442 lines
51 KiB
XML
442 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="9DA023312B78D22548E60F1822CB723E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.246331" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bc74a10-7de0-4e39-8fc6-142a14d01b07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="246331" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513276238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2012" docId="03AB4D687B70D203FF6FF98CFC27FB61" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03438p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3438" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Borbo fatuellus subsp. fatuellus Hopffer 1855" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="FF9235107B64D215FFF8FF93FFC9FF97" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1698313706351" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="9B6FA134928889129B5BE6645E3F128A">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5E2517C7E7DEE326489225B1F0405CE9">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="08FE7F02294F55DF1D061E90BE9ECA4A">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1940A92EE808A9E023E392F215739949">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3727CE48745C5E1155AC9426F61855A0">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AB4D687B70D203FF6FF98CFC27FB61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680676" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523725" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680676" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB4D687B70D203FF6FF98CFC27FB61" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB4D687B70D203FF6FF98CFC27FB61" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B70D201FF6FF98CFCF7F9AE" box="[151,830,1567,1593]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B70D201FF6FF98CFCF7F9AE" blockId="20.[151,1436,1567,1843]" box="[151,830,1567,1593]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<heading id="D0F54B127B70D201FF6FF98CFCF7F9AE" bold="true" box="[151,830,1567,1593]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FF6FF98CFCF7F9AE" bold="true" box="[151,830,1567,1593]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B70D201FF6FF98CFDBFF9AE" authority="Hopffer, 1855" authorityName="Hopffer" authorityYear="1855" box="[151,630,1567,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="fatuellus" subSpecies="fatuellus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FF6FF98CFE0DF9AE" bold="true" box="[151,452,1567,1593]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Borbo fatuellus fatuellus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B70D201FE33F98CFDBFF9AE" author="Hopffer" box="[459,630,1567,1593]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Hopffer, [C.] (1855) Lepidoptera diurna. In: Peters, [W. C. H.] Reisewerke uber Mossambique. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1855, 636 - 660." type="journal article" year="1855">Hopffer, 1855</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B70D201FD7CF98CFCFFF9AE" box="[644,822,1567,1593]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 17" captionStart-1="FIGURE 18" captionStartId-0="22.[151,244,889,910]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,244,1987,2008]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,151,868]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,1325,1962]" captionTargetId-0="figure@22.[151,1436,151,868]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[151,1436,1325,1962]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionText-0="FIGURE 17. Final instar caterpillars of Borbo fatuellus. 1, dorsolateral view; collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Megathyrsus maximus, Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, 28. ix. 1987; moulted to final instar 2. x.; photographed 12. x., 37 mm; pupated 15. x., ref. 87 / 23; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view; collected as n- 2 caterpillar on unidentified grass, Kakamega Forest, 17. vi. 1991; moulted to final instar 7. vii.; photographed 7. vii., pupated 18. vii.; 91 / 41; 3, final instar, anterodorsolateral view, collected as small caterpillar on unidentified grass (? Panicum (s. l.) sp.), Adiopodoumé, Côte d’Ivoire, 28. v. 2005; moulted to final instar 17. vi.; photographed 17. vi., 22 mm; pupated 30. vi.; ref. 89 / 205 B. 4, final instar, anterolateral view of head; details as 3." captionText-1="FIGURE 18. Pupa of Borbo fatuellus, dorsal view, collected as small caterpillar on unidentified grass (? Panicum (s. l.) sp.), Adiopodoumé, Côte d’Ivoire, 28. v. 2005; pupated 30. vi.; photographed 30. vi.; adult 19. vii; ref. 89 / 205 B." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/246348/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/246349/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figures 17–18</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B70D203FF6FF9D1FC27FB61" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B70D201FF6FF9D1FB33F8A5" blockId="20.[151,1436,1567,1843]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B70D201FEE5F9D1FEB4F9CD" box="[285,381,1602,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatuellus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FEE5F9D1FEB4F9CD" box="[285,381,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fatuellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa and in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B70D201FC61F9D0FC23F9CD" box="[921,1002,1603,1626]" name="Yemen" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Yemen</collectingCountry>
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, and additional subspecies have been described from São Thomé and the
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B70D201FDD3F9F5FD5BF9E9" box="[555,658,1638,1662]" name="Comoros" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Comoros</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B70D201FD59F9F5FCFFF9E9" author="Evans" box="[673,822,1638,1662]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans 1937a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B70D201FCBAF9F4FC1BF9E9" author="Larsen" box="[834,978,1638,1662]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1984) Butterflies of Saudi Arabia and its neighbours. Transworld Arabian Library, Riyadh & Stacey International, London, 160 pp." type="book" year="1984">Larsen 1984</bibRefCitation>
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). A form with grey scaling on the UNH (
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FF58F918FF3AF935" box="[160,243,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">cinerea</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B70D201FF03F919FE9EF935" box="[251,343,1674,1698]" name="Netherlands" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Holland</collectingCountry>
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) has been associated with the dry season in eastern and southern Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B70D201FB6EF919FAE3F935" author="Evans" box="[1174,1322,1674,1698]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans 1937a</bibRefCitation>
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) and both forms are common in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B70D201FE6DF93CFE2BF950" box="[405,482,1711,1735]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B70D201FE0FF93CFD2AF951" box="[503,739,1710,1734]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April - July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130 - 151." type="journal article">Van Someren (1939)</bibRefCitation>
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reports
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B70D201FCBAF923FC0DF951" box="[834,964,1710,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatuellus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FCBAF923FC0DF951" box="[834,964,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B. fatuellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as fairly numerous in the grass and bush along the forest margins from
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<quantity id="4CFA519B7B70D201FE09F941FD53F97D" box="[497,666,1746,1770]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6002" metricValueMax="1.8288" metricValueMin="1.3716" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="ft" value="5250.0" valueMax="6000.0" valueMin="4500.0">4,500–6,000 ft</quantity>
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. (
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<quantity id="4CFA519B7B70D201FD55F941FC85F97D" box="[685,844,1746,1770]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.83" metricValueMin="1.3699999999999999" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1600.0" valueMax="1830.0" valueMin="1370.0">1370–1830 m</quantity>
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) in the Chyulu Hills, and it is not uncommon in the Makardara Forest (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B70D201FE93F965FDF1F899" author="Sevastopulo" box="[363,568,1782,1806]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974). Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo 1974</bibRefCitation>
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). I consider it an occasional but widespread species of open forest throughout
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B70D201FF6FF888FF2DF8A4" box="[151,228,1819,1843]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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. TCEC has found it mainly in woodland in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B70D201FD2AF889FCF3F8A5" box="[722,826,1818,1842]" name="Tanzania" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, but extending into open areas in forest.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B70D201FF6FF8F1FE85F8ED" blockId="20.[151,1436,1890,2022]" box="[151,332,1890,1914]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FF6FF8F1FE85F8ED" box="[151,332,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B70D201FF6FF815FEF1F871" blockId="20.[151,1436,1890,2022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Adults settle low on grasses and shrubs when they are easily caught (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B70D201FC5EF815FB7FF809" author="Dickson" box="[934,1206,1926,1950]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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). These perches are used to maintain territories as described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B70D201FD77F839FC41F855" box="[655,904,1962,1986]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FD00F838FCE2F855" box="[760,811,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
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. (1997)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, who note that adults also feed at flowers and damp patches.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF6FFF0BFED7FF27" blockId="21.[151,1436,152,789]" box="[151,286,152,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FF6FFF0BFED7FF27" box="[151,286,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF6FFF2FFC71FE3A" blockId="21.[151,1436,152,789]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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The recorded food plants are grasses.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FDA3FF2EFCD7FF43" box="[603,798,188,212]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Le Pelley, R. H. (1959) Agricultural insects of East Africa. East Africa High Commission, Nairobi, Kenya, 307 pp." type="book">Le Pelley (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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lists
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FC98FF2FFB8EFF43" ID-CoL="S5JZ" box="[864,1095,188,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FC98FF2FFB8EFF43" box="[864,1095,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cenchrus purpureus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FB92FF2EFABBFF43" ID-CoL="76LMF" box="[1130,1394,189,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureum">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FB92FF2EFABBFF43" box="[1130,1394,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pennisetum purpureum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FF6FFF4CFF38FF60" box="[151,241,223,247]" name="Uganda" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FF03FF4CFE6BFF60" author="Forsyth" box="[251,418,223,247]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Forsyth, J. (1966) Agricultural Insects of Ghana. Ghana Universities Press, Accra, Ghana, 163 pp." type="book" year="1966">Forsyth (1966)</bibRefCitation>
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gives
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FE12FF73FD90FF6F" ID-CoL="8W26D" box="[490,601,224,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FE12FF73FD90FF6F" box="[490,601,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Paspalum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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sp. and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FD4EFF72FCD6FF6F" ID-CoL="5CXX5" box="[694,799,225,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
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||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FD4EFF72FCD6FF6F" box="[694,799,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Zea mays</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(maize) in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FC67FF4CFC22FF60" box="[927,1003,223,247]" name="Ghana" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FBDCFF4CFB37FF60" author="Sevastopulo" box="[1060,1278,223,247]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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lists
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FAC0FF72FEE5FE8B" ID-CoL="4CFG7" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FAC0FF72FEE5FE8B" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Panicum trichocladum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FEC4FE96FE06FE8B" ID-CoL="S5JZ" box="[316,463,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FEC4FE96FE06FE8B" box="[316,463,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. purpureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FE09FE96FD3EFE8B" ID-CoL="76LMF" box="[497,759,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FE09FE96FD3EFE8B" box="[497,759,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pennisetum purpureum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and grasses generally from East Africa (this entry appears against both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FED6FEBAFE7BFED7" box="[302,434,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatuellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FED6FEBAFE7BFED7" box="[302,434,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B. fatuellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FE17FEBAFD95FED7" ID-CoL="MJB9" box="[495,604,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FE17FEBAFD95FED7" box="[495,604,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B. lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and I assume it applies to both). Sevastopulo (unpublished) does not mention
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FF01FEDEFE30FEF3" ID-CoL="4CFG7" box="[249,505,332,356]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FF01FEDEFE30FEF3" box="[249,505,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Panicum trichocladum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a food plant, so the origin of this record is not clear.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FB96FEDEFAEFFEF3" author="Vuattoux" box="[1134,1318,332,356]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reared ten specimens in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FED7FEFCFE0DFE10" box="[303,452,367,391]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
from several different grasses: five on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FC80FEE3FBE0FE1F" ID-CoL="4X29Q" box="[888,1065,368,392]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FC80FEE3FBE0FE1F" box="[888,1065,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Setaria barbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FB71FEE2FAA8FE1F" box="[1161,1377,368,392]" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Digitaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditoida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="atrofusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FB71FEE2FAA8FE1F" box="[1161,1377,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Digitaria atrofusca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FA79FEE2FECBFE3B" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Digitaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditoida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="seminuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FA79FEE2FECBFE3B" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">D. seminuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), one on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FE94FE06FD8FFE3B" ID-CoL="4X2GH" box="[364,582,404,428]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FE94FE06FD8FFE3B" box="[364,582,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two on unidentified grasses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF3FFE2BFC0BFDAB" blockId="21.[151,1436,152,789]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FF3FFE2BFEAEFE58" author="Larsen" box="[199,359,439,463]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FE5FFE2BFDC4FE47" ID-CoL="8VX87" box="[423,525,440,464]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FE5FFE2BFDC4FE47" box="[423,525,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ehrharta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FDE5FE2BFDA8FE58" ID-CoL="8VZYW" box="[541,609,440,463]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FDE5FE2BFDA8FE58" box="[541,609,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oryza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FD8AFE2AFD55FE47" ID-CoL="8W4SX" box="[626,668,441,464]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FD8AFE2AFD55FE47" box="[626,668,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Zea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FD55FE2BFCD1FE47" ID-CoL="8VW2R" box="[685,792,440,464]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FD55FE2BFCD1FE47" box="[685,792,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cenchrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FCC3FE2AFC77FE47" ID-CoL="8W27S" box="[827,958,441,464]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FCC3FE2AFC77FE47" box="[827,958,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FBFAFE2AFBAFFE47" ID-CoL="8W23T" box="[1026,1126,441,464]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FBFAFE2AFBAFFE47" box="[1026,1126,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but I have been unable to confirm
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FF0EFE4EFEF3FE63" ID-CoL="8VZYW" box="[246,314,477,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FF0EFE4EFEF3FE63" box="[246,314,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oryza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the literature.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FDDBFE4FFCCFFE63" box="[547,774,476,500]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FD84FE4EFD67FE63" box="[636,686,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FC97FE4FFC1CFE63" ID-CoL="8VX87" box="[879,981,476,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FC97FE4FFC1CFE63" box="[879,981,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ehrharta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FC1BFE4FFB87FE63" ID-CoL="8VW2R" box="[995,1102,476,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FC1BFE4FFB87FE63" box="[995,1102,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cenchrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FB97FE4EFB3BFE63" ID-CoL="8W27S" box="[1135,1266,477,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FB97FE4EFB3BFE63" box="[1135,1266,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FAF1FE4EFAA4FE63" ID-CoL="8W23T" box="[1289,1389,477,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FAF1FE4EFAA4FE63" box="[1289,1389,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FF6FFD93FF26FD80" box="[151,239,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FF6FFD93FF25FD80" ID-CoL="8W3JT" box="[151,236,512,535]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Setaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FEA9FD93FE3DFD80" author="Larsen" box="[337,500,511,535]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FDCFFD93FD41FD80" ID-CoL="8W3JT" box="[567,648,512,535]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FDCFFD93FD41FD80" box="[567,648,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Setaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FD62FD93FCCCFD8F" ID-CoL="8VW2R" box="[666,773,512,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FD62FD93FCCCFD8F" box="[666,773,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cenchrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FCD2FD92FC64FD8F" ID-CoL="8W27S" box="[810,941,513,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FCD2FD92FC64FD8F" box="[810,941,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FC30FD92FBE2FD8F" ID-CoL="8W23T" box="[968,1067,513,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FC30FD92FBE2FD8F" box="[968,1067,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FBC6FD93FB46FD80" ID-CoL="8W3JT" box="[1086,1167,512,535]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FBC6FD93FB46FD80" box="[1086,1167,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Setaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FB36FD92FAFFFD8F" box="[1230,1334,513,536]" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Digitaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditoida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FB36FD92FAFFFD8F" box="[1230,1334,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Digitaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; he also reports his observation of oviposition on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FD9BFDB6FC8AFDAB" ID-CoL="6N862" box="[611,835,548,572]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FD9BFDB6FC8AFDAB" box="[611,835,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Imperata cylindrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FC9EFDB7FC77FDAB" box="[870,958,548,572]" name="Nigeria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF3FFDDBFE5CFD30" blockId="21.[151,1436,152,789]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FF11FDD4FEB6FDC8" box="[233,383,583,607]" name="South Africa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FE76FDDBFDF0FDC8" author="Murray" box="[398,569,583,608]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, plates i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FDB0FDD4FCFDFDC8" box="[584,820,583,608]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FD5CFDDAFD29FDF7" box="[676,736,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FC8AFDD4FBA7FDC8" box="[882,1134,583,608]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FC25FDDAFBDBFDF7" box="[989,1042,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
give
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FB4BFDDBFAA0FDF7" ID-CoL="38V3B" box="[1203,1385,584,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FB4BFDDBFAA0FDF7" box="[1203,1385,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ehrharta erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FF6FFDFEFEBFFD13" ID-CoL="4X2GH" box="[151,374,620,644]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FF6FFDFEFEBFFD13" box="[151,374,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FE62FDFFFE22FD13" box="[410,491,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
) as food plants, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FCF9FDFFFBE1FD13" author="Dickson" box="[769,1064,620,644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also include “other grasses not specifically recorded”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF3FFD26FC7DFC83" blockId="21.[151,1436,152,789]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
I have reared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FE9CFD26FE2DFD5B" box="[356,484,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatuellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FE9CFD26FE2DFD5B" box="[356,484,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B. fatuellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FDEAFD27FCC7FD5B" box="[530,782,692,716]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FDEAFD27FCC7FD5B" box="[530,782,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FCC8FD26FBC0FD5B" ID-CoL="6TN3M" box="[816,1033,693,716]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FCC8FD26FBC0FD5B" box="[816,1033,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Panicum maximum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and another (non-flowering) grass in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FF4CFD4BFEC9FD67" box="[180,256,728,752]" name="Kenya" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FEBFFD4AFE63FD67" ID-CoL="8W23T" box="[327,426,729,752]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FEBFFD4AFE63FD67" box="[327,426,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FE43FD4BFE1CFD67" box="[443,469,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">s.l</emphasis>
|
||
.) sp. in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FDC8FD44FD03FD78" box="[560,714,727,751]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
. TCEC raised a specimen from an ovum laid on an unidentified grass in a forest glade at Ambangulu in the West Usambaras,
|
||
<date id="FFBCDABE7B71D200FCBFFD6EFC79FC83" box="[839,944,764,788]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-06">Jun 2001</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF6FFCD7FEEEFCCB" blockId="21.[151,1436,836,1004]" box="[151,295,836,860]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FF6FFCD7FEEEFCCB" box="[151,295,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF6FFCFBFECAFC7B" blockId="21.[151,1436,836,1004]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Two
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B71D200FF28FCF4FEECFCE8" box="[208,293,871,895]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5mm</quantity>
|
||
n-2 caterpillars collected on an unidentified grass in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FC79FCF4FBD1FCE8" box="[897,1048,871,895]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
(89/205B) made a two-cut shelter just before the leaf tip, by cutting two notches from the edge of the leaf,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B71D200FBEDFC1FFB94FC33" box="[1045,1117,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="25.0">25mm</quantity>
|
||
apart, and rolling the flap downwards to make a tube. The larger caterpillars shelter in a rolled leaf, and feeding is distal to this (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FAE6FC3CFF3EFC7B" author="Henning" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FA70FC22FF64FC7B" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF6FFB8FFEDCFBA3" blockId="21.[151,1437,1052,1904]" box="[151,277,1052,1076]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FF6FFB8FFEDCFBA3" box="[151,277,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF6FFBACFB48FB7F" blockId="21.[151,1437,1052,1904]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FEFBFBACFDC7FBC0" author="Dickson" box="[259,526,1087,1112]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) illustrates two different caterpillars of this species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FB6DFBACFAE3FBC0" box="[1173,1322,1087,1111]" name="South Africa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The first resembles one of those illustrated here (Figure 17.2); the second has the dark line in each half of the face narrower, and not extending basally, and the clypeus more extensively white.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FC6EFB14FB41FB08" box="[918,1160,1159,1184]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FC06FB1AFBE6FB37" box="[1022,1071,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
include a photograph of a caterpillar from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FE98FB3FFE3AFB53" box="[352,499,1196,1220]" name="South Africa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, similar to that shown here as Figure 17.3–4. Although Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B71D200FB2BFB3FFF19FB7F" author="Dickson" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) documents five instars, Sevastopulo (unpublished) recorded six at the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FC08FB42FBF0FB7E" box="[1008,1081,1233,1257]" name="Kenya" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
coast.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B71D200FF3FFB66FD43F8E7" blockId="21.[151,1437,1052,1904]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Up until the end of the penultimate instar, caterpillars have a plain, dark head; that of instar n-2 measured 1.2 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B71D200FF6FFA8BFF24FAA7" box="[151,237,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(91/41). The head of the penultimate instar measures 1.8 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B71D200FC77FA8BFC17FAA7" box="[911,990,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2); it may be uniformly dark, but in one case (91/41) had diffuse slightly paler areas on the epicranium, in front of the stemmata and on the frons; body green with a white dorsolateral line and a diffuse pale lateral line (87/23). Only in the final instar do the caterpillars develop a variably marked black and white head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B71D200FC87FA17FC38FA0B" box="[895,1009,1412,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,244,889,910]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,151,868]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,151,868]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Final instar caterpillars of Borbo fatuellus. 1, dorsolateral view; collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Megathyrsus maximus, Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, 28. ix. 1987; moulted to final instar 2. x.; photographed 12. x., 37 mm; pupated 15. x., ref. 87 / 23; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view; collected as n- 2 caterpillar on unidentified grass, Kakamega Forest, 17. vi. 1991; moulted to final instar 7. vii.; photographed 7. vii., pupated 18. vii.; 91 / 41; 3, final instar, anterodorsolateral view, collected as small caterpillar on unidentified grass (? Panicum (s. l.) sp.), Adiopodoumé, Côte d’Ivoire, 28. v. 2005; moulted to final instar 17. vi.; photographed 17. vi., 22 mm; pupated 30. vi.; ref. 89 / 205 B. 4, final instar, anterolateral view of head; details as 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246348/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 17</figureCitation>
|
||
), 2.5 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B71D200FBB2FA17FB50FA0B" box="[1098,1177,1412,1436]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=3). A description was prepared of a final instar caterpillar collected at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B71D200FB48FA3AFAF3FA57" box="[1200,1338,1449,1472]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B71D200FB48FA3AFAF3FA57" box="[1200,1338,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">M. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(87/23), which measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B71D200FEA1FA5FFE69FA73" box="[345,416,1484,1508]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="18.0">18mm</quantity>
|
||
when newly moulted and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B71D200FD2CFA5FFCD2FA73" box="[724,795,1484,1508]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="37.0">37mm</quantity>
|
||
when mature. Head wider near base; slightly indent at vertex; dark brown; face white, with dark brown sutures, and a black line running from about half way between top of adfrontals and vertex, parallel to epicranium, meeting adfrontal suture a little below apex; basal part of this line then curves laterally and becomes more diffuse; a vertical line in basal half of clypeus (similar to Figure 17.4, but the brown line is narrower in the described specimen); scattered short, pale, erect setae. T1 concolorous with body. Body light yellowish green; dorsal line darker green, becoming translucent as the caterpillar matures; well marked pale dorsolateral and lateral lines, becoming more diffuse, as the caterpillar matures; ventrally, spiracles and all legs whitish. I recorded that the wax glands develop ventrally in the mature final instar caterpillar as a double patch on A8 and a single patch on A9 for one caterpillar (87/23, Arabuko-Sokoke Forest), on A5 and A6 for another (91/41, Kakamega Forest), and on A7–A8 for a third (89/205B,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B71D200FC22F883FBBEF8BF" box="[986,1143,1808,1832]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
); further observations are needed to clarify this. The final instar takes about 13 days. Development from eclosion to pupation can take 33 days at the coast (Sevastopulo unpublished).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B72D203FF6FFCEAFB07FBB6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246348/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[151,1435,151,868]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B72D203FF6FFCEAFB07FBB6" blockId="22.[151,1436,889,1057]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FF6FFCEAFED1FC19" bold="true" box="[151,280,889,910]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 17</emphasis>
|
||
. Final instar caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B72D203FDBFFCE9FD28FC18" box="[583,737,890,911]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatuellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FDBFFCE9FD28FC18" box="[583,737,890,911]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Borbo fatuellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FD06FCEAFCC3FC19" bold="true" box="[766,778,889,910]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view; collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B72D203FF6FFC04FDAFFC3B" authority="Arabuko-Sokoke Forest" authorityName="Arabuko-Sokoke Forest" box="[151,614,919,940]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FF6FFC04FEA6FC3B" box="[151,367,919,940]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
, Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 28.ix.1987; moulted to final instar 2.x.; photographed 12.x., 37 mm; pupated 15.x., ref. 87/23;
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FEF0FC27FEDDFC5E" bold="true" box="[264,276,948,969]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterolateral view; collected as n-2 caterpillar on unidentified grass, Kakamega Forest, 17.vi.1991; moulted to final instar 7.vii.; photographed 7.vii., pupated 18.vii.; 91/41;
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FC94FC42FCB1FC71" bold="true" box="[876,888,977,998]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">3</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, anterodorsolateral view, collected as small caterpillar on unidentified grass (?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B72D203FE00FC7CFD84FB93" ID-CoL="8W23T" box="[504,589,1007,1028]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FE00FC7CFD84FB93" box="[504,589,1007,1028]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FD99FC7CFDB1FB93" box="[609,632,1007,1028]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">s.l</emphasis>
|
||
.) sp.), Adiopodoumé, Côte d’Ivoire, 28.v.2005; moulted to final instar 17.vi.; photographed 17.vi., 22mm; pupated 30.vi.; ref. 89/205B.
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FD35FB9FFD10FBB6" bold="true" box="[717,729,1036,1057]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">4</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, anterolateral view of head; details as 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B72D203FF6FFBDCFF1BFBF1" blockId="22.[151,1436,1103,1271]" box="[151,210,1103,1126]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B72D203FF6FFBDCFF1BFBF1" box="[151,210,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B72D203FF6FFBE1FC27FB61" blockId="22.[151,1436,1103,1271]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The pupa, typical of the group, is formed partially exposed in a leaf only partly rolled and held with silk basal and distal to the pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B72D203FE9DFB05FE1FFB39" box="[357,470,1174,1198]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="22.[151,244,1987,2008]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1325,1962]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,1325,1962]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 18. Pupa of Borbo fatuellus, dorsal view, collected as small caterpillar on unidentified grass (? Panicum (s. l.) sp.), Adiopodoumé, Côte d’Ivoire, 28. v. 2005; pupated 30. vi.; photographed 30. vi.; adult 19. vii; ref. 89 / 205 B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246349/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shelter is lined with white waxy powder, but this is not on the pupa itself. Male pupa 87/23 was
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B72D203FEA9FB29FE51FB45" box="[337,408,1210,1234]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="31.0">31mm</quantity>
|
||
long and about
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B72D203FDA9FB29FD42FB45" box="[593,651,1210,1234]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="5.0">5mm</quantity>
|
||
at the widest; slender, with a straight frontal spike
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B72D203FB28FB29FAD6FB45" box="[1232,1311,1210,1234]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5mm</quantity>
|
||
long; light green; narrow subdorsal lines about
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B72D203FDD5FB4DFDAEFB61" box="[557,615,1246,1270]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
|
||
apart. Pupation takes 10–19 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |