Kear and Cooke" authorityYear="2001" box="[436,566,655,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Balbaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balbaridae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DA67FD1E1B69FD0F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[108,267,688,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macropodidae</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DB21FD1E1BC2FD0F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[298,416,688,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Potoroidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potoroidae</taxonomicName>
form a polytomy at the base of Macropodiformes. We therefore restrict
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DACEFD5D1BA3FCCC" authorityName="sensu Ride" authorityYear="1993" box="[197,449,755,779]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hypsiprymnodontidae</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DBE6FD5D1AC3FCEB" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DBE6FD5D1AC3FCEB" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only. We note that, of our macropodiform terminals, †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DAE7FC9B1B3CFC8A" baseAuthorityName="Archer and Flannery" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[236,350,821,845]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Ekaltadeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DAE7FC9B1B3CFC8A" box="[236,350,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Ekaltadeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is uniquely plesiomorphic in retaining p2 and P2 into adulthood, whereas these teeth are lost in all the others, including balbarids and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DB04FC361BA8FC77" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" box="[271,458,920,944]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DB04FC361BA8FC77" box="[271,458,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2D84DFC371A9AFC16" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2D84DFC371A9AFC16" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unusual among macropodiforms in retaining P2 for a short period after dP3 has been replaced by P3 (see char. 117).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF393CC3F6C168D3DA67F93E1BC3F904" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6971475" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6971475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6971475/files/figure.png" pageId="250" pageNumber="250" startId="250.[108,150,1680,1701]" targetBox="[136,1180,235,1636]" targetPageId="250">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6C168D3DA67F93E1BC3F904" blockId="250.[108,1212,1678,1731]" pageId="250" pageNumber="250">
FIG. 52.
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C168D3DAC2F9201B84F961" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" box="[201,486,1678,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="250" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moschatus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C168D3DAC2F9201B84F961" box="[201,486,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="250" pageNumber="250">Hypsiprymnodon moschatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C168D3DBFDF92018EEF961" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1866" box="[502,652,1678,1702]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="250" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Diprotodontia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C168D3D893F92019E0F961" authorityName="Collett" authorityYear="1887" box="[664,898,1678,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="250" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hypsiprymnodontidae</taxonomicName>
; based on AMNH 184580, an adult male from Queensland).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6C068D2DA86FBB21B54F9E3" blockId="251.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">
Monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DB39FBB2184DFBF3" authorityName="sensu Ride" authorityYear="1993" box="[306,559,1052,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hypsiprymnodontidae</taxonomicName>
in this restricted sense (comprising just
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DBEAFB901B6DFBB1" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymondon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moschatus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DBEAFB901B6DFBB1" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Hypsiprymondon moschatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DB41FBF11B04FBB1" box="[330,358,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">H.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DB72FBF01865FBB1" baseAuthorityName="Flannery and Archer" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[377,519,1118,1142]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bartholomaii">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DB72FBF01865FBB1" box="[377,519,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">bartholomaii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is unambiguously supported only by the derived presence of a “buccal kink” in the cristid obliqua of the lower molars. However, this feature is also found in phalangerids, as well as in some fossil phalangeroids,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DB5DFAAA1BBEFADB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[342,476,1284,1308]" class="Mammalia" family="Petauridae" genus="Dactylopsila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DB5DFAAA1BBEFADB" box="[342,476,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Dactylopsila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possibly
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2D847FAAA1ACDFAFA" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2D847FAAA1ACDFAFA" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DB09FA8B1BCFFAFA" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1915" box="[258,429,1317,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Pseudocheiridae" genus="Pseudochirulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DB09FA8B1BCFFAFA" box="[258,429,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Pseudochirulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see char. 168). Although the presence of a buccally kinked cristid obliqua is interpreted as independently derived in
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DAE6FA261BCEFA67" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" box="[237,428,1416,1440]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DAE6FA261BCEFA67" box="[237,428,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and phalangerids based on our analyses, this interpretation may change if additional fossil phalangeridans (e.g., ektopodontids, miralinids) were to be included in future datasets.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6C068D2DA86F983199CFD2D" blockId="251.[108,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="251.[684,1212,226,746]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">
The oldest known hypsiprymnodontid fossils, in our restricted sense of the family, are an undescribed species of
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DB43F9C11867F940" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" box="[328,517,1647,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DB43F9C11867F940" box="[328,517,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from late Oligocene (Faunal Zone A) sites at Riversleigh World Heritage Area (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DB68F91C1856F90D" author="Archer, M. &amp; S. J. Hand" box="[355,564,1714,1738]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="575 - 646" refId="ref190275" refString="Archer, M., and S. J. Hand. 2006. The Australian marsupial radiation. In J. R. Merrick, M. Archer, G. M. Hickey, and M. S. Y. Lee (editors), Evolution and biogeography of Australasian vertebrates: 575 - 646. Sydney: Auscipub Pty Ltd." type="book chapter" year="2006">Archer et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2D84BF91C195BFF3D" author="Black, K. H. &amp; M. Archer &amp; S. J. Hand &amp; H. Godthelp" box="[576,825,226,1738]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="983 - 1078" refId="ref194115" refString="Black, K. H., M. Archer, S. J. Hand, and H. Godthelp. 2012 b. The rise of Australian marsupials: a synopsis of biostratigraphic, phylogenetic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiogeographic understanding. In J. A. Talent (editor), Earth and life: global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time: 983 - 1078. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag." type="book chapter" year="2012">Black et al., 2012b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2D94CFF4C1E76FF3D" author="Butler, K. &amp; K. J. Travouillon &amp; G. J. Price &amp; M. Archer &amp; S. J. Hand" box="[839,1044,226,250]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="25 - 36" refId="ref196051" refString="Butler, K., K. J. Travouillon, G. J. Price, M. Archer, and S. J. Hand. 2017. Species abundance, richness and body size evolution of kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodiformes) throughout the Oligo-Miocene of Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 487: 25 - 36." type="journal article" year="2017">Butler et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
) and “Hypsiprymnodontinae indet.” from the late Oligocene Namba Formation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2D984FE8A1ED2FEFB" author="Flannery, T. F. &amp; T. H. V. Rich" box="[911,1200,292,316]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="418 - 447" refId="ref202443" refString="Flannery, T. F., and T. H. V. Rich. 1986. Macropodoids from the middle Miocene Namba Formation, South Australia, and the homology of some dental structures in kangaroos. Journal of Paleontology 60 (2): 418 - 447." type="journal article" year="1986">Flannery and Rich, 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Both records are congruent with our Oligocene estimate for the divergence of
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DE08FEC81EDEFEB9" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1876" box="[1027,1212,358,382]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" genus="Hypsiprymnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DE08FEC81EDEFEB9" box="[1027,1212,358,382]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Hypsiprymnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other macropodoids. However, the presence of probable stem macropodids in the late Oligocene (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2D966FE671E66FE26" box="[877,1028,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Bulungamaya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2D966FE671E66FE26" box="[877,1028,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Bulungamaya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DE13FE671E1DFE26" authorityName="Butler, Travouillon, Price, Archer &amp; Hand" authorityYear="2016" box="[1048,1151,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Cookeroo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2DE13FE671E1DFE26" box="[1048,1151,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Cookeroo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2D8A7FE45197EFDC5" authorityName="Kear &amp; Pledge" authorityYear="2007" box="[684,796,491,514]" class="Mammalia" genus="Ngamaroo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6C068D2D8A7FE45197EFDC5" box="[684,796,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Ngamaroo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2D923FE441E1EFDC5" author="Prideaux and Warburton" box="[808,1148,490,514]" firstAuthor="Prideaux" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="954 - 987" refId="ref222372" refString="Prideaux, G. J., and N. M. Warburton. 2010. An osteology-based appraisal of the phylogeny and evolution of kangaroos and wallabies (Macropodidae: Marsupialia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159: 954 - 987." type="journal article" year="2010">Prideaux and Warburton, 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2DE8DFE441977FDE4" author="Phillips" firstAuthor="Phillips" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref221176" refString="Phillips, M. J. 2015. Four mammal fossil calibrations: balancing competing palaeontological and molecular considerations. Palaeontologia Electronica 18.1.5 FC: 1 - 16." type="book chapter" year="2015">Phillips, 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2D92AFDA51980FDE4" author="Butler, K. &amp; K. J. Travouillon &amp; G. J. Price &amp; M. Archer &amp; S. J. Hand" box="[801,994,523,547]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="1083029" refId="ref195985" refString="Butler, K., K. J. Travouillon, G. J. Price, M. Archer, and S. J. Hand. 2016. Cookeroo, a new genus of fossil kangaroo (Marsupialia, Macropodidae) from the Oligo-Miocene of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (3): e 1083029." type="journal article" year="2016">Butler et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6C068D2D9E6FDA51E41FDE4" author="Butler, K. &amp; K. J. Travouillon &amp; G. J. Price &amp; M. Archer &amp; S. J. Hand" box="[1005,1059,523,547]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="25 - 36" refId="ref196051" refString="Butler, K., K. J. Travouillon, G. J. Price, M. Archer, and S. J. Hand. 2017. Species abundance, richness and body size evolution of kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodiformes) throughout the Oligo-Miocene of Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 487: 25 - 36." type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
) suggests that the divergence between
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2D9A4FD821E2FFD83" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[943,1101,556,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macropodidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DE8AFD831890FDA2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Potoroidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potoroidae</taxonomicName>
had already occurred by this time, in which case our estimate for the divergence between
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2D906FD211E67FD60" authorityName="sensu Ride" authorityYear="1993" box="[781,1029,655,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypsiprymnodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hypsiprymnodontidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2DE31FD2118B0FD0F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macropodidae</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6C068D2D8FAFD1E190BFD0F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[753,873,688,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Potoroidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potoroidae</taxonomicName>
, which must have been earlier, would appear to be too young.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>