346 lines
37 KiB
XML
346 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.727.20222" ID-GBIF-Dataset="13853cb6-522e-4f94-b633-c4a51ba63624" ID-PMC="PMC5799789" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-727-1" ID-PubMed="29416388" ID-ZBK="12B663F7190040788E1EEF8BAC4DF81B" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-727-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 727" ModsDocTitle="A review of the Madagascan pelican spiders of the genera Eriauchenius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 and Madagascarchaea gen. n. (Araneae, Archaeidae)" checkinTime="1515696595036" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wood, Hannah M. & Scharff, Nikolaj" docDate="2017" docId="902A96B5868B42EBE46B72E1B61B95C8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 727: 1-96" docOrigin="ZooKeys 727" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.727.20222" docTitle="Eriauchenius O. P. - Cambridge 1881" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FFEBD959ED2FFFAA9450FF8B1957B348" masterDocTitle="A review of the Madagascan pelican spiders of the genera Eriauchenius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 and Madagascarchaea gen. n. (Araneae, Archaeidae)" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668165276717" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A review of the Madagascan pelican spiders of the genera Eriauchenius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 and Madagascarchaea gen. n. (Araneae, Archaeidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Wood, Hannah M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Scharff, Nikolaj</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>727</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.727.20222</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.727.20222</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-727-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="140245902" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:902A96B5868B42EBE46B72E1B61B95C8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/902A96B5868B42EBE46B72E1B61B95C8" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName authority="O. P. - Cambridge, 1881" authorityName="O. P. - Cambridge" authorityYear="1881" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Eriauchenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriauchenius" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eriauchenius O. P.-Cambridge, 1881</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Eriauchenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriauchenius" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eriauchenius</taxonomicName>
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O. P.-Cambridge, 1881: 767.
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<bibRefCitation author="Simon, E" journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Histoire naturelle des Araignees, Vol. I." year="1895">Simon 1895</bibRefCitation>
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: 935.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wunderlich 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 778, 791.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">E. workmani</taxonomicName>
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O. P.-Cambridge, 1881, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Distinguished from the Australian genera by lacking spermathecae in the female genitalia, and instead having a bursa with secretory poreplates and a FSGP, and, in males, lacking the long wiry embolus on the male pedipalps seen in the Australian species. Distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Afrarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrarchaea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrarchaea</taxonomicName>
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by lacking the perpendicular keel on the FSGP, and from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Madagascarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Madagascarchaea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Madagascarchaea</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. by having 2-4 spines on the apex of the cephalon instead of 6, and lacking the retrolateral apophysis on the male pedipalpal patella.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Total length 1.64-6.72. Carapace reddish-to-orangish brown with many white setae on small tubercules, organized in branching rows (see figs 5D, 6B in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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); pars cephalica elongated forming
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘head’">'head'</normalizedToken>
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(distal portion of elongation) and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘neck’">'neck'</normalizedToken>
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(constricted portion of elongation), with carapace tilt height divided by carapace length 1.44-2.85, with the angle of carapace tilt 54.7°-88.1°; with a pair of posterior, and often with an anterior pair, of pronounced-to-rudimentary protrusions on apex of cephalon or
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘head,’">'head,'</normalizedToken>
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each with a small-to-large spine; neck with fissure on anterior side running from chelicerae bases to labrum (see fig. 6B in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). AME on a small-to-large bulge with a point or rounded at apex (see fig. 8C in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). AME diameter larger than all other eyes; median ocular quadrangle (MOQ) wider in front than behind or than long; lateral eyes contiguous; sometimes with a short spine between median eyes and LE (see figs 8C and 18 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). Sternum reddish-to-orangish brown and longer than wide, hollowed out around coxae, with a border; setae with tuberculate bases; with expanded tubercle on posterior part of sternum, close to 4th coxae (see fig. 9F in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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), possibly implicated in the abdomen-petiole stridulatory system. Long sclerite between coxae and carapace (see fig. 7C in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). Endites converging; serrula strongly pointed; labrum with two lateral projections on dorsal surface (see fig. 6A in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). Small round chilum sclerite next to each cheliceral base. One triangular sclerite between and posteriad to the cheliceral bases, and an additional sclerite running along the length of the triangular sclerite base (see fig. 7A in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). Chelicerae with a pronounced-to-rudimentary anterior protrusion with a downward or perpendicular pointing long-to-short spine, cheliceral spine/chelicerae length ratio 0.068-0.49; with stridulatory ridges on lateral side, and chelicerae curved to the posterior distal to the stridulatory ridges. The structure used in conjunction with the cheliceral stridulatory file appears to be a group of modified hairs on the prolateral side of the palp (
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<bibRefCitation author="Forster, RR" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 106" title="A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae)." volume="178" year="1984">Forster and Platnick 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Lotz, LN" journalOrPublisher="Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="221 - 240" title="Afrotropical Archaeidae: 2. New species of genera Archaea and Afrarchaea (Arachnida: Araneae)." volume="19" year="2003">Lotz 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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); it is unknown whether sclerotized structures on the male palpal bulb are also used in conjunction with the cheliceral file, which has been observed in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Madagascarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Madagascarchaea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Madagascarchaea</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). Peg teeth in three rows; anterior row with two peg teeth and posterior row of two-three, both sitting opposite fang tip, median row of 18-30, strongest distally and gradually grading to normal setae. Teeth on retromargin 2-7, may have different numbers of teeth per chelicera on same individual.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Abdomen rounded in the "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
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" (Figs 9-22) or triangular in the "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
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group" (Figs 3-8) due to a single dorsal protuberance, which can be small-to-large; containing numerous small, round, pale indentations throughout and with dark brown to purplish pigment throughout; covered in white-to-brown, thick setae; epigynum and booklung covers flat, sclerotized plates, which are not fused in females, but form a single fused epigastric ventral plate in males; abdominal dorsal plate with ridges (see fig. 5B in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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), sometimes fused with epigastric plate only in males; dorsal plate sometime extends along the anterior face of the abdomen (scutum) in males only; dorsal plate is always confined to the abdominal petiole region in females. Posterior respiratory system with two spiracular openings (see fig. 5C in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Spinnerets surrounded by ring; rudimentary-to-fleshy colulus present. The following spinneret description is taken from examining published images of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">E. workmani</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Griswold, CE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 324" title="Atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae: Entelegynae) with comments on their phylogeny." volume="56" year="2005">Griswold et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 21-22): anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) spinning field divided, with one large and one smaller major ampullate gland (MAP) spigot on the median side and with approximately 42 smaller piriform gland (PI) (fewer in male) spigots on the lateral side. Posterior median spinneret (PMS) of female with one large median minor ampullate gland spigot (mAP), one lateral medium-sized aciniform gland (AC) spigot, and two lateral cylindrical gland (CY) spigots; the male PMS is the same except in lacking the CY. Posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS) with a middle row of five AC spigots; in females only, this row is flanked on the anterior side by two CY spigots and on the posterior side by one CY spigot.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Legs reddish or orangish to light brown, often with dark brown bands throughout, but especially on the tibia; covered sparsely with setae; ratio 1-2-4-3 or 1-4-2-3, typically 1-2-4-3 for species found in vegetation and 1-4-2-3 for species found in forest litter; one or two anterior rows of scopulae present on leg I, sometimes also present on leg II, and sometimes with a posterior row as well; metatarsus III and IV with a ventral cluster of modified hairs; femur IV distinctly curved (see fig. 7D in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 296" title="A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriaucheniusgracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x" volume="152" year="2008">Wood 2008</bibRefCitation>
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); femur I length 1.48-6.48 times the length of the carapace. Female palp with single claw.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Male pedipalpal femur, patella, tibia and cymbium without apophyses, however a cluster of spine like setae with enlarged bases occurs on the distal retrolateral side of the femur in some "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
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group" species. Palpal bulb very diverse in shape, forming an enclosed pit that the conductor wraps around in the "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
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group" (Fig. 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–L">D-L</normalizedToken>
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) and the "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
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group - enclosed embolus group" (Fig. 9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–L">D-L</normalizedToken>
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), and with the embolus exposed and encircled by the conductor in the "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
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group - exposed embolus group" (Fig. 13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–K">D-K</normalizedToken>
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). Embolus is heavily sclerotized, unconcealed, and wide-to-thin in the "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
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group" and is sclerotized only at the tip and recessed in the "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
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group". Conductor either a small dark ridged spiral that goes around the apex of the bulb and terminates in a triangular point (Fig. 9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="J–K">J-K</normalizedToken>
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), or a larger, wider piece that circles around the embolus, often with processes (Fig. 13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–I">D-I</normalizedToken>
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). In the "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
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group" the MA is present and is hidden behind the embolus in unexpanded bulbs (Fig. 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
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, H); in most "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
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group" species the male pedipalpal bulb has only a conductor and embolus, however, in some species a MA is also present (Figs 9E, H, 11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–I">D-I</normalizedToken>
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, 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
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, 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–I">D-I</normalizedToken>
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); in all "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
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group" species and in some "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
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group" species there is an additional sclerite (SC) present on the male pedipalpal bulbs that may be an additional process on the conductor instead of a separate sclerite (Figs 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
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, 9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–I">E-I</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Female genitalic bursa height in "
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<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" greater than bursa width (Fig. 8B), and in "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" less than or equal to bursa width (Fig. 11B); bursa with secretory poreplates with pores distributed in a small continuous group (Fig. 17C) or in a large discontinuous clumpy group on each side (Fig. 8B), although poreplates are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">E. bourgini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Millot, 1948) and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. zirafy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="zirafy">E. zirafy</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. that instead have a sclerotized invagination on either side of the bursa (Fig. 13C); with a dorsal sclerotized plate (FSGP) that can be either a simple arched piece that is wider than long (Fig. 15C) or a more elaborate piece that can have a posterior extension, or points at the top, and that can be longer than wide (Fig. 14B); FSGP in most species with wing-like projections extending to each lateral side that can be reduced-to-large, and that can be heavily sclerotized-to-translucent (Fig. 8B). All species of the "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" have a large-to-small curved piece that sits posterior to the epigastric furrow, termed the "posterior bar" (Figs 13B, 16B), not present in the "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
group".
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Legendre, R" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="2314 - 2316" title="Un organe epithelial enigmatique annexe aux conduits de fecondation chez les femelles d'Archaeidae (Araneides)." volume="264" year="1967">Legendre (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the male palp might come into contact with the FSGP during copulation and that the FSGP may offer tactile information to the male or female. Alternatively, the FSGP may serve as an anchor for muscle attachment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Griswold, CE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 324" title="Atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae: Entelegynae) with comments on their phylogeny." volume="56" year="2005">Griswold et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Included species: 6 described species
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">E. bourgini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Millot, 1948),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fisheri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fisheri">E. fisheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lotz, 2003),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. mahariraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mahariraensis">E. mahariraensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lotz, 2003),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. pauliani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pauliani">E. pauliani</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Legendre, 1970),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. ratsirarsoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ratsirarsoni">E. ratsirarsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lotz, 2003),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">E. workmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881, and 14 new species described here:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. andriamanelo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="andriamanelo">E. andriamanelo</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. andrianampoinimerina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="andrianampoinimerina">E. andrianampoinimerina</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. goodmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="goodmani">E. goodmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. harveyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="harveyi">E. harveyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. lukemacaulayi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lukemacaulayi">E. lukemacaulayi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. milajaneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="milajaneae">E. milajaneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. milloti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="milloti">E. milloti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. rafohy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rafohy">E. rafohy</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. ranavalona" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ranavalona">E. ranavalona</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. rangita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rangita">E. rangita</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. rixi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rixi">E. rixi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. sama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sama">E. sama</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. wunderlichi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="wunderlichi">E. wunderlichi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. zirafy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="zirafy">E. zirafy</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. One species originally described as
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Archaeidae" genus="Archaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Archaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the extant members later revived as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Eriauchenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriauchenius" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eriauchenius</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Afrarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrarchaea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrarchaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. cornutus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cornutus">A. cornutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lotz, 2003) (new combination).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Madagascar.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Eriauchenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriauchenius" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eriauchenius</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains two main clades, the "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" and the "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" (Fig. 1). The "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" is distinctive: the abdomen has a single tubercle making it triangular in shape (Fig. 8A), whereas the "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" has a rounded abdomen (Fig. 9A); the "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" also has a highly elongated, constricted
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“neck”">"neck"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig. 8A). Furthermore, in the "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" the bursa height is greater than the bursa width (Fig. 8B), whereas in the "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" the bursa height is less than or equal to the bursa width and there is a posterior bar on the FSGP (Fig. 11
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="workmani">workmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" species are bigger in general than other Madagascan archaeid species, ranging in body length from 3.24-6.72.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" is further broken up into two groups, the "enclosed embolus group" and the "exposed embolus group." Unfortunately, specimens from the "enclosed embolus group" were not included in the phylogeny of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, HM" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="462 - 481" title="Why is Madagascar special? The extraordinarily slow evolution of pelican spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12578" volume="69" year="2015">Wood et al (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, so it is currently unknown whether this group is monophyletic and what their phylogenetic relationship is to other archaeids. The "embolus enclosed group" contains four species (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fisheri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fisheri">E. fisheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. goodmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="goodmani">E. goodmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. harveyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="harveyi">E. harveyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. sama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sama">E. sama</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.) that share the following traits: the male pedipalpal bulb is enclosed (Figs 9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–L">D-L</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 11
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–K">D-K</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 12
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
), the female bursa is sclerotized and covered in pores on the ventral side (Figs 9C, 10C, 11C, 12C) as opposed to the anterior or dorsal side in other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Eriauchenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriauchenius" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eriauchenius</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the AME are virtually flush with the cuticle (Fig. 11L), rather than being on bulges. In the "exposed embolus group" the male pedipalpal bulbs have a more open form, with the embolus exposed and encircled by the elongated conductor, and there is also a membraneous sac on the bulb that is adjacent to the embolus base (Fig. 17
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–L">D-L</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Typical "
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Palpimanoidea" lsidName="Palpimanoidea bourgini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bourgini">bourgini</taxonomicName>
|
||
group" pedipalpal bulbs have only an embolus and a conductor, and no other sclerites, the exceptions are
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fisheri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fisheri">E. fisheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. harveyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="harveyi">E. harveyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. rixi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rixi">E. rixi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. wunderlichi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="wunderlichi">E. wunderlichi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., which also have a MA and SC, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. goodmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="goodmani">E. goodmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., which also has a SC.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fisheri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fisheri">E. fisheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. mahariraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mahariraensis">E. mahariraensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
were transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Eriauchenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriauchenius" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eriauchenius</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Afrarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrarchaea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrarchaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
because they lack the FSGP keel observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Afrarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrarchaea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrarchaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and because the FSGP has a posterior bar.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. mahariraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mahariraensis">E. mahariraensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included in the phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, HM" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="462 - 481" title="Why is Madagascar special? The extraordinarily slow evolution of pelican spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12578" volume="69" year="2015">Wood et al (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and fell inside
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Eriauchenius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriauchenius" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eriauchenius</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a branch support posterior probability value of 1.0. Although,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fisheri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fisheri">E. fisheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not including in this phylogenetic analysis, the morphological evidence supports this transfer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |