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<mods:title id="B89C4A8491F1F41FACEEF94799489B1C">Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D21D39FFB93952FF7BFC16FF10DB4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3844013" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164035809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3844013" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D21D39FFB93952FF7BFC16FF10DB4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D21D39FFB93952FF7BFC16FF10DB4F" lastPageNumber="412" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<paragraph id="8BC4AC2FFFB93952FF7BFC16FDE8DDBC" blockId="11.[151,536,932,959]" box="[151,536,932,959]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FF7BFC16FDE8DDBC" bold="true" box="[151,536,932,959]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB93952FF02FC17FDE8DDBC" ID-CoL="7PFSL" authority="Thiele, 1893" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1893" box="[238,536,932,959]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Chitonidae" genus="Rhyssoplax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FF02FC17FE89DDBC" bold="true" box="[238,377,932,959]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Rhyssoplax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FE6CFC16FDE8DDBC" author="Thiele, J." box="[384,536,933,959]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="353 - 401" refId="ref37110" refString="Thiele, J. (1893) Das Gebiss der Schecken zur Begrundung einer naturlichen Classification. In: Troschel, F. H., Polyplacophora, Lepidoglossa, Schuppenzungler, Berlin, 2, 353 - 401, pls. 30 - 32." type="journal article" year="1893">Thiele, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC4AC2FFFB93952FF7BFC5EFCC6DA2F" blockId="11.[151,1437,1004,1356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FF7BFC5EFEC1DA04" bold="true" box="[151,305,1004,1031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<typeStatus id="54C0128DFFB93952FF7BFC5EFF22DA04" box="[151,210,1005,1031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB93952FEDBFC5EFDA0DA04" ID-CoL="5Y5YK" authority="Issel, 1869" authorityName="Issel" authorityYear="1869" box="[311,592,1005,1031]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Chitonidae" genus="Chiton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FEDBFC5EFE3FDA04" box="[311,463,1005,1031]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Chiton affinis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FE38FC5EFDA0DA04" author="Issel, A." box="[468,592,1005,1031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="243 - 303" refId="ref32417" refString="Issel, A. (1869) Malacologia del Mar Rosso. Ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche. Parte terza. Catalogo delle conchiglie fossili raccolte sulle spiagge emerse del Mar Rosso. Biblioteca Malacologica, Pisa, 61 pp. [pp. 243 - 303]" type="book chapter" year="1869">Issel, 1869</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation (International Committee of Zoological Nomenclature 1971, Opinion 951, as proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FD96FBA2FCD9DA2F" author="Beu, A. G. &amp; Dell, R. K. &amp; Fleming, C. A." box="[634,809,1041,1068]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="184 - 185" refId="ref29408" refString="Beu, A. G., Dell, R. K. &amp; Fleming, C. A. (1969) Rhyssoplax Thiele, 1893 (Mollusca, Amphineura): request for designation of a type-species under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 25, 184 - 185." type="journal article" year="1969">
Beu
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FD42FBA1FD2FDA28" box="[686,735,1041,1067]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al</emphasis>
. 1969
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361FFA4FFB93952FF2BFB86FF09DA94" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC4AC2FFFB93952FF2BFB86FF09DA94" blockId="11.[151,1437,1004,1356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FF2BFB86FECBDA4C" bold="true" box="[199,315,1077,1103]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Remarks.</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB93952FE2EFB86FDFEDA4C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[450,526,1077,1103]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Chitonidae" genus="Chiton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FE2EFB86FDFEDA4C" box="[450,526,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Chiton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was subdivided into numerous subgenera by
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FBFBFB86FB17DA53" author="Kaas, P. &amp; Van Belle, R. A. &amp; Strack, H. L." box="[1047,1255,1077,1104]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refId="ref33074" refString="Kaas, P., Van Belle, R. A. &amp; Strack, H. L. (2006) Monograph of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Volume 6. Suborder Ischnochitonina (concluded): Schizochitonidae; Chitonidae. Additions to Volumes 1 - 5. E. J. Brill, Leiden-Boston, 463 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Kaas
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FBB4FB85FB7BDA4C" box="[1112,1163,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, some of which (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB93952FF3CFBEAFE14DA70" authority="Thiele, 1893" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1893" box="[208,484,1113,1139]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Chitonidae" genus="Rhyssoplax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FF3CFBEAFEA0DA70" box="[208,336,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Rhyssoplax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FEBAFBEAFE14DA70" author="Thiele, J." box="[342,484,1113,1139]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="353 - 401" refId="ref37110" refString="Thiele, J. (1893) Das Gebiss der Schecken zur Begrundung einer naturlichen Classification. In: Troschel, F. H., Polyplacophora, Lepidoglossa, Schuppenzungler, Berlin, 2, 353 - 401, pls. 30 - 32." type="journal article" year="1893">Thiele, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) were promoted to full genus rank by
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FC7CFBEAFBCBDA77" author="Sirenko, B. I." box="[912,1083,1113,1140]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="27 - 49" refId="ref35647" refString="Sirenko, B. I. (2006) New outlook on the system of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Venus, 65, 27 - 49." type="journal article" year="2006">Sirenko (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, based mainly on soft part morphology.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361FFA4FFB93952FF2BFB13FF10DB4F" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC4AC2FFFB93952FF2BFB13FF10DB4F" blockId="11.[151,1437,1004,1356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FF2BFB13FE91DAB8" bold="true" box="[199,353,1184,1211]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Distribution.</emphasis>
Tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific (except for the East Pacific), also in the Eastern Atlantic. The fossil record extends back to the Oligocene of
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB93952FC4CFB76FBC7DADC" box="[928,1079,1221,1247]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FBABFB76FA96DADC" author="Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Bonfitto, A. &amp; Taviani, M." box="[1095,1382,1221,1247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="936 - 954" refId="ref30788" refString="Dell'Angelo, B., Bonfitto, A. &amp; Taviani, M. (2011 a) Chitons (Polyplacophora) from Paleogene strata in Western Washington State, U. S. A. Journal of Paleontology, 85, 936 - 954. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 10 - 114.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
DellAngelo
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FB31FB75FAE6DADC" box="[1245,1302,1221,1247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
2011a
</bibRefCitation>
), the Neogene of Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FE6DFB5AFD61DB00" author="Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Bonfitto, A. &amp; Sabelli, B. &amp; Taviani, M." box="[385,657,1257,1283]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="45 - 62" refId="ref30734" refString="Dell'Angelo, B., Bonfitto, A., Sabelli, B. &amp; Taviani, M. (2004) Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) from bioclastic sands of the Ifaty-Tulear back reefs (Madagascar, Western Indian Ocean). Bollettino Malacologico, Supplment 5, 45 - 62." type="journal article" year="2004">
DellAngelo
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FDFAFB59FDB8DB00" box="[534,584,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FD70FB5BFD27DB00" author="Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Giuntelli, P. &amp; Sosso, M. &amp; Zunino, M." box="[668,727,1256,1283]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="217 - 242" refId="ref30970" refString="Dell'Angelo, B., Giuntelli, P., Sosso, M. &amp; Zunino, M. (2015) Polyplacophora from the Miocene of North Italy. Part 1: Leptochitonidae, Hanleyidae, Ischnochitonidae and Callistoplacidae. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 121, 217 - 242." type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FD0FFB5AFC5FDB00" author="Garilli, V. &amp; Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Vardala-Theodorou, E." box="[739,943,1256,1283]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="117 - 134" refId="ref31858" refString="Garilli, V., Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Vardala-Theodorou, E. (2005) Polyplacophora from the Pleistocene of Kyllini (NW Peloponnese, Greece). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 44, 117 - 134." type="journal article" year="2005">
Garilli
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FCD8FB59FC9DDB00" box="[820,877,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FC57FB5AFB26DB00" author="Studencka, B. &amp; Dulai, A." box="[955,1238,1257,1283]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="257 - 274" refId="ref36528" refString="Studencka, B. &amp; Dulai, A. (2010) Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the Middle Miocene sandy facies of Ukraine, Central Paratethys. Acta Geologica Polonica, 60, 257 - 274." type="journal article" year="2010">Studencka &amp; Dulai 2010</bibRefCitation>
), Africa (
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB93952FAD3FB5AFA69DB00" box="[1343,1433,1257,1283]" name="Algeria" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Algeria</collectingCountry>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FF7BFABEFE95DB24" author="De Lamothe" box="[151,357,1293,1319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 288" refId="ref30693" refString="De Lamothe (1911) Les anciennes lignes de rivage du Sahel d'Alger et d'une part de la cote algerienne. Memoires de la Societe geologique de France, Series 4, 1 (6), 1 - 288." type="journal article" year="1911">De Lamothe 1911</bibRefCitation>
;
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB93952FE9EFABEFE39DB24" box="[370,457,1293,1319]" name="Tunisia" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FE38FABEFD43DB24" author="Castany, G. &amp; Gobert, G. &amp; Harson, L." box="[468,691,1292,1319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref30215" refString="Castany, G., Gobert, G. &amp; Harson, L. (1956) Le Quaternaire marin de Monastir. Annales Mines and Geology, 19, 1 - 58, 2 pls." type="book chapter" year="1956">
Castany
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FDDBFABDFD80DB24" box="[567,624,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
1956
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB93952FD24FABEFCAFDB24" box="[712,863,1293,1319]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FC83FABEFB97DB24" author="Beu, A. G. &amp; Maxwell, P. A." box="[879,1127,1293,1319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 518" refId="ref29463" refString="Beu, A. G. &amp; Maxwell, P. A. (1990) Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 58, 1 - 518." type="journal article" year="1990">Beu &amp; Maxwell 1990</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB93952FB44FABEFB18DB24" box="[1192,1256,1293,1319]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB93952FB1BFABEFF23DB4F" author="Itoigawa, J. &amp; Kuroda, M. &amp; Naruse, A. &amp; Nishimoto, H." pageId="11" pageNumber="412" pagination="171 - 204" refId="ref32464" refString="Itoigawa, J., Kuroda, M., Naruse, A. &amp; Nishimoto, H. (1976) Polyplacophora assemblages from the Pleistocene formations of Boso and Miura Peninsulas, environs of Tokyo, Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 3, 171 - 204." type="journal article" year="1976">
Itoigawa
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB93952FA8FFABDFA65DB24" box="[1379,1429,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al</emphasis>
. 1976
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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