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<mods:title id="C52A8C8186B8E521671690953E8A9930">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DD14AEEBFC6F336C918EA5EFD32C74D2">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C4603C5ACD2555327F6D043DC7E363C1">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="18848593B7797B0EA1F12438171D60C6">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="59E328F910F445CB6450A57E37F69B18">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 &amp; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 &amp; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="D16E4D2985932A4C76DA783FB64DEB60">2024</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262D5D6161C4BED1FD3A40A2" ID-CoL="G85B" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel 1840" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,667,151,178]" class="Asteroidea" family="Archasteridae" genus="Archaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typicus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6161C4BED1FECB40A2" bold="true" box="[151,362,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Archaster typicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262D5D616021BED1FD3A40A2" author="Muller, J. &amp; Troschel, F. H." box="[370,667,151,177]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref41554" refString="Muller, J. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1840) Ueber die Gattungen der Asterien. Archiv fur" type="book" year="1840">Müller &amp; Troschel 1840</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C262D5D6161C4BEFDFEBE40C5" box="[151,287,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="34.[151,250,952,976]" captionTargetId="figure-31@34.[333,1255,237,929]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 25. Archaster typicus. In situ observation. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14045733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14045733/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 25</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6161C4BDFEFE4243C2" bold="true" box="[151,483,952,977]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
FIGURE 25.
<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D616075BDFEFE4243C2" box="[294,483,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262D5D616075BDFEFE7F43C2" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[294,478,952,977]" class="Asteroidea" family="Archasteridae" genus="Archaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typicus">Archaster typicus</taxonomicName>
.
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</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262D5D6160BABDFFFD0843C2" authority="observation" authorityName="Observation" box="[489,681,953,977]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">In situ observation</taxonomicName>
. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6161C4BA65FEBF442E" bold="true" box="[151,286,1059,1085]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Comments</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A9262D5D6161C4BA2DFB114592" blockId="34.[151,1437,1131,1517]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The
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is a monotypic family including the single genus
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262D5D6162DEBA2DFC5B4496" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[909,1018,1131,1157]" class="Asteroidea" family="Archasteridae" genus="Archaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6162DEBA2DFC5B4496" box="[909,1018,1131,1157]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Archaster</emphasis>
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which in turn, includes three species, two present in the Indian Ocean and a third, the widely occurring
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262D5D6162D1BAC9FBE744BA" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[898,1094,1167,1193]" class="Asteroidea" family="Archasteridae" genus="Archaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typicus">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6162D1BAC9FBE744BA" box="[898,1094,1167,1193]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Archaster typicus</emphasis>
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in the tropical central Pacific. This species is present on sandy, unconsolidated bottoms where they apparently evert their stomachs to feed.
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262D5D616406BAF5FECC44E2" author="Marsh, L. &amp; Fromont, J." pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref41108" refString="Marsh, L. &amp; Fromont, J. (2020) Field Guide to Shallow Water Sea Stars of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Australia, 543 pp." type="book" year="2020">Marsh &amp; Fromont (2020)</bibRefCitation>
presented a brief summary of the biology of this species. Perhaps the best known aspect of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262D5D6161C4BABDFEFB4506" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,346,1275,1301]" class="Asteroidea" family="Archasteridae" genus="Archaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typicus">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6161C4BABDFEFB4506" box="[151,346,1275,1301]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Archaster typicus</emphasis>
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is their reproductive behavior which involves the, unusual in echinoderms, physical superposition of males on females, known as pseudocopulation (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262D5D61625BBB59FC1C452A" author="Run, J-Q &amp; Chen, C-P. &amp; Chiang, K-H. &amp; Chia, F-S." box="[776,957,1311,1337]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="247 - 253" refId="ref42334" refString="Run, J-Q, Chen, C-P., Chiang, K-H. &amp; Chia, F-S. (1988) Mating behaviour and reproductive cycle of Archaster typicus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Marine Biology, 99, 247 - 253." type="journal article" year="1988">
Run
<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D616213BB66FCD3452A" box="[832,882,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
. 1988
</bibRefCitation>
). An unpublished Masters thesis by Wong Tim Lung (2016) notes a population explosion of this species recorded by surveys between 2012 and 2014, which may have affected bivalve populations suggesting significant impact on community structure.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A262D5D616194BBCDFE2C45B6" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[199,397,1419,1445]" class="Asteroidea" family="Archasteridae" genus="Archaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typicus">
<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D616194BBCDFE2C45B6" box="[199,397,1419,1445]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Archaster typicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a familiar species, occurring in great abundance and occurring in shallow-water depths, leading to intensive fishing for tourist shops, holiday ornaments, and the pet trade has led to localized disappearance of this species as noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262D5D616090BB95FD2245FE" author="Bos, A. R. &amp; Gumanao, G. S. &amp; Alipoyo, J. C. E. &amp; Cardona, L. T. &amp; Salac, F. N." box="[451,643,1491,1517]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="11 - 24" refId="ref37224" refString="Bos, A. R., Gumanao, G. S., Alipoyo, J. C. E., Cardona, L. T. &amp; Salac, F. N. (2008) Population structure of common Indo-Pacific sea stars in the Davao Gulf. Proceedings of 9 th biannual meeting Philippine Association of Marine Science. University of the Philippines, Visayas Journal of Natural Sciences, 13, 11 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 008 - 1064 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
Bos
<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6160A5BB92FD8645FE" box="[502,551,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB262D5D6161C4B879FE6B464A" bold="true" box="[151,458,1599,1625]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<collectingCountry id="F3017639262D5D6161C4B8C1FEBC46B2" box="[151,285,1671,1697]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
,
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east,
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.
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occurring throughout the tropical
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and adjoining regions,
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,
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3017639262D5D616379B889FBD646FA" box="[554,1143,1743,1769]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Japan, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
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,
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coast,
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B58262D5D616201B8B5FBC3471E" author="Marsh, L. &amp; Fromont, J." box="[850,1122,1779,1805]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref41108" refString="Marsh, L. &amp; Fromont, J. (2020) Field Guide to Shallow Water Sea Stars of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Australia, 543 pp." type="book" year="2020">Marsh &amp; Fromont 2020</bibRefCitation>
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