183 lines
20 KiB
XML
183 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="A2DF17327204BF6BA56AD8BA773C14EE" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021526" ID-ZooBank="987FAD00-32A7-4E38-AFAD-6EAC8D808FB2" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1730450932891" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yiu, Sam King Fung & Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2024" docId="03BF87BF26365D7961C4BA89FAFA4515" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5526.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5526 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Pentaceraster alveolatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="FF86FFC7260F5D436153BE46FFA14013" masterDocTitle="New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1730451613712" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E8B7FAE4D8BDE3CC1D828DD346B326B2">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1577C19EB6900691CE3CBE974AFFAC81">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AA60B5C2C758CAFBC5F5F60669AEE792">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="19BC044E545D2E8964F6A47DD91F91AF" type="email">cyclesamyiu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="67E6BD7D20D72BAEF39B7BE4C2CD9AFA">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A53309BDF21E8B363BBDBF5D8DD38172">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 & Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 & School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B6596D9CBE0DFA892991B27789E74D83" type="email">cyclesamyiu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="9D56DEB9CD7F922BF8769D8EA9D88D2F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4B7BAACF7BDF11B2DD23E78B05CF6975">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="98D1EBE8A1F3547E1C4B5C4E819A4756">2024-10-22</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226365D7A61C4BA89FDD744FA" box="[151,630,1231,1258]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A61C4BA89FDD744FA" blockId="57.[151,630,1231,1293]" box="[151,630,1231,1258]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<heading id="D0E181C526365D7A61C4BA89FDD744FA" bold="true" box="[151,630,1231,1258]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A61C4BA89FDD744FA" ID-CoL="76MQ7" authority="(Perrier 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[151,630,1231,1258]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alveolatus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A61C4BA89FDD744FA" bold="true" box="[151,630,1231,1258]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A61C4BA89FE1E44F9" bold="true" box="[151,447,1231,1258]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pentaceraster alveolatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826365D7A609DBA89FDCF44FA" author="Perrier, E." box="[462,622,1231,1257]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref42240" refString="Perrier, E. (1875) Revision de la collection de stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 pp." type="book" year="1875">Perrier 1875</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226365D7A61C4BAB5FEF5451E" box="[151,340,1267,1293]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description">
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26365D7A61C4BAB5FEF5451E" box="[151,340,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="58.[151,250,973,997]" captionTargetBox="[281,1305,181,949]" captionTargetId="figure-23@58.[281,1305,181,949]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pentaceraster alveolatus/P. sibogae A. In situ, abactinal surface. B. Abactinal surface showing pattern variation. C. & D. Pentaceraster sibogae. Feeding on urchin, Heliocidaris crassispina Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021615/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 42A–B</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226365D7961C4BB7DFAFA4515" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A61C4BB7DFEBF4546" blockId="57.[151,286,1339,1365]" box="[151,286,1339,1365]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A61C4BB7DFEBF4546" bold="true" box="[151,286,1339,1365]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Comments</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A61C4BBC5FDC745D1" blockId="57.[151,1437,1411,1978]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Although this species has been recorded from southern
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A624CBBC5FCC3458E" box="[799,866,1411,1437]" name="China" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">China</collectingCountry>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826365D7A62C1BBC5FB24458D" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[914,1157,1411,1438]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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, this represents the first occurrence of this species in
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A6088BBEEFDC245D1" box="[475,611,1448,1474]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A6194BB8DFA3C4716" blockId="57.[151,1437,1411,1978]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Morphology and color of this species is highly variable across its range. Even for individuals in the
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A6449BB8AFA3D45F5" box="[1306,1436,1484,1510]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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area, several color and spine variations have been observed. Morphologically, some individuals show a much broader disk with more triangular arms (R/r=3.3–3.5) versus others with a smaller disk and narrower arms (R=2.3–2.8). Abactinal spine morphology also varies, with some individuals showing more conical and blunt tips versus others which show large, round tubercles with no pointed tips. Spine position appears consistent in observed individuals with disk spines occurring on the primary circlet and the carinal series irregularly present along the radius of each arm with few to no prominent spines on the abactinal-lateral regions of the disk and arms. Colors, show a highly diverse range among observed specimens, including red to orange with frosted white highlights and yellow spines, blue-gray with dark blue to black highlights with orange spines, to orange-brown with white spines and highlights.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926365D7A6194B949FE7B47A9" blockId="57.[151,1437,1411,1978]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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One color morphotype of this species, showed a superficial resemblance with
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6507B956FA87473A" baseAuthorityName="Mobius" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1108,1318,1807,1833]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Poraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="superbus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6507B956FA87473A" box="[1108,1318,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Poraster superbus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in having more elongate arms and a higher R/r ratio (3.3 to 3.5) and round bulb-like carinal spines along the arms.
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6469B972FF5D4762" baseAuthorityName="Mobius" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Poraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="superbus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6469B972FF5D4762" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Poraster superbus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is apparently reported from Japanese waters (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826365D7A6254B911FC524762" author="Kogure, Y. & Igei, H." box="[775,1011,1879,1905]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="33 - 36" refId="ref40344" refString="Kogure, Y. & Igei, H. (2013) First record of the large tropical oreasterid sea star Poraster superbus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from Japanese waters. Biogeography, 15, 33 - 36." type="journal article" year="2013">Kogure & Igei 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). However, specimens observed from
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926365D7A61C4B93AFEB84785" box="[151,281,1916,1942]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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demonstrate granules covering the bulb-like carinal spines and lack the interradial, inter marginal plates which characterize
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26365D7A6022B9E6FE7247AA" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[369,467,1952,1977]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Poraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26365D7A6022B9E6FE7247AA" box="[369,467,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Poraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF69662126355D7961C4BD8BFAAC4419" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021615" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021615/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" startId="58.[151,250,973,997]" targetBox="[281,1305,181,949]" targetPageId="58" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926355D7961C4BD8BFAAC4419" blockId="58.[151,1437,973,1034]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7961C4BD8BFD1543F6" bold="true" box="[151,692,973,997]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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FIGURE 42.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D796075BD88FD3443F6" bold="true" box="[294,661,973,997]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26355D796075BD88FD8043F6" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[294,545,973,997]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alveolatus">Pentaceraster alveolatus</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26355D79637FBD8BFD3443F6" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[556,661,973,997]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">P. sibogae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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A.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7963E9BD88FCA143F6" box="[698,768,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26355D7963E9BD88FD5D43F6" box="[698,764,974,997]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">In situ</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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abactinal surface.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7962EDBD88FC7443F5" bold="true" box="[958,981,974,998]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">B.</emphasis>
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Abactinal surface showing pattern variation.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7961C4BDB7FE7D441A" bold="true" box="[151,476,1009,1034]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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C. & D.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7961A2BDB4FE7D441A" bold="true" box="[241,476,1009,1033]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26355D7961A2BDB4FE76441A" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[241,471,1009,1033]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">Pentaceraster sibogae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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Feeding on urchin,
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26355D7963F4BDB4FB924419" authority="Photographer" authorityName="Photographer" box="[679,1075,1010,1034]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinometridae" genus="Heliocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassispina">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7963F4BDB4FC3E441A" box="[679,927,1010,1034]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Heliocidaris crassispina</emphasis>
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Photographer
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</taxonomicName>
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: Sam King Fung Yiu.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7961C4BA1AFE6B4465" bold="true" box="[151,458,1116,1142]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="3B7E3CF426355D7961C4BAE2FE3244AD" box="[151,403,1188,1215]" country="Hong Kong" elevation="13" location="Hong Kong" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" specimenCount="1">
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D7961C4BAE2FEBC44AD" box="[151,285,1188,1214]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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,
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.
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926355D796194BA8EFAFA4515" blockId="58.[151,1436,1188,1287]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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Outside
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D79607ABA8EFE1544F1" box="[297,436,1224,1250]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Hainan Island, Widely occurring throughout the Indo-Pacific. Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D796452BA8EFAE544F1" box="[1281,1348,1224,1250]" name="Japan" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D796401BA8EFA3944F1" box="[1362,1432,1224,1250]" name="China" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D7961C4BAAAFF7F4515" box="[151,222,1260,1286]" name="Guam" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D7961B9BAAAFE384515" box="[234,409,1260,1286]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D7960F6BAAAFE554515" box="[421,500,1260,1286]" name="Samoa" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D7960ACBAAAFDCE4515" box="[511,623,1260,1286]" name="Indonesia" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D796329BAAAFD5A4515" box="[634,763,1260,1286]" name="Philippines" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Western Australia,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26355D796288BAAAFB914515" box="[987,1072,1260,1287]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="1.0">1–54 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826355D79656DBAAAFAF14515" author="Marsh, L. & Fromont, J." box="[1086,1360,1260,1286]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refId="ref41108" refString="Marsh, L. & Fromont, J. (2020) Field Guide to Shallow Water Sea Stars of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Australia, 543 pp." type="book" year="2020">Marsh & Fromont 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |