393 lines
74 KiB
XML
393 lines
74 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.97026" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f7472e9c-496f-4429-8c71-ec014c691895" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-91" ID-Pensoft-UUID="E29A1C8C67DE55E7A7A11E9599602F01" ID-ZooBank="F882328ABDFC40D5B3143D247B024CB2" ModsDocID="2535-0730-7-1-91" checkinTime="1677278803498" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mirza, Zeeshan A., H. T. Lalremsanga,, Bhosale, Harshal, Gowande, Gaurang, Patel, Harshil, Idiatullina, Sabira S. & Poyarkov, Nikolay A." docDate="2023" docId="C64C0813614152A5AD50D92DEC396C09" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 7(1): 91-104" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 7 (1)" docPubDate="2023-02-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.97026" docTitle="Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum Smith 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="E29A1C8C67DE55E7A7A11E9599602F01" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="E29A1C8C67DE55E7A7A11E9599602F01" masterDocTitle="Systematics of Trimeresurus popeiorum Smith, 1937 with a revised molecular phylogeny of Asian pitvipers of the genus Trimeresurus Lacepede, 1804 sensu lato" masterLastPageNumber="104" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1677279405726" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Systematics of Trimeresurus popeiorum Smith, 1937 with a revised molecular phylogeny of Asian pitvipers of the genus Trimeresurus Lacepede, 1804 sensu lato</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mirza, Zeeshan A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1685-9816</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 1, Tuebingen 72076, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">snakeszeeshan@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>H. T. Lalremsanga,</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram 796004, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bhosale, Harshal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gowande, Gaurang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-2957</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Annasaheb Kulkarni Department of Biodiversity, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India & Department of Biotechnology, Fergusson College, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Patel, Harshil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4679-5211</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, 400051, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Idiatullina, Sabira S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1647-7754</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Poyarkov, Nikolay A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-2283</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia & Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Vietnam</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-02-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>7</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>91</mods:start>
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<mods:end>104</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.97026</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.97026</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2535-0730-1-91</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C64C0813614152A5AD50D92DEC396C09" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C64C0813614152A5AD50D92DEC396C09" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName LSID="C64C0813-6141-52A5-AD50-D92DEC396C09" authority="Smith, 1937" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="popeiorum" subGenus="Popeia">Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum Smith, 1937</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Images depicting colouration of Trimeresurus popeiorum in life, (a) a complete profile of a male Trimeresurus popeiorum from Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary, (b) anterior body showing the bicolored postocular and ventrolateral stripe, (c) dorsal view of head, (d) female lacking the stripes from the same locality. Photos by Zeeshan A. Mirza." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814986" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">, 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Hemipenis of T. popeiorum MZMU 3043. Photo by Andrey Bragin." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814987" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">, 4</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus popeiorum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="popeiorum">Trimeresurus popeiorum</taxonomicName>
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Smith (1937).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Popeia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Popeia popeorum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="popeorum">Popeia popeorum</taxonomicName>
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Malhotra & Thorpe (2004a),
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/b16901" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Taylor & Francis Group, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B39" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, K, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Taylor & Francis Group, London, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b16901" title="Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/b16901" year="2014">Wallach et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003004" author="Guo, P" journalOrPublisher="AmphibiaReptilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="265 - 276" refId="B11" refString="Guo, P, Liu, Q, Zhong, G, Zhu, F, Yan, F, Fu, X, Fang, M, Tang, T, Xiao, R, Wang, P, Guo, P, Liu, Q, 2015. Cryptic diversity of green pitvipers in Yunnan, South-west China (Squamata, Viperidae). AmphibiaReptilia 36: 265 - 276, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003004" title="Cryptic diversity of green pitvipers in Yunnan, South-west China (Squamata, Viperidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003004" volume="36" year="2015">Guo et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="popeiorum" subGenus="Popeia">Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1" author="David, P" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 51" refId="B7" refString="David, P, Vogel, G, Dubois, A, 2011. On the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: The case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacepede, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa 51: 1 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1" title="On the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: The case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacepede, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1" volume="51" year="2011">David et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus yingjiangensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingjiangensis">Trimeresurus yingjiangensis</taxonomicName>
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Chen, Zhang, Shi, Tang, Guo, Song & Ding, (2019), syn. nov.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Lectotype</emphasis>
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: NHMUK 72.4.17.137, a male from 'Khasi
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hills’">Hills'</normalizedToken>
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now in Meghalaya State, India. Designated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10972" author="Taylor, EH" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1033 - 1189" refId="B34" refString="Taylor, EH, Elbel, RE, 1958. Contribution to the herpetology of Thailand. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 38: 1033 - 1189, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10972" title="Contribution to the herpetology of Thailand." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10972" volume="38" year="1958">Taylor and Elbel (1958)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Additional material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘India’">
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'
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" collectorName="Collector, Col. YR Singh" county="Indawgyi Lake" location="Umroi Military Station" municipality="Zalon Taung Mt." specimenCount="one" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="3">
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India'
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<specimenCount type="female">one female</specimenCount>
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BNHS 3613 and
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<specimenCount type="male">two males</specimenCount>
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BNHS 3614 & NCBS NRC-AA-4548 Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary,
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<specimenCount type="male">one male</specimenCount>
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NCBS NRC-AA-4549 and
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<specimenCount type="female">one female</specimenCount>
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NCBS NRC-AA-4534 Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh; male MZMU 1829, MZMU 3043, female MZMU 1148 from Aizawl and male MZMU 2028 from Mamit, female MZMU 957 from Saitual, Mizoram;
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<specimenCount type="male">three males</specimenCount>
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BNHS 2638, BNHS 2640, BNHS 2639 from Tindharia, Darjeeling; MZMU 3073: Pope's pitviper, female.
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<collectorName>Collector</collectorName>
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:
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<collectorName>Col.YR Singh</collectorName>
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; Location:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C64C0813614152A5AD50D92DEC396C09:2A558D2DDA4FB61A3417815980C047F1" county="Indawgyi Lake" municipality="Zalon Taung Mt." name="Umroi Military Station">Umroi Military Station</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C64C0813614152A5AD50D92DEC396C09:F73C46AD5B6B78F4ADB631D19D02B2B3" county="Indawgyi Lake" municipality="Zalon Taung Mt." name="East Khasi Hills">East Khasi Hills</location>
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, Meghalaya;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘MYANMAR’">'MYANMAR'</normalizedToken>
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ZMMU-NAP-09522 from Sagaing,
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<collectingMunicipality>Zalon Taung Mt.</collectingMunicipality>
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, and ZMMU-NAP-09445 from Kachin,
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<collectingCounty>Indawgyi Lake</collectingCounty>
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</materialsCitation>
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</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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A
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<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Trimeresurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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bearing 21 (rarely 19) dorsal scale rows at midbody with an overall bright green colour, lacking bands; males may bear a bicoloured postocular stripe and a bicoloured ventrolateral stripe is always present. SVL 414-692 mm in males, 417-710 mm in females. Hemipenis deeply forked, reaching the 25th subcaudal. Ventrals 158-170 in males, 161-169 in females; subcaudals 62-76 in males, 55-66 in females; nasal and first supralabial separate. TaL 107-194 mm in males, 75-139 mm in females; TaL/TL 0.18-0.22 in males, 0.14-0.19 in females. Palatine with four teeth; pterygoid with eight teeth; 10-12 dentary teeth. Maxilla with one functional and 5-6 replacement fangs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Description based on examined specimens</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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(
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">n</emphasis>
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= 19).
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</emphasis>
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Body long and moderately stout, SVL 414-600 mm; head triangular and elongate, head length 20-24.3 mm (HL/SVL 0.04-0.05); head width 13.4-21 mm; (HW/HL 0.64-0.88) clearly distinct from neck; distance between nostrils 3.8-7 mm; distance between preoculars 8.6-12.8 mm; distance between the tip of snout and anterior border of eye 6.6 mm; distance between nostril to eye 5.1-6.7 mm. Canthus rostralis distinct; a single large scale between the nasal and supraocular. Rostral subtriangular, slightly visible when viewed from above; nasal and first supralabial separate, wider than tall; three internasals, the outer pair of internasals larger than the one in the middle, and the one in the middle less than half the width of the outer ones. bordered by six scales on its posterior margin; two small scales separate the third supralabial from the nasal; second and third supralabial and three preoculars encompass the loreal pit; the lower preocular forms the lower margin of the loreal pit; one elongate and narrow supraocular; cephalic scales (CEP) small, irregular, subimbricate, smooth; longitudinal cephalic scales 27-31, gradually increasing in size towards the posterior part of the head; 10-11 CEP between anterior edge of the supraoculars and 14-17 at the posterior edge; occipital scales smooth; seven rows of scales between the internasals and anterior border of the supraoculars flat and irregular in their shape; the rows towards the posterior part of the head gradually show a feeble keel; temporals feebly keeled and subequal; subocular crescent shaped; 9-13 supralabials; SL1 not fused with nasal scale, 2nd much higher than 1st, 3rd highest among the supralabials; 4th widest, separated from the subocular by a single row of smooth scales and the lower loreal scale; 4th supralabial separated from the subocular by two rows of smooth scales; the remaining supralabials slightly decreasing in size posteriorly and in contact with temporal scales; 10-13 infralabials, the first pair in contact with each other; the first three pairs in contact with anterior chin shields; six pairs of chin shields, each pair in contact medially; separated from infalabials by 1-5 scale rows.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="body scalation">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Body scalation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">19, 21 or 23 dorsal scales one head length behind the head (rarely 17); 21 dorsal scales at midbody, rarely 19; 13-15 dorsal scales one head length anterior to the vent; dorsal scales rhomboid, moderately keeled except for the first row which is smooth; 0-3 preventrals; ventrals 158-170 in males, 161-169 in females ventral scales; subcaudals 62-76 in males, 55-66 in females subcaudal scales; paired; single cloacal plate. Eye large, with VED/DEL ratio 0.85; tail short; ventrally depressed; TaL 107-194 mm in males, 75-139 mm in females; TaL/TL 0.18-0.22 in males, 0.14-0.19 in females. Tail prehensile. Hemipenis long and deeply forked at the 5-6th subcaudal, extending to the 23-25th subcaudal scales, calyculate throughout the arms of the fork, lacking spines.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Description of the skull</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
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(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. popeiorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="popeiorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">T. popeiorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays the typical shape found in other members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Trimeresurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The skull is well calcified except for the premaxilla which remains largely cartilaginous, and base of non-functional teeth. The braincase, or neurocranium, is composed of the prefrontals, frontals, jugals, parietal, supraoccipital, prootics, otoccipitals, basioccipital, and parabasisphenoid. The general shape of the braincase is trapezoid in dorsal view (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
); with the main openings well visible in lateral view (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fenestra ovalis (between the otooccipital and prootic), foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves (on the prootic), and the foramen opticum (between the frontal, the parietal, and the basisphenoid) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Columella, or stapes, is well-visible attached to the fenestra ovalis (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
MicroCT scan of the skull of male
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus popeiorum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="popeiorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Trimeresurus popeiorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NCBS NRC-AA-0010) in lateral (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">A</emphasis>
|
||
), dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C</emphasis>
|
||
) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus (Popeia)" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Popeia">Trimeresurus Popeia</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c.p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f.n.t.f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f.op. - foramen opticum; f.ov. - fenestra ovalis; f.sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me.f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p.r.-a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t.q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Frontals paired, articulated with each other with a straight median suture (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
); ventrally articulated with the parabasisphenoid, anteriorly with the prefrontals and the nasals, and posteriorly with the parietal and the jugals. Dorsally the frontals have a squared shape with slightly convex posterior and anterior margins. The parietal single, anteriorly articulated with the jugals and the frontals, ventrally with the parabasisphenoid and posteriorly with the supraoccipitals and the prootics. The parietal is a large bone which has almost a triangular shape in dorsal view (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
) with almost straight anterior margin, short outward protruding dorsal jugal transverse processes bound by the jugals, and distinct crests seen in the lateral aspect (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Parietal foramen is absent. The suppraoccipital is a single bone, anteriorly articulated with the parietal, posterolaterally with the otoccipitals, and anetrolaterally with the prootics. In dorsal aspect the anterior margin of the supraoccipital is triangularly concave (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
); occipital crests straight, directed posterolaterally, forming a narrow angle with the sagittal crest. The prefrontals paired, subrectangular in dorsal view (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
), ventrally articulated with the maxillae, posteriorly with the frontals; with which they are articulated via a long prefrontal caudal ramus. The prefrontals are perforated with a lacrimal foramen. The jugals (in some works referred to as postorbitals, see (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 156" refId="B33" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1984. Fossil snakes from Poland. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 28: 1 - 156" title="Fossil snakes from Poland." volume="28" year="1984">Szyndlar 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)) are paired bones, medially articulated both with the frontals and the parietal. The jugals are semi-crescent in shape with an irregular posterior margin (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
The snout is composed by the nasals dorsally (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
), premaxilla anteriorly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
), septomaxillae and the vomers ventrally (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2c</figureCitation>
|
||
), the latter form the bony capsule of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jacobson’s">Jacobson's</normalizedToken>
|
||
organ. Nasals paired, posteriorly articulated with the frontal, ventrally with the septomaxilla; dorsally each nasal triangular in shape, with anterior tip bearing a poorly-ossified anterior process (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal margin of the posterior part of the nasal is gently rounded. The premaxilla is an unpaired, poorly ossified bone, posteriorly articulated with the vomers and the septomaxilla, with an unpaired posterior nasal process (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
). The vomers are bubble-shaped paired bone, containing the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jacobson’s">Jacobson's</normalizedToken>
|
||
organ. The vomer is dorsally articulated with the septomaxilla, and anteriorly with the premaxilla (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The capsular expansion of vomer well-developed, with a wide surface directed anterodorsally. The septomaxilla is a paired bone located in the center of the snout, articulated anteriorly with the premaxilla, dorsally with the nasals, and ventrally with the vomers; it cannot be observed in lateral or ventral aspects of the whole skull.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
In ventral view (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2c</figureCitation>
|
||
) the floor of the skull is formed by the basioccipital and the parabasisphenoid. The parabasisphenoid is a single bone forming the ventral surface of the braincase, ventrally bearing a deep longitudinal cavity with a median crest. It is articulated anterodorsally with the frontals, dorsally with the parietal, posterodorsally with the prootics and posteriorly with the basioccipital. In ventral view, the bone is elongated oval-shaped, with a long and spatulate parasphenoid process; the basisphenoid crest well-developed (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The basioccipital is an unpaired bone anteriorly articulated with the parabasisphenoid, anterolaterally with the prootics, and posterolaterally with the otoccipitals. The anterior margin of the basioccipital is gently concave;
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="its’">its'</normalizedToken>
|
||
posterior margin forms the ventral surface of the foramen magnum. The prootic is a paired bone, anteriorly articulated with the parietal, posteriorly with the supraoccipital and the otoccipital, and ventrally with the parabasiphenoid. In lateral aspect, the foramen nervi trigemini is well seen in the middle part of the bone; this bone forms the anterior edge of the foramen ovale (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). The otoccipital is formed by the ossae opisthotici and the exoccipital (occipitale laterale). This paired bone is articulated with the supraoccipital and the prootic anteriorly, with its controlateral equivalent along a straight suture medially, and with the basioccipital ventrally. It forms the posterior edge of the foramen ovale (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
The upper jaw includes the maxilla, the pterygoid, the palatine, and the ectopterygoid which form a movable connection to each other; with only the latter bone lacking teeth. Maxillae are large paired bones, kinetically articulated posterodorsally with the prefrontals and posteriorly with the ectopterygoids. Maxillae are massive bones bearing venom teeth; dorsally with a thick triangular prefrontal process forming the maxillary-prefrontal articulation, and laterally with a large fossa (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maxilla bears one functional and 5-6 replacement fangs (venom teeth); the functional fang is slightly longer than the body of the maxilla. The quadrates and the supratemporals are kinetically connected and put together the neurocranium and the lower jaw (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). The palatine is a paired short bone, posteriorly kinetically articulated with the pterygoids, bearing from four to five tooth alveoli with four functional teeth (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pterygoid is a large paired bone, anteriorly articulated with the palatine, posteriorly with the quadrate, and posterodorsally with the ectopterygoid. This bone is distinctly dorsoventrally bent and is slightly V-shaped in lateral aspect, bearing a pterygoid crest (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posteriorly the pterygoid bears the facet for the attachment of the ligamentum quadrato-pterygoidei. The anterior half of the pterygoid is slightly curved and slender, it broadens abruptly near the middle of the bone, and flattens out, with an outward curve. The pterygoid bears from 13 to 14 tooth alveoli with eight functional teeth (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ectopterygoid, or transversum, is a paired bone which lacks teecth, and is articulated with the maxilla anteriorly and with the pterygoid posteriorly. The bone is alost spatualte in the anteior part, and gets thinner posteriorly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2c</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the ectopterygoid spans out laterally, nearly half the width of the frontal (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
). The supratemporals are paired, long and relatively thin bones, anteriorly articulated with the prootics, and posteriorly with the quadrates (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). The quadrate is a paired bone, anterodorsally articulated with the supratemporal and posteroventrally forming a jaw articulation with the compound bone. The trochlea quadrati is a saddle-like articular facet in the posterior part of the quadrate, kinetically articulated with the posterior portion of the compound bone (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Each mandible includes the splenial, the angular, the dentary, and the compound bone. The paired compound bone forms the posterior part of the mandible and articulates anteriorly with the dentary, anetromedially with the splenial and angular, and posteriorly is kinetically connected with the quadrate, forming the jaw articulation (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). The coronoid process of the compound bone is well-developed. The retroarticular process occupies the posteriormost part of the compound bone (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). This process is well-developed, thick, and medially curved in dorsal and ventral views (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2b, c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The saddle-like articular facet for the reception of the quadrate is located anteriorly to the retroarticular process, forming the jaw articulation. In lateral view, the supraangular foramen for the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve is seen on the compound bone (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). The angular is a paired bone, which articulates anteriorly with the splenial and the dentary, and posterolaterally is articulated with the compound bone. The splenial is a paired bone of the mandible, which is anteriorly articulated with the dentary, posteriorly with the angular, and posterolaterally with the compound bone. Both the angular and the splenial are not seen in the lateral, but only on the medial aspect of the mandible. The dentary is a paired bone, articulated with the angular and the compound bone posteriorly and with the splenial posteromedially. In lateral view, the mental foramen is visible on the dentary, it is located closer to the articulation with the compound bone than to the anterior edge of the dentary. The ventral posterior process of the dentary is slightly longer than the dorsal one (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. MicroCT scan of the skull of male Trimeresurus popeiorum (NCBS NRC-AA- 0010) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) aspects, showing osteological features of members of the subgenus Trimeresurus Popeia. Abbreviations: bo. - basioccipital; c. p. - coronoid process; col. - columella (stapes); comp. - compound bone; d. - dentary; ecp. - ectopterygoid (transversum); f. n. t. f. - foramina of trigeminal and facial nerves; f. op. - foramen opticum; f. ov. - fenestra ovalis; f. sa. - supraangular foramen; fr. - frontal; jug. - jugal; me. f. - mental foramen; mx. - maxilla; nas. - nasal; ot. - otoccipitals; p. r. - a. - retroarticular process; pal. - palatine; par. - parietal; pbs. - parabasisphenoid; pmx. - premaxilla; prf. - prefrontal; pro. - prootics; pt. - pterygoid; q. - quadrate; soc. - supraoccipital; st. - supratemporal; t. q. - trochlea quadrati; vom. - vomer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814985" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dentary is the only tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw, and bears from 10 to 12 functional teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="colouration in life">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Colouration in life</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Images depicting colouration of Trimeresurus popeiorum in life, (a) a complete profile of a male Trimeresurus popeiorum from Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary, (b) anterior body showing the bicolored postocular and ventrolateral stripe, (c) dorsal view of head, (d) female lacking the stripes from the same locality. Photos by Zeeshan A. Mirza." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814986" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Males overall in a shade of bright green throughout, slightly lighter ventrally. Scales on the dorsum are green with cyan edges. Bicoloured postocular strip, usually red and white, runs from the posterior part of the subocular to the angle of the jaw. The line extends all the way up to the tail; the outermost dorsal scale row bears a white spot at the tip and is blood red for the rest of the part, bordered by the second row, which is white in its lower half and green on its upper half. The tail in both sexes may be rusty, red or brown. The ventrolateral aspect of the tail in males may bear a discontinuous stripe. The females lack the postocular and ventrolateral stripes. The ventral scales bear a slight yellowish tinge. The males may lack the postocular stripe. The eyes of both sexes are blood red.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814986" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Images depicting colouration of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus popeiorum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="popeiorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Trimeresurus popeiorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">a</emphasis>
|
||
) a complete profile of a male
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus popeiorum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="popeiorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Trimeresurus popeiorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">b</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior body showing the bicolored postocular and ventrolateral stripe, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">c</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal view of head, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">d</emphasis>
|
||
) female lacking the stripes from the same locality. Photos by Zeeshan A. Mirza.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="hemipenial morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Hemipenial morphology</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
(everted organ
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Hemipenis of T. popeiorum MZMU 3043. Photo by Andrey Bragin." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814987" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus popeiorum" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="popeiorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Trimeresurus popeiorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a hemipenis pattern corresponding fairly well to the overall pattern of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. macrolepis" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">T. macrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/156853801750096222" author="Peng, G" journalOrPublisher="AmphibiaReptilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="113 - 117" refId="B24" refString="Peng, G, Fuji, Z, 2000. Comparative studies on hemipenes of four species of Trimeresurus (sensu stricto) (Serpentes: Crotalinae). AmphibiaReptilia 22: 113 - 117, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853801750096222" title="Comparative studies on hemipenes of four species of Trimeresurus (sensu stricto) (Serpentes: Crotalinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/156853801750096222" volume="22" year="2000">Peng and Fuji 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Retracted organ is deeply bilobed, extends up to the 25th subcaudal and bifurcates at 6th subcaudal. The organ is bicalyculate with long, slender lobes that are twice the length of the body; capitulum restricted to sulcate and dorsal surface. The lobes are calyculate throughout; dense calyces on the distal half which transits to slightly enlarged, shallow calyces with fleshy, unadorned ridges at the base of the lobes. Sulcus spermaticus simple; the sides of the sulcus spermaticus are smooth; truncus and hemipenial base is completely nude.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/814987" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Hemipenis of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. popeiorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="popeiorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">T. popeiorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
MZMU 3043. Photo by Andrey Bragin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |