186 lines
21 KiB
XML
186 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="3A12F6EB726E0D550E6F9D9966BBABB5" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021526" ID-ZooBank="987FAD00-32A7-4E38-AFAD-6EAC8D808FB2" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1730450932891" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yiu, Sam King Fung & Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2024" docId="03BF87BF26365D7A61C4BFD5FB2F446D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5526.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5526 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Pentaceraster Doderlein 1916" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FF86FFC7260F5D436153BE46FFA14013" masterDocTitle="New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1730897207528" updateUser="guilherme">
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<mods:mods id="7DDC3E032B88A65F6C0B5C24A4A37701" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EDAD44FDBB489C5305136611BBE692BB">
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<mods:title id="93DC69E11EAE872BFBAA02E69C34D3D3">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E09B9D3216273725289286979ED4D255" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="BF67BF8939840F56460A8D96CD33F027">
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<mods:roleTerm id="105284A0EA40EC52C42453096F5E4DD0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="83CA88344A0B0EF3E6687940C7BA1EC0">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9B1096DE76A0EBD58F2B0E29FC395E60" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6212-7339</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="D5F7963E9C4A6B7E873552B74169067C">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E48DC90B8899FA5882A2F173B827AEC5" type="email">cyclesamyiu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="09D564E94723C2E49E15DDBC12D3EC84" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EAADEE7392E81EFB613E83A8A6ED2228">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6610BA003FD22126E3FC3DD0A2D8986C">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0FC2758272B4BE72174016BE6582EB7A" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6212-7339</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="D6C3C1901AAC3996D3441E6710ACE38B">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 & Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 & School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BE02BEE2498E3838222A36FFE1AC738E" type="email">cyclesamyiu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5F3CDD5ACED749582C5583298AE4300A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1C84CB4951208516F32E14043290F112">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F42392E621D8B9CE399EFA939D890A63">
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<mods:date id="768452F5BE3E9411FED73B64D46B7A2F">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DC9BFC0547CB8514B09349EB972901E6">2024-10-22</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="D689053FBB16651DB5C0AFA4BDC6A5C1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="23DD81AE7EF276EB400D727EE1F5A445">5526</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="0D937C966B2C08E571823693AAEA15DC" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="E54E8AA93291B87A5A9AAC0DEA6755D4">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="179FA13D82B8F146EA1EED7E3B1B83CF">1</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="E66718D6639ECC7F59C25B733E6C9F9F">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="3D17899B86FCAB74E0929AD00D56F387">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="68B09FAE755CD443129FCCFE134673E6" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="27301CB1EB29247CFDA4237D26883AD9" type="ISSN">1175-5334</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BF87BF26365D7A61C4BFD5FB2F446D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26365D7A61C4BFD5FB2F446D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF87BF26365D7A61C4BFD5FB2F446D" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226365D7A61C4BFD5FDA241BE" box="[151,515,403,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A61C4BFD5FDA241BE" blockId="57.[151,515,403,429]" box="[151,515,403,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<heading id="D0E181C526365D7A61C4BFD5FDA241BE" bold="true" box="[151,515,403,429]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A61C4BFD5FDA241BE" ID-CoL="7PQQQ" authority="Doderlein 1916" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,515,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A61C4BFD5FDA241BE" bold="true" box="[151,515,403,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A61C4BFD5FE9C41BE" bold="true" box="[151,317,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826365D7A6016BFD5FDA241BE" author="Doderlein, L." box="[325,515,403,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="409 - 440" refId="ref38394" refString="Doderlein, L. (1916) Uber die Gattung Oreaster und verwandte. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 40, 409 - 440." type="journal article" year="1916">Döderlein 1916</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226365D7A61C4BF9AFB2F446D" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A61C4BF9AFBEC4272" blockId="57.[151,1437,475,1150]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A61C4BF9AFE9541E6" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,308,476,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A61C4BF9AFE9541E6" box="[151,308,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a highly diverse member of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A63FCBF9DFC9D41E6" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1908" box="[687,828,475,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Oreasteridae</taxonomicName>
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which currently includes 14 species and occurs widely across the Indo-Pacific.Although formally described by Döderlein, (1916, 1935, 1936), there is substantial variation within and among
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6027BC62FDCD422E" box="[372,620,547,573]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6027BC62FDB0422E" box="[372,529,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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and other genera within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6290BC65FBF2422E" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1908" box="[963,1107,547,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Oreasteridae</taxonomicName>
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, leading to some taxonomic controversy between species (e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6344BC0EFCA94272" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[535,776,583,610]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6344BC0EFCA94272" box="[535,776,583,610]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Oreaster occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A626DBC0EFB9C4272" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[830,1085,584,609]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cumingi">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A626DBC0EFB9C4272" box="[830,1085,584,609]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster cumingi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A6194BC2DFAFB42E2" blockId="57.[151,1437,475,1150]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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A guide and checklist of
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A608EBC2AFD0E4295" box="[477,687,620,646]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A608EBC2AFDDB4296" box="[477,634,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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in Southern
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A626DBC2DFC204296" box="[830,897,619,645]" name="China" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">China</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A62E4BC2AFB984295" box="[951,1081,620,646]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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was presented by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826365D7A6454BC2DFF4342B9" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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with a key to species across the Indo-Pacific by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826365D7A63A9BCC9FC5142BA" author="Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E." box="[762,1008,655,682]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 238" refId="ref38083" refString="Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. British Museum (Natural History) Publications, 690, i - ix + 1 - 238, 31 pls." type="journal article" year="1971">Clark & Rowe (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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. We record two species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A65ACBCD6FEAB42DE" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alveolatus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A65ACBCD6FEAB42DE" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster alveolatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6013BCF2FD9B42DE" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[320,570,691,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6013BCF2FD9B42DE" box="[320,570,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster sibogae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A632EBCF2FCA142DD" box="[637,768,692,718]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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waters, in addition to
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A62ABBCF2FAB742DE" baseAuthorityName="Goto" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1016,1302,691,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnificus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A62ABBCF2FAB742DE" box="[1016,1302,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster magnificus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as recorded from
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A6186BC9EFEF942E1" box="[213,344,728,754]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826365D7A60D1BC91FDC842E1" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[386,617,727,754]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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bringing the total number of
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A62E0BC9EFBF142E2" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[947,1104,728,753]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A62E0BC9EFBF142E2" box="[947,1104,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A6527BC9EFB5642E1" box="[1140,1271,728,754]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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to three.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A6194BCBAFDDD4392" blockId="57.[151,1437,475,1150]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6194BCBAFD324306" ID-CoL="76MQB" authority="(Goto 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Goto" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[199,659,763,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnificus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6194BCBAFE514306" box="[199,496,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster magnificus</emphasis>
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(Goto 1914)
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</taxonomicName>
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was compared with
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A62F3BCBAFB004306" ID-CoL="76MBV" baseAuthorityName="Muller & Troschel" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[928,1185,763,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regulus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A62F3BCBAFB004306" box="[928,1185,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster regulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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forma
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6456BCBDFAC54306" box="[1285,1380,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">cebuana</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A61C4BD66FDC0432A" ID-CoL="8T7H2" authority="Doderlein 1916" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,609,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A61C4BD66FE09432A" box="[151,424,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster japonicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826365D7A60FCBD59FDC0432A" author="Doderlein, L." box="[431,609,799,825]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="409 - 440" refId="ref38394" refString="Doderlein, L. (1916) Uber die Gattung Oreaster und verwandte. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 40, 409 - 440." type="journal article" year="1916">Döderlein 1916</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Descriptions of these species list the absent spination from the abactinal-lateral and marginal surfaces, suggesting they all likely conspecific with
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6299BD02FB4B434E" ID-CoL="76MQB" baseAuthorityName="Goto" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[970,1258,835,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnificus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6299BD02FB4B434E" box="[970,1258,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster magnificus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. A more formal account of this synonymy is in preparation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A6194BDCDFC034402" blockId="57.[151,1437,475,1150]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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The other two species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A60A1BDCAFD2E43B6" ID-CoL="7PQQQ" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[498,655,908,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A60A1BDCAFD2E43B6" box="[498,655,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A63EABDCAFCE143B5" box="[697,832,908,934]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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|
are differentiated based on spination present on the marginal plates.
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6002BDF6FDED43DA" ID-CoL="76MC7" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[337,588,943,969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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|
<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6002BDF6FDED43DA" box="[337,588,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster sibogae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
displays spines on all marginal plates with strongly developed spination on the abactinal and lateral surfaces, whereas
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A633FBD92FC2343FE" ID-CoL="76MQ7" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[620,898,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alveolatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A633FBD92FC2343FE" box="[620,898,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster alveolatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
displays spines only on the distal inferomarginal plates with indistinct or weakly developed abactinal-lateral spination.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A6194BA5DFB2F446D" blockId="57.[151,1437,475,1150]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
|
Relatively little is known regarding the biology and ecology of
|
|
<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A62E2BA5AFBF24426" box="[945,1107,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A62E2BA5AFBEE4426" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[945,1103,1052,1077]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Pentaceraster</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826365D7A650EBA5DFA8C4426" author="Thomassin, B. A." box="[1117,1325,1051,1077]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="51 - 65" refId="ref42925" refString="Thomassin, B. A. (1976) Feeding behaviour of the felt-, sponge-, and coral-feeder sea stars, mainly Culcita schmideliana. Helgolander wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 28, 51 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01610796" type="journal article" year="1976">Thomassin (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
observed
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A61C4BA06FE62444A" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[151,451,1087,1113]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mammilatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A61C4BA06FE62444A" box="[151,451,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster mammilatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the Indian Ocean, occurring primarily on eelgrass where he believed they were feeding on microalgae and biofilms. However observation herein suggests a broader range of prey.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
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</document> |