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<mods:title id="983DF1E1241DC892EF0A45DED575E63C">Systematics of the blindsnakes (Serpentes: Scolecophidia: Typhlopoidea) based on molecular and morphological evidence</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03B587DDC111B160CFD7CEA2FD7FFEBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6127970" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127668674" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6127970" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B587DDC111B160CFD7CEA2FD7FFEBE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B587DDC111B160CFD7CEA2FD7FFEBE" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<subSubSection id="C3066540C111B167CFD7CEA2FDC5FB64" box="[151,636,1196,1222]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC111B167CFD7CEA2FDC5FB64" blockId="43.[151,636,1196,1222]" box="[151,636,1196,1222]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<heading id="D0EB81A7C111B167CFD7CEA2FDC5FB64" bold="true" box="[151,636,1196,1222]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CFD7CEA2FDC5FB64" ID-CoL="3JGK" authority="Dumeril &amp; Bibron, 1844" authorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,636,1196,1222]" class="Squamata" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Cathetorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CFD7CEA2FDC5FB64" bold="true" box="[151,636,1196,1222]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CFD7CEA2FEFCFB64" bold="true" box="[151,325,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cathetorhinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC111B167CE0CCEA2FDC5FB64" author="Dumeril" box="[332,636,1196,1222]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C. &amp; Bibron, G. (1844) Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome sixieme. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xii + 609 pp." type="book" year="1844">Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1844</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3066540C111B167CFD7CEFCFD49FA8D" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC111B167CFD7CEFCFC08FAA9" blockId="43.[151,1436,1266,2011]" box="[151,945,1266,1291]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CFD7CEFCFE8BFAA9" bold="true" box="[151,306,1266,1291]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<typeStatus id="54A78869C111B167CFD7CEFCFF6BFAA9" box="[151,210,1266,1291]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CE79CEFCFC08FAA9" authority="Dumeril &amp; Bibron, 1844" authorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" authorityYear="1844" box="[313,945,1266,1291]" class="Squamata" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Cathetorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CE79CEFCFD2CFAA9" box="[313,661,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cathetorhinus melanocephalus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC111B167CDDCCEFCFC08FAA9" author="Dumeril" box="[668,945,1266,1291]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C. &amp; Bibron, G. (1844) Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome sixieme. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xii + 609 pp." type="book" year="1844">Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1844</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC111B167CF87CF18FD49FA8D" blockId="43.[151,1436,1266,2011]" box="[199,752,1302,1327]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CF87CF18FE3CFA8D" bold="true" box="[199,389,1302,1327]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Species content.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CECCCF18FD49FA8D" box="[396,752,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CECCCF18FD55FA8D" box="[396,748,1302,1327]" class="Squamata" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Cathetorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">Cathetorhinus melanocephalus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3066540C111B167CF87CF34FBAEF9D0" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC111B167CF87CF34FF5AF988" blockId="43.[151,1436,1266,2011]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CF87CF34FEF8FAF1" bold="true" box="[199,321,1338,1363]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CE08CF34FE51FAF1" box="[328,488,1338,1363]" class="Squamata" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Cathetorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CE08CF34FE51FAF1" box="[328,488,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cathetorhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from all other typhlopoids by the combination of a T-II
<collectingCountry id="F30B765BC111B167CA04CF35FAD4FAF1" box="[1348,1389,1339,1363]" name="Cyprus" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">SIP</collectingCountry>
and absence of preocular (fused with nasal). Small-sized (total length
<quantity id="4CE49B2EC111B167CC3BCF51FC64FAD5" box="[891,989,1375,1399]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="183.0">183 mm</quantity>
), slender-bodied (length/width ratio 92) snakes with 18 scale rows throughout, 525 total middorsals, moderate tail (2.7% of total length) with 20 subcaudals (length/width ratio 2.5), and minute apical spine. Dorsal head profile bluntly rounded, lateral profile pointed with a ventral rostral keel that terminates in a blunt point, large oval rostral (0.71 head width), eye discernible as a faint eyespot, and postocular single. Coloration of head in preservative is blackish-brown, dorsum tan with lighter venter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC111B167CF87CC38FBAEF9D0" blockId="43.[151,1436,1266,2011]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CF87CC38FE5BF9ED" bold="true" box="[199,482,1590,1615]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Phylogenetic definition.</emphasis>
This genus is currently monotypic, but would include any newly discovered species more closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CEDDCC54FD43F9D1" box="[413,762,1626,1651]" class="Squamata" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Cathetorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CEDDCC54FD43F9D1" box="[413,762,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cathetorhinus melanocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CC15CC54FBA9F9D1" box="[853,1040,1626,1651]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CC15CC54FBA9F9D1" box="[853,1040,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Gerrhopilus ater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3066540C111B167CF87CC70FDC0F918" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC111B167CF87CC70FDC0F918" blockId="43.[151,1436,1266,2011]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CF87CC70FEF7F935" bold="true" box="[199,334,1662,1687]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Etymology.</emphasis>
Unclear; likely refers to keeled, pointed condition of snout, from the Greek for perpendicular
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CFD7CCACFEBFF919" box="[151,262,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">(cathetos)</emphasis>
and having such a nose
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CD58CCACFDCBF919" box="[536,626,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">(rhinus)</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3066540C111B167CF87CCC8FE81F8E9" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC111B167CF87CCC8FE81F8E9" blockId="43.[151,1436,1266,2011]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CF87CCC8FED9F97D" bold="true" box="[199,352,1734,1759]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Distribution.</emphasis>
Unknown. Collected during the Baudin voyage (
<date id="FFA2100BC111B167CCC3CCC9FBBFF97D" box="[899,1030,1735,1759]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="1800" valueMax="1804">18001804</date>
), which made landfall at the Azores, Cape of Good Hope (
<collectingCountry id="F30B765BC111B167CEC9CCE4FD99F8A1" box="[393,544,1770,1795]" name="South Africa" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">South Africa</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="F30B765BC111B167CD74CCE4FD1DF8A1" box="[564,676,1770,1795]" name="Mauritius" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
, W
<collectingCountry id="F30B765BC111B167CD91CCE4FC83F8A1" box="[721,826,1770,1795]" name="Australia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and Timor. Timor seems the most likely origin based upon these possible localities and their ophiofaunas, though one author suggested a potential origin from
<collectingCountry id="F30B765BC111B167CA6FCD00FA25F885" box="[1327,1436,1806,1831]" name="Mauritius" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC111B167CFDECD3CFE95F8E9" author="Cheke" box="[158,300,1842,1867]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Cheke, A. S. (2010) Is the enigmatic blind-snake Cathetorhinus melanocephalus (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) an extinct endemic species from Mauritius? Hamadryad, 35, 101 - 104." type="journal article" year="2010">Cheke 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3066540C111B160CF87CD58FD7FFEBE" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC111B160CF87CD58FD7FFEBE" blockId="43.[151,1436,1266,2011]" lastBlockId="44.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CF87CD58FE82F8CD" bold="true" box="[199,315,1878,1903]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Remarks.</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CEFDCD58FDE4F8CD" box="[445,605,1878,1903]" class="Squamata" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Cathetorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CEFDCD58FDE4F8CD" box="[445,605,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cathetorhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is resurrected here from the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CB7CCD58FF65F831" authority="Hedges et al. 2014" authorityName="Hedges et al." authorityYear="2014" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Ramphotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CB7CCD58FB41F8CD" box="[1084,1272,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Ramphotyphlops</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC111B167CA47CD58FF6DF831" author="Hedges" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Hedges, S. B., Marion, A. B., Lipp, K. M., Marin, J. &amp; Vidal, N. (2014) A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology, 49, 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="2014">
Hedges
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CA24CD59FA25F8CD" box="[1380,1436,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Previous authors considered
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CD7ECD74FCDFF831" box="[574,870,1914,1939]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CD7ECD74FCDFF831" box="[574,870,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Typhlops melanocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C111B167CC32CD74FC47F831" box="[882,1022,1914,1939]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Typhlopidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CB4ACD72FB13F831" box="[1034,1194,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">incertae sedis</emphasis>
, including
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC111B167CA74CD74FEE6F815" author="Dixon" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Dixon, J. R. &amp; Hendricks, F. S. (1979) The Wormsnakes (Family Typhlopidae) of the Neotropics, exclusive of the Antilles. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 173, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1979">Dixon &amp; Hendricks (1979)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC111B167CE2CCD90FE44F815" author="Hahn" box="[364,509,1950,1975]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Hahn, D. E. (1980) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Anomalepididae, Leptotyphlopidae, Typhlopidae. Das Tierreich, Berlin, 101, i - xii + 1 - 93. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783111385556. fm" type="journal article" year="1980">Hahn (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC111B167CD7ACD90FCEAF815" box="[570,851,1950,1975]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="McDiarmid, R. W., Campbell, J. A. &amp; Toure, T. S. A. (1999) Snake Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Volume 1). Herpetologists' League, Washington, DC, 512 pp." type="book">
McDiarmid
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C111B167CD84CD91FD47F815" box="[708,766,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
. The
<typeStatus id="54A78869C111B167CCD3CD91FC7AF815" box="[915,963,1951,1975]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
and only known specimen (MNHN 138), which is in poor condition, has been re-examined by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC111B167CDABCDCCFBA5F879" author="Wallach" box="[747,1052,1986,2011]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Wallach, V. &amp; Pauwels, O. S. G. (2008) The systematic status of Cathetorhinus melanocephalus Dumeril &amp; Bibron, 1844 (Serpentes: Typhlopidae). Hamadryad, 33, 39 - 47." type="journal article" year="2008">Wallach &amp; Pauwels (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, and does not fit the definitions of any other typhlopoid genera. Those authors resurrected
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C116B160CC44CA99FC1DFF12" box="[772,932,151,176]" class="Squamata" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Cathetorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C116B160CC44CA99FC1DFF12" box="[772,932,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Cathetorhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The combination of a T-II
<collectingCountry id="F30B765BC116B160CB97CA96FB46FF12" box="[1239,1279,152,176]" name="Cyprus" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">SIP</collectingCountry>
and 18 dorsal scale rows clearly allies it with
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C116B160CEBECAB2FD25FF77" box="[510,668,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gerrhopilidae</taxonomicName>
, as this is a common combination of characters in
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C116B160CB9CCAB2FADDFF77" box="[1244,1380,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C116B160CB9CCAB2FADDFF77" box="[1244,1380,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Gerrhopilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and only found in some individuals of one other African typhlopid species (
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C116B160CCA6CAD1FB15FF5A" box="[998,1196,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Letheobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C116B160CCA6CAD1FB15FF5A" box="[998,1196,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Letheobia debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Table 2). Thus, we transfer
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C116B160CFB3CB0AFE2AFEBF" box="[243,403,260,285]" class="Squamata" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Cathetorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C116B160CFB3CB0AFE2AFEBF" box="[243,403,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Cathetorhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C116B160CEF7CB0AFDEAFEBF" box="[439,595,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gerrhopilidae</taxonomicName>
(Table 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>