202 lines
23 KiB
XML
202 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="F991201A3B8EE785C204421ABC11D5A1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021526" ID-ZooBank="987FAD00-32A7-4E38-AFAD-6EAC8D808FB2" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1730450932891" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yiu, Sam King Fung & Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2024" docId="03BF87BF26155D5861C4BED1FCAE4199" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5526.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5526 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Tripneustes gratilla" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="FF86FFC7260F5D436153BE46FFA14013" masterDocTitle="New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1730835946354" updateUser="guilherme">
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<mods:title id="BA6C3EE52073EBDF32E35991299632BC">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6D6AB5770AFC9875040B698629229274">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E915155D72A6CAB9BCD752FDE3AFF4A8">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4AB03A8BBF85A7C4FAD21C3BB2572BFF" type="email">cyclesamyiu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="099945F35FB012C69A0931607DC13755">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="401670B61ABC7EADBC22610CC79A4B97">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 & Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 & School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="BCAB71CBE42B0FEF35A1E95CE72CA2BB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B6088F27BCEC00BED25889E3EAAD8552">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226155D5961C4BED1FDF540A2" box="[151,596,151,178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926155D5961C4BED1FDF540A2" blockId="26.[151,596,151,213]" box="[151,596,151,178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="D0E181C526155D5961C4BED1FDF540A2" bold="true" box="[151,596,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26155D5961C4BED1FDF540A2" ID-CoL="58YW5" authority="(Linnaeus 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,596,151,178]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gratilla">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D5961C4BED1FDF540A2" bold="true" box="[151,596,151,178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D5961C4BED1FE2240A1" bold="true" box="[151,387,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tripneustes gratilla</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826155D5960C7BED1FDEA40A2" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[404,587,151,177]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref40934" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226155D5961C4BEFDFEF440C6" box="[151,341,187,213]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926155D5961C4BEFDFEF440C6" blockId="26.[151,596,151,213]" box="[151,341,187,213]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26155D5961C4BEFDFEF440C6" box="[151,341,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1223,1247]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1199]" captionTargetId="figure-31@26.[151,1436,237,1199]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 17. Tripneustes gratilla. Color morphotypes and in situ covering behavior. A. Dark orange morphotype. B. Yellow Morphotype. C. White morphotype. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021564/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 17A–C</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF69662126155D5961C4BA81FCD24510" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021564" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021564/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[151,250,1223,1247]" targetBox="[151,1436,237,1199]" targetPageId="26" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926155D5961C4BA81FCD24510" blockId="26.[151,1436,1223,1284]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D5961C4BA81FE5A44CC" bold="true" box="[151,507,1223,1247]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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FIGURE 17.
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26155D59607BBA81FE5444CC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[296,501,1223,1247]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gratilla">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D59607BBA81FE5444CC" bold="true" box="[296,501,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tripneustes gratilla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Color morphotypes and
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26155D5963A8BA81FC9A44CC" box="[763,827,1223,1247]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">in situ</taxonomicName>
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covering behavior.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D596554BA81FB8144CC" bold="true" box="[1031,1056,1223,1247]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A.</emphasis>
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Dark orange morphotype.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D596465BA81FAED44CC" bold="true" box="[1334,1356,1223,1247]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">B.</emphasis>
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Yellow Morphotype.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D596072BAADFE984510" bold="true" box="[289,313,1259,1283]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C.</emphasis>
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White morphotype. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226155D5861C4BB13FCAE4199" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926155D5961C4BB13FEBF457C" blockId="26.[151,286,1365,1391]" box="[151,286,1365,1391]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D5961C4BB13FEBF457C" bold="true" box="[151,286,1365,1391]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Comments</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926155D5961C4BBD8FA3C4613" blockId="26.[151,1437,1437,1932]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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A commonly encountered species in shallow water Indo-Pacific settings. In
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926155D596535BBD8FB5945AB" box="[1126,1272,1438,1464]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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, this species are observed in the Trio Island and the Ninepin Islands. Color varies, ranging from individuals with white to orange spines with dark or black test, especially along the interradial regions (
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26155D5965AFBBA3FA304613" box="[1276,1425,1509,1536]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1223,1247]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1199]" captionTargetId="figure-31@26.[151,1436,237,1199]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 17. Tripneustes gratilla. Color morphotypes and in situ covering behavior. A. Dark orange morphotype. B. Yellow Morphotype. C. White morphotype. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021564/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17A–C</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926155D596194B84CFC26467F" blockId="26.[151,1437,1437,1932]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26155D596194B84CFE034630" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[199,418,1545,1571]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gratilla">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D596194B84CFE034630" box="[199,418,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tripneustes gratilla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is herbivorous, feeding primarily on algae. Its feeding habits and ecology have been studied in populations across its range (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826155D59637AB86BFC89465B" author="Vaitilingon, D. & Rasolofonirina, R. & Jangoux, M." box="[553,808,1581,1608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="451 - 458" refId="ref43173" refString="Vaitilingon, D., Rasolofonirina, R. & Jangoux, M. (2003) Feeding preferences, seasonal gut repletion indices, and diel feeding patterns of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) on a coastal habitat off Toliara (Madagascar) Marine Biology, 143, 451 - 458. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 003 - 1111 - y" type="journal article" year="2003">
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Vaïtilingon
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D5963FEB868FD7F4654" box="[685,734,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2003
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</bibRefCitation>
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), with particular relevance found in
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<collectingRegion id="49D2F84B26155D5965EEB86BFAAF4654" box="[1213,1294,1581,1607]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
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where it has shown potential as a biological control agent (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826155D5963C8B817FCDA467F" author="Stimson, J. & Cunha, T. & Philippoff, J." box="[667,891,1617,1644]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1761 - 1772" refId="ref42856" refString="Stimson, J., Cunha, T. & Philippoff, J. (2007) Food preferences and related behavior of the browsing sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) and its potential for use as a biological control agent. Marine Biology, 151, 1761 - 1772. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 007 - 0628 - x" type="journal article" year="2007">
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Stimson
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D5963ACB814FC914678" box="[767,816,1617,1643]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926155D596194B830FC7946CB" blockId="26.[151,1437,1437,1932]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26155D596194B830FE02469C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[199,419,1653,1679]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gratilla">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D596194B830FE02469C" box="[199,419,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tripneustes gratilla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is one of several urchin species that practices “covering behavior”, using tube feet to place rocks and other debris on its aboral surface (
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26155D5963D9B8DFFCB546A7" box="[650,788,1689,1716]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1223,1247]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1199]" captionTargetId="figure-31@26.[151,1436,237,1199]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 17. Tripneustes gratilla. Color morphotypes and in situ covering behavior. A. Dark orange morphotype. B. Yellow Morphotype. C. White morphotype. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021564/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17A–C</figureCitation>
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). This species is best associated with this behavior, which is thought to be protective against ultraviolet radiation (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826155D596256B8FBFC6D46CB" author="Ziegenhorn, M. A." box="[773,972,1725,1752]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref43534" refString="Ziegenhorn, M. A. (2017) Sea Urchin Covering Behavior: a comparative review. In: Agnello, M. (Ed.), Sea Urchin: From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine. Intech Open, Rijeka, pp. 19 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.5772 / intechopen. 68469" type="book chapter" year="2017">Ziegenhorn 2017</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926155D596194B8A7FF41479F" blockId="26.[151,1437,1437,1932]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Unlike other genera of wide-ranging urchin species, such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26155D5962D4B8A7FA3C46EF" authority="(McCartney et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="McCartney" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[903,1437,1761,1788]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinometridae" genus="Echinometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mathaei">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D5962D4B8A7FBDA46E8" box="[903,1147,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Echinometra mathaei</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826155D5965DEB8A4FA3446EF" author="McCartney, M. A. & Keller, G. & Lessios, A." box="[1165,1429,1761,1788]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1391 - 1400" refId="ref41139" refString="McCartney, M. A., Keller, G. & Lessios, A. (2000) Dispersal barriers in tropical oceans and speciation in Atlantic and eastern Pacific sea urchins of the genus Echinometra. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1391 - 1400. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2000.01022. x" type="journal article" year="2000">
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McCartney
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D596445B8A4FAEB46E8" box="[1302,1354,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2000
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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</taxonomicName>
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which have shown diversification specific to particular regions, phylogeographic studies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26155D5965EEB940FA3D470C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1213,1436,1797,1823]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gratilla">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D5965EEB940FA3D470C" box="[1213,1436,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tripneustes gratilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
concluded that it is a large metapopulation spanning two oceans and containing chaotic, nonequilibrium local variation, produced by the haphazard arrival of larvae or by unpredictable local extinction (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826155D596452B90BFF75479F" author="Lessios, H. A. & Kane, J. & Robertson, D. R." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2026 - 2036" refId="ref40672" refString="Lessios, H. A., Kane, J. & Robertson, D. R. (2003) Phylogeography of the pantropical Sea Urchin Tripneustes: Contrasting patterns of Population Structure Between Oceans. Evolution, 57 (9), 2026 - 2036. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2003. tb 00382. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Lessios
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26155D596433B908FA344774" box="[1376,1429,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926145D5861C4BED1FE6B40A2" blockId="27.[151,458,151,177]" box="[151,458,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26145D5861C4BED1FE6B40A2" bold="true" box="[151,458,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926145D5861C4BEA6FE2440E9" blockId="27.[151,1436,223,394]" box="[151,389,223,250]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D5861C4BEA6FEBC40E9" box="[151,285,224,250]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26145D58607ABE99FE2040E9" box="[297,385,223,250]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="003BD19A26145D58607ABE99FE2040E9" box="[297,385,223,250]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">3–10 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926145D586194BF45FCAE4199" blockId="27.[151,1436,223,394]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Outside
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D586075BF42FE0F410D" box="[294,430,260,286]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
, widely distributed across the East and Indo-Pacific Ocean, including the Galapagos and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D5861C4BF61FEC14152" box="[151,352,295,321]" name="Clipperton Island" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Clipperton Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Hawaiian Islands, Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D5863E2BF6EFD554151" box="[689,756,296,322]" name="Japan" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D586251BF61FCE84152" box="[770,841,295,321]" name="Guam" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D586204BF61FC794152" box="[855,984,295,321]" name="Philippines" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D5862B6BF61FB044152" box="[997,1189,295,321]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D5865E2BF61FABA4152" box="[1201,1307,295,321]" name="Australia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D58647BBF61FA394152" box="[1320,1432,295,321]" name="Indonesia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D5861C4BF0AFED14176" box="[151,368,331,358]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to the Indian Ocean to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D586327BF0DFCA54176" box="[628,772,331,357]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926145D58625DBF0DFC364176" box="[782,919,331,357]" name="Madagascar" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the eastern Africa coast and up to the northern Indian Ocean,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26145D586068BF29FE314199" box="[315,400,367,394]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="0.0">0–30 m</quantity>
|
||
(as per A.M. Clark &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826145D5863DFBF29FCA34199" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[652,770,367,394]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |