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<mods:identifier id="1213308658BDA410F49EDCB0DF222AD8" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="50F891C4DE824ADEC2835C74DDD902DA" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-240-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7BB0C9BA12808611700046A35F66A813" type="Pensoft-UUID">B699D9DE2B435B1093DE3C38C703D430</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="54B7D01F6C9D291104ADB59DCD6643B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:54B7D01F6C9D291104ADB59DCD6643B2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/54B7D01F6C9D291104ADB59DCD6643B2" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="D316C5F8839D629C17FC3901DB2F35C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EE0C8700B991980EB2ABA7DE8DC6B670" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="BE41812216812D9B158230E3A20CBC1A" ID-CoL="9CRQS" authority="Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 119. 1838." authorityName="Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 119. 1838." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Senegalia Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 119. 1838.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="370861BF03F8222E2F76E1D7CEC9010B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="5BCCCBF69A6C923BAF87FC12B759B6A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="F1675C7D3C0DEA52166D5E62B041B024" captionStart="Figure 189" captionStartId="F196" captionText="Figure 189. Morphological features of A-C Senegalia sect. Monacanthea s. s. and D-J Senegalia sect. Senegalia A-C Senegalia ataxacantha (DC.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr. A lianescent shrub habit B branch showing internodal prickles C spicate inflorescence, Pretoria National Botanical Garden, South Africa D, E S. modesta (Wall.) P. J. H. Hurter D papery peeling bark on branch, living collection at Singapore Botanic Gardens E branch showing two prickles at nodes and leaves with few pinnae, Asia F S. catechu (L. f.) P. J. H. Hurter &amp; Mabb. spicate inflorescence, South China Botanic Garden, Guangzhou G S. laeta (R. Br. ex Benth.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger habit H S. senegal (L.) Britton three cauline prickles at nodes I S. goetzei (Harms) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr. two cauline prickles at nodes and spicate inflorescence J S. polyacantha subsp. campylacantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kyal. and Boatwr. habit. Photo credits A P Birnbaum B S Piry C E Koenen D, E B Maslin F Y Chen G M Schmidt H A Dreyer I C Boucher Chisale J E Faust. A, B, G-J from African plants - A Photo Guide (www. africanplants. senckenberg. de)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure189" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014861" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 189</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D0F9E56F1A07E74EA16CABD9014A8CBA" captionStart="Figure 190" captionStartId="F197" captionText="Figure 190. Morphological features of Senegalia sect. Monacanthea p. p. A Senegalia x emoryana (Benth.) Britton &amp; Rose habit, New World B S. micrantha (Benth.) Britton &amp; Rose leaf, New World C S. grandistipula (Benth.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger large foliaceous stipules (such stipules not especially common in Senegalia) (Terra 715), New World D Senegalia x emoryana internodal prickles, New World E S. subsessilis Britton &amp; Rose thin-textured fruits, New World F S. sakalava (Drake) Boatwr. globose scarlet inflorescence (scarlet flowers are rare in Senegalia but are found in several species from Madagascar) (Koenen 215), Madagascar G S. pruinescens (Kurz) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger lianescent shrub habit and terminal paniculate inflorescences (insert of head showing calyx red in upper part) (Maslin 11023), Asia H S. pennata subsp. insuavis (Lace) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger liana habit (Maslin 11016), Asia I S. menabeensis (Villiers &amp; Du Puy) Boatwr. spicate inflorescences (Du Puy M 359), Madagascar J S. rugata (Lam.) Britton &amp; Rose hard-textured pods, Macau, China K S. tonkinensis (I. C. Nielsen) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger branch showing internodal prickles and two glands on petiole (uncommon in Senegalia) (Maslin 11041), Asia. Photo credits A, B, D, E, H B Maslin C V Terra F E Koenen G, K L Bai I D Du Puy J L-x Yuan." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure190" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014862" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 190</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="2B3513B536C1627E4DA883E9501E91A7" captionStart="Figure 191" captionStartId="F198" captionText="Figure 191. Distribution of Senegalia based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. Note that the Indian subcontinent was only sparsely sampled for this map. Details of species distribution, based on states of India and other countries of the subcontinent, are provided in Deshpande et al. (2019). See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure191" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014863" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 191</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="970B034BA325E46FB4A56952704F0261" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4B6A96B3D9E2E8D941F8BA34A7C156DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C083B9408FEDBF7045FDD61838E14A16" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Manganaroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Manganaroa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Manganaroa</taxonomicName>
Speg., Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. [
<normalizedToken id="EE890839CEEF88B340880364097429A7" originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
] 26(2): 227. [12 Oct.] 1922. Lectotype (designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="5B826FB0D2E906AF4B928083F2D92112" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x" author="Pedley, L" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 254" refId="B648" refString="Pedley, L, 1986. Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92 (3): 219 - 254, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x" title="Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x" volume="92" year="1986">Pedley 1986</bibRefCitation>
): 
<taxonomicName id="7C221F80863C55E1AD656B30A6B344EB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Manganaroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Manganaroa monacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monacantha">Manganaroa monacantha</taxonomicName>
(Willd.) Speg. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="3357CD291AA9F8B71F129EFADAAAB81F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia monacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monacantha">Acacia monacantha</taxonomicName>
Willd. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="F2C07BD9EA3CF131EBA3431887CDCB65" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia monacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monacantha">Senegalia monacantha</taxonomicName>
(Willd.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40A3728D5BE60D0EBF474B7220854957" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="FE0EB718453F198C3A51FCEB8DD16115" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dugandia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dugandia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dugandia</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Killip, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 35(3): 137. 1936. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="515CA6196B207F8B78C5F89731B158AE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dugandia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dugandia rostrata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rostrata">Dugandia rostrata</taxonomicName>
(Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) Britton &amp; Killip [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="A847C6F4455BC652429D24A6A31B9B24" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia rostrata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rostrata">Acacia rostrata</taxonomicName>
Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="FA96BDB5DD7347C3CE9F158D369597AC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia rostrata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rostrata">Senegalia rostrata</taxonomicName>
(Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger)]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FD038A01BD9FBC3B5BC58DC5D7F7361B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="lectotype">
<paragraph id="AC71B77684C5EC5A348C1C4717435CE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</paragraph>
<paragraph id="742B5516F09F15505449FE08F53F4DE2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="104E01E7BDADA844ED18C2C641B44A79" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(designated by Britton and Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 106. 1928).</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5AF87491A136948C341EA59A2FF32F53" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia triacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triacantha">
<emphasis id="22700B986128BBD492AE0DC18E8E6E40" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia triacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raf., nom. illeg. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="6163D79E28E1BECF3EEE1271548FD06B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Mimosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Mimosa senegal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="senegal">
<emphasis id="628BD94A8568182C30F35285D6A28DAF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mimosa senegal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="ECD62501C15E84F101D4632AA5C4649A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia senegal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="senegal">
<emphasis id="6633C5481BB5A81F96440DEEC6A51CDC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia senegal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Britton)]. Note: 
<bibRefCitation id="4A4924902B82767DD9A550E63F299C3D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v11i4.1484" author="Ross, JH" journalOrPublisher="Bothalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="449 - 451" refId="B728" refString="Ross, JH, 1975c. The typification of Mimosa senegal. Bothalia 11 (4): 449 - 451, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v11i4.1484" title="The typification of Mimosa senegal." url="https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v11i4.1484" volume="11" year="1975 c">Ross (1975c)</bibRefCitation>
did not typify 
<taxonomicName id="AC4646D29F58A1A481C058667538F038" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C2C4BA0C45340D09E7F5FED7B41BC16A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as stated by 
<bibRefCitation id="C7D8A4CEEF9B4FBE0A2F9D6561BAFB12" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x" author="Pedley, L" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 254" refId="B648" refString="Pedley, L, 1986. Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92 (3): 219 - 254, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x" title="Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x" volume="92" year="1986">Pedley (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, but he did select a neotype for 
<taxonomicName id="90803FE7ADA67E241BBC2B1C90DBFC6E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Mimosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Mimosa senegal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="senegal">
<emphasis id="845FFD258E5D5B6CEAC7438338152C8E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mimosa senegal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EEFF06DF05B705982F205F6FDF440BFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Two sections are currently recognised:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="88CA5CA8A3307BBF08B394131C169683" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7C542CA7B2E83632876B9B29EC203E1F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">
<emphasis id="8C4C184DA55F61E03832CA01A195DBFB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia Raf. sect. Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AEED515EACDFF1DE31CCFDBD78771815" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="249B6C1F7C44CC0395465185CEB24392" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia (Aculeiferum) subsp. subg." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Aculeiferum">Acacia subg. Aculeiferum</taxonomicName>
Vassal, Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Toulouse 108: 138. 1972; Vassal, Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse Tome 1, Vol. 8, Art. 17: 15. 1972. 
<emphasis id="7B1AD0135C358166CA20584D47E94CE5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4845DABB249D28D19777D88BD874DD2C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia senegal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="senegal">
<emphasis id="1B46C5DD46ADAC3A6457E96DEDFE95F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acacia senegal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Willd. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="0662A7D2FEBF1F440937FBA599558DDB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Mimosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Mimosa senegal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="senegal">
<emphasis id="6CB8E064625C40BD8DB268865DABBF40" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mimosa senegal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="F9A5B90FB74BB68320F19E4703C3365D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia senegal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="senegal">
<emphasis id="F1E7DE767AE4EDA70384D0A23BE8960F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia senegal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Britton]. Note: The subgenus was based on 
<taxonomicName id="610EA51EAF937FFBE528DDAEF7DE04AC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia subsp. ser." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="series" series="Vulgares">Acacia ser. Vulgares</taxonomicName>
Benth., London J. Bot. 1: 322. 1842, not on 
<taxonomicName id="6809C0FB8216AFDFB583A81FAD6CB803" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia subsp. ser." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="series" series="Vulgares">Acacia ser. Vulgares</taxonomicName>
and ser. 
<taxonomicName id="C34163DC606B7C0CB68D9AB414C08039" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Parkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="series" series="Filicinae">Parkia Filicinae</taxonomicName>
Benth. as given by 
<bibRefCitation id="7E5630DA1309640A059FACE8ABFC0F15" author="Vassal, J" editor="Polhill, RM" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="169 - 171" refId="B886" refString="Vassal, J, 1981. Acacieae. In: Polhill, RM, Raven, PH, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 169 - 171" title="Acacieae." volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 1." year="1981">Vassal (1981)</bibRefCitation>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="1196DB6BB3E12649D1DA713946ED623B" author="Polhill, RM" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B668" refString="Polhill, RM, Raven, PH [Eds], 1981. Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" title="Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 1." year="1981">Polhill and Raven (1981</bibRefCitation>
: 170).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6510729F86468573EA81650A50F0D7A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D7157A616669ACD0B64540D71DAA13B2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1AC54ED930741A1ADD4F0C1E7EAB94A6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia sect. Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
(Vassal) Maslin, Pl. Diversity 41: 371. 2019.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B6A0E4A0E8B649DA8F852171C3B05F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="91D5212044D2BCD291DB8602C34BCFAD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia (Aculeiferum) subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea" subGenus="Aculeiferum">Acacia subg. Aculeiferum sect. Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
Vassal, Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Toulouse 108: 139. 1972; Vassal, Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse Tome 1, Vol. 8, Art. 17: 15. 1972. 
<emphasis id="8ED959BA8B0F94DA5AED069A283E589D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="88A98F1015A0D62C91E82189172B7214" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia ataxacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ataxacantha">
<emphasis id="C7D2A09C2547AF182B1BEB9696ED2D7E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acacia ataxacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DC. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="D3A78745C879207AC66798468FA64247" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia ataxacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ataxacantha">
<emphasis id="3E051ED68F6CF5D73A59FB1B485CE314" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia ataxacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EDA580F697B0B9F9B0AECD679AFAB0C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="BFCFF007C273CA0B92B4281D34319435" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD18DCD0FF5D828633022956AB8AF290" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Armed (with prickles) lianas, shrubs or trees (rarely taller than ca. 12 m); bark usually grey to brown and hard, sometimes yellowish and papery or corky when young; brachyblasts sometimes present; prickles present on branchlets (1, 2 or 3 at leaf nodes, or scattered irregularly or in rows along internodes; sometimes absent from some individuals and/or herbarium specimens) and often on underside of petiole and/or rachis. 
<emphasis id="520EE11D20625DAF8B9EEF528BDB9BAD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stipules</emphasis>
usually small and caducous, infrequently large and 
<normalizedToken id="B9564553A4DCF66D77AB749E1378C6B3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
persistent, not spinescent. 
<emphasis id="DE9F5EAFE05418FADE1E88A2A158F931" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
bipinnate, not sensitive; extrafloral nectaries present on petiole and/or rachis (sessile or sometimes stipitate) and normally on the pinnae (sessile); pinnae 1-40 (60) pairs; paraphyllidia present or absent; leaflets opposite or rarely alternate [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4ECB28C335FD9A8B319674A011FBEC82" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. comosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="comosa">
<emphasis id="4ED0878C935A5A5628C595632911DE3F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. comosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gagnep.) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger, sect. 
<taxonomicName id="981FE0F0F21C23697A7F2F8B0C433C1D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Stryphnodendron Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
s.s.], petiolulate or sometimes sessile, (1) 3-80 (100) pairs per pinna. 
<emphasis id="3C555782FBFC6FAA1E83F3E2A1F413ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Inflorescences</emphasis>
comprising pedunculate heads, spikes or rarely spiciform racemes that are solitary or in fascicles in leaf axils or arranged in compound racemes or panicles; peduncles lacking a multi-bracteate involucre. 
<emphasis id="C1DF9BD7F8C0675C973DA0E3B7163972" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers</emphasis>
all hermaphrodite or sometimes staminate and hermaphrodite within the one inflorescence, uniform, 5-merous, with a basal nectariferous disk, sessile to sub-sessile or sometimes pedicellate, commonly white to cream, sometimes yellow or red; perianth connate, valvate, not scarious; stamens numerous (ca. 30+), free; anther glands present or absent; pollen normally comprising 16-grained polyads, normally porate and lacking pseudocolpi, exine surface psilate (often with circular depressions) or variously rugulate, exine lacking columellae (or rarely columellae very short); ovary sessile to stipitate. 
<emphasis id="EE3F5BC4B5DD39F1D8235EE5FCD24741" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fruits</emphasis>
normally dehiscent, rarely indehiscent [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="76F16F00D4F1490C19831F1FF5BC8296" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pentagona" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pentagona">
<emphasis id="C4ED771803F5E1ECCFDCE3ACA95F445F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pentagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Schumach. &amp; Thonn.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr., sect. 
<taxonomicName id="098B3853C5FE680FA7A08B6EC3489314" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Stryphnodendron Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p.] or breaking into 1-seeded articles (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="FDA39069DEBCBF7D665CC6D1ECA03900" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. rostrata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rostrata">
<emphasis id="1E43EC7A50EA3F856455BE132BA9C9CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. rostrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="BAA0B6E4528AB8C5E5D987389D24CB27" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. monacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="monacantha">
<emphasis id="2691A738B9FBFD129830CCDC58BE2176" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. monacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sect. 
<taxonomicName id="A352D6FBDFBE05F1DB27339374375437" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p.), clearly flattened or rarely elliptic in cross-section, valves normally chartaceous to coriaceous, infrequently crustaceous to sub-woody [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="24017F8DDC261FDCE043D022ABA8F927" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. rugata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rugata">
<emphasis id="815EDD3236CF1A78E80B388FB1CA1B77" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. rugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Britton &amp; Rose, sect. 
<taxonomicName id="D45134FD6DB318045147AB9FCDACB52B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Stryphnodendron Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p.]. 
<emphasis id="83F1F4ABA58EF65FB21B811AC77D77FA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seeds</emphasis>
not winged, exarillate; pleurogram U-shaped (open at hilar end), occasionally circular or elliptic, rarely absent [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="67697E65441C5E1A3AEEF4B9A922C362" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pedicellata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pedicellata">
<emphasis id="64AF2DC3A161FBA3854E1BFC5FDEA75D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pedicellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger, sect. 
<taxonomicName id="6703562CCBCF43C5BE9B7A2C2DE7718D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Stryphnodendron Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p.].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B302E6FB9A1C508F700B407A439F9BDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph id="17BE831BC6D2FCEB67FAF467780D3F46" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D355DD60D32E7BB7000184344533F45" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
2 
<emphasis id="FEA164CB897E314E8134737F1553213C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 26 (known for 25 species, including those of sect. 
<taxonomicName id="E8F69B86EC41EE02415F4BC1778E5E4E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Stryphnodendron Senegalia</taxonomicName>
and sect. 
<taxonomicName id="78BFD51419D8B5628B4C6ABB03267893" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Stryphnodendron Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p.), 2 
<emphasis id="58928495995411BC0EFDC4E6830B2D81" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 39, 52 [
<taxonomicName id="B8D6C0B0F7980EB80E0696391174C4F6" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. laeta" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="laeta">
<emphasis id="6C42A653C96AB63D874CD31A1F067B1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. laeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R. Br. ex Benth.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger, sect. 
<taxonomicName id="DC90071FDB8662BC2DCBD1A4B5F8E91F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Stryphnodendron Senegalia</taxonomicName>
], 2 
<emphasis id="28B1123A4841DC651861C18E6903FA95" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 40 [
<taxonomicName id="80DAF5529E4562BF70E82CB089BF49FA" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. galpinii" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="galpinii">
<emphasis id="C67A8C8361A6E926D3FB13D8FD4EB55C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. galpinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Burt Davy) Seigler &amp; Ebinger, sect. 
<taxonomicName id="7D9D341DAFE7AB23F5B891EE14C94626" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Stryphnodendron Senegalia</taxonomicName>
] and 2 
<emphasis id="EE082B816ECFB989E6E0E22D231EA911" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 26, 52 and 104 (
<taxonomicName id="F89ABED88E86FEC87937526513DD8989" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ataxacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ataxacantha">
<emphasis id="06D41F44967E52AE8C8F9A1E1DADA772" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ataxacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sect. 
<taxonomicName id="EF9E8727E03A4802B3CBA4DEE6DD2DE8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
s.s.) (
<bibRefCitation id="2F8C86848E2992CA58A317FE72A7FBD7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1220745" author="Hamant, C" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Neerlandica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B344" refString="Hamant, C, Lescanne, N, Vassal, J, 1975. Sur quelques nombres chromosomiques nouveaux dans le genre Acacia. Taxon 24(5/6): 667-670. https://doi.org/10.2307/1220745" title="Sur quelques nombres chromosomiques nouveaux dans le genre Acacia. Taxon 24 (5 / 6): 667 - 670." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1220745" year="1975">Hamant et al. 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="228969EE95F90890197A7224ADF50AF4" author="Goldblatt, P" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.tropicos.org/Project/IPCN" refId="B312" refString="Goldblatt, P, Johnson, DE, 1979. [1979-] Index to plant chromosome numbers. Editors, IPCN database, Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/IPCN" title="[1979 -] Index to plant chromosome numbers. Editors, IPCN database, Missouri Botanical Garden." url="http://www.tropicos.org/Project/IPCN" year="1979">Goldblatt and Johnson 1979</bibRefCitation>
-; 
<bibRefCitation id="E580512262BDFAE185EF45EB647794B2" author="Ross, JH" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 155" refId="B730" refString="Ross, JH, 1979. A conspectus of the African Acacia species. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 44: 1 - 155" title="A conspectus of the African Acacia species." volume="44" year="1979">Ross 1979</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="AC313BD87BB20E45C3E400FF71139561" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13191" author="Rice, A" journalOrPublisher="New Phytologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="19 - 26" refId="B701" refString="Rice, A, Glick, L, Abadi, S, Einhorn, M, Kopelman, NM, Salman-Minkov, A, Mayzel, J, Chay, O, Mayrose, I, 2015. The Chromosome Counts Database (CCDB) - a community resource of plant chromosome numbers. New Phytologist 206: 19 - 26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13191" title="The Chromosome Counts Database (CCDB) - a community resource of plant chromosome numbers." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13191" volume="206" year="2015">Rice et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
; all as 
<taxonomicName id="389970E08720DEF3BC7CEFAA756751DB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1F0186CB6E6733B3ADF6B32B4007E828" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8D225AA61D0C1DB2F6AEE465EEB26715" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2FFB3705CB0E0FD4388EC1BE5894E057" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Included species and geographic distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C7B88F80971C7BDC778B682F6F8DEDCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A total of 219 species accommodated in three infrageneric groups (see Notes below): sect. 
<taxonomicName id="400BEAC168AFC8B57F10216DACAD6BA3" authority="Senegalia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Senegalia Senegalia</taxonomicName>
(51 species), sect. 
<taxonomicName id="2E1BDBB44FD4F008D9427BB7FECC08F0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
s.s. (four species) and sect. 
<taxonomicName id="8312BAA4A5151CA1E77A3BF500C218D2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p. (164 species). The genus is distributed pantropically in the Americas (99 species), the African region (Africa and Madagascar, 68 species), Asia (Arabian Peninsula to East and South East Asia, 57 species) and north-east Australia (two species) (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="4ABD56E298FED3E7FB1248402A921376" captionStart="Figure 191" captionStartId="F198" captionText="Figure 191. Distribution of Senegalia based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. Note that the Indian subcontinent was only sparsely sampled for this map. Details of species distribution, based on states of India and other countries of the subcontinent, are provided in Deshpande et al. (2019). See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure191" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014863" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">191</figureCitation>
). Centres of species richness include Brazil (63 species), Mexico (30 species), East Asia (China, 22 species) and East Africa (e.g., Somalia, 21 species; Mozambique, 20 species). At the infrageneric level: sect. 
<taxonomicName id="A759FCC8F6033ED5E72B81FA7F3824C9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Senegalia</taxonomicName>
occurs in Africa and Asia, sect. 
<taxonomicName id="3D7BB60B8E4DAD04D9ADE68945A2CFA2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
s.s. in Africa and sect. 
<taxonomicName id="3328A72C22E1BD0F27B5F12A21917C66" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p. is pantropical, occurring in the Americas, Africa and Madagascar, Asia and north-east Australia. Distribution maps showing areas of species richness, and further details of species numbers are provided in 
<bibRefCitation id="34338BA71CDD46C11EFE09BB72172537" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" author="Terra, V" editor="Hughes, CE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 278" refId="B848" refString="Terra, V, Ringelberg, JJ, Maslin, B, Koenen, EJM, Ebinger, J, Seigler, D, Hughes, CE, 2022. Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy? In: Hughes, CE, Queiroz, LP, Lewis, GP, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations. PhytoKeys 205: 261 - 278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" title="Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy?" url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" volume="205" volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations." year="2022">Terra et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="723038D502261AA9256543853936F514" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="F2560B18E5D3FD87647413CA779149F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C0096BCE8ABEE9AD764646ED0A769CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The majority of 
<taxonomicName id="19858BDAE1C0F5F9B48A372B63DE6DF8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="44C04CAB0085D064DB092A39616B744F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species occur in seasonally dry tropical habitats, especially seasonally dry tropical forests, scrublands and savannas. Despite this predilection for seasonally dry biomes, the genus shows wide adaptability, with some species occurring in wetter lowland tropical vegetation types, which accounts for its almost cosmopolitan distribution across the tropics. Details of habitats for many species of 
<taxonomicName id="C6735CD84746C9B0023DFFA637F43917" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4B8C30C15768DA61EC5B5799CD934DC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are provided in 
<bibRefCitation id="CE11AC0FE4396A0108D074F83837B650" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001" author="Maslin, BR" journalOrPublisher="Plant Diversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="353 - 480" refId="B548" refString="Maslin, BR, Ho, BC, Sun, H, Bai, L, 2019a. Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Plant Diversity 41 (6): 353 - 480, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001" title="Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001" volume="41" year="2019 a">Maslin et al. (2019a)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="A815DEB6CEC9B5789A23DFCEE05BF6D5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.522.1.4" author="Bai, L" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="38 - 46" refId="B29" refString="Bai, L, Maslin, BR, Xia, N, 2021. Senegalia propinqua (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a new species from the Yuanjiang dry-hot valley in south-central Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 522 (1): 38 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.522.1.4" title="Senegalia propinqua (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a new species from the Yuanjiang dry-hot valley in south-central Yunnan Province, China." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.522.1.4" volume="522" year="2021">Bai et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
for East Asian species, 
<bibRefCitation id="2F2556023883DD0A4273DE700D70C023" author="Nielsen, IC" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 159" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276809#page/4/mode/1up" refId="B609" refString="Nielsen, IC, 1981b. Legumineuses-Mimosoidees. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J-F, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-Nam 19. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 1 - 159, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276809#page/4/mode/1up" title="Legumineuses-Mimosoidees." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276809#page/4/mode/1up" volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-Nam 19." year="1981 b">Nielsen (1981b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0416191509411ED3EA7BF1D1E1B80F00" author="Nielsen, IC" editor="Smitinand, T" journalOrPublisher="Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="131 - 222" refId="B611" refString="Nielsen, IC, 1985a. Leguminosae - Mimosoideae. In: Smitinand, T, Larsen, K, Eds., Flora of Thailand 4(2). Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok: 131 - 222" title="Leguminosae - Mimosoideae." volumeTitle="Flora of Thailand 4 (2)." year="1985 a">1985a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="7E1B2253A24430EA01D2BE384ACF304A" author="Nielsen, I" journalOrPublisher="Opera Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 50" refId="B612" refString="Nielsen, I, 1985b. Malesian species of Acacia and Albizia (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Opera Botanica 81: 1 - 50" title="Malesian species of Acacia and Albizia (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae)." volume="81" year="1985 b">1985b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="F68E9F20EFDD281296B837AD87B15889" author="Nielsen, IC" journalOrPublisher="Opera Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532645" refId="B613" refString="Nielsen, IC, 1992. Mimosaceae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). In: de Wilde WJJO, Nooteboom HP, Kalkman C (Eds) Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta, Volume 11, Part 1 Foundation Flora Malesiana, Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 1-226. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532645" title="Mimosaceae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). In: de Wilde WJJO, Nooteboom HP, Kalkman C (Eds) Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta, Volume 11, Part 1 Foundation Flora Malesiana, Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 1 - 226." url="https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532645" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
) for South East Asian species, 
<bibRefCitation id="50BA1D0EC1D79FDE1F7B4471FB752438" author="Ross, JH" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 155" refId="B730" refString="Ross, JH, 1979. A conspectus of the African Acacia species. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 44: 1 - 155" title="A conspectus of the African Acacia species." volume="44" year="1979">Ross (1979)</bibRefCitation>
for African species, Du Puy and 
<bibRefCitation id="36BBF73FC0D8F701975B34838C9C0CB4" author="Villiers, J-F" editor="Du, Puy DJ" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="156 - 293" refId="B900" refString="Villiers, J-F, 2002. Subfamily Mimosoideae. In: Du, Puy DJ, Labat, J-N, Rabevohitra, R, Villiers, J-F, Eds., Leguminosae of Madagascar. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 156 - 293" title="Subfamily Mimosoideae." volumeTitle="Leguminosae of Madagascar." year="2002">Villiers (2002)</bibRefCitation>
for Madagascan species, and 
<bibRefCitation id="BFF9113D244656B43FDA8B7C320FC5C7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X680807" author="Barros, MJF" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="452 - 477" refId="B50" refString="Barros, MJF, Morim, MP, 2014. Senegalia (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) from the Atlantic Domain, Brazil. Systematic Botany 39 (2): 452 - 477, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X680807" title="Senegalia (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) from the Atlantic Domain, Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X680807" volume="39" year="2014">Barros and Morim (2014)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="98CDAE928157686EAED5403098272843" author="Rico-Arce, M de L" journalOrPublisher="CONABIO, Mexico" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B706" refString="Rico-Arce, M de L, 2007. A checklist and synopsis of American species of Acacia. CONABIO, Mexico" title="A checklist and synopsis of American species of Acacia." year="2007">Rico-Arce (2007)</bibRefCitation>
for American species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4E4A00D3A94C1151D0EAC3F2F94CC61A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="1454D7F1921A47102EF1D9695F1B84E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="375DBB03B1EB1632149A8137821BA3CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The genus name refers to Senegal, a country in West Africa where the lectotype 
<taxonomicName id="6E4DF1FB649B59F3CCE297B3ACCA155F" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. senegal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="senegal">
<emphasis id="6E9591D60B3F3DE92D72090867636254" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. senegal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BAB206DD6BFCD8BBFEB09546A806EAA6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="human uses">
<paragraph id="49C053E9155F4C717FDC5FE4B02B2A44" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Human uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D42422AB7981EEFAA33937CB671236DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The most valuable commercial species of 
<taxonomicName id="BBDE5C60B4501763AD68CB13CB41774C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07CB6112934A2F01C76D5A8783BDBFD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the widespread African 
<taxonomicName id="6081BC065C0A93F4EF29572CBA43D232" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. senegal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="senegal">
<emphasis id="3F4C1C4C2F65EB71CE41D9D1129551B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. senegal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sect. 
<taxonomicName id="B319F8EAA06895EB35BCC0A0DEFC0043" authority="Senegalia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Senegalia Senegalia</taxonomicName>
), which is the classical source of Gum Arabic. This water-soluble gum is also derived from a variety of other sources, including 
<taxonomicName id="606D05A7755DF4054ADAB931C9B854D6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vachellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vachellia seyal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="seyal">
<emphasis id="1B1D975607BCFC128E45A40578DD58F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vachellia seyal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Delile) P.J.H. Hurter, where it is harvested from trees both in the wild and in plantations. Gum Arabic is used primarily in the food and soft-drink industries as a stabilizer but also has applications in the production of paint, glue and cosmetics, in textile industries and for viscosity control in inks. Also in Africa, the two sect. 
<taxonomicName id="1BA79B47E04CEB4E91773C47FEF4634F" authority="Senegalia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Senegalia Senegalia</taxonomicName>
species 
<taxonomicName id="8B531E7502BDF7C947C9E909B4EABBD8" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="A2A94857D55BB3915549B0ED55B12E7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="28C4CF1260CFB776CF5024614245C4E5" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. caffra" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caffra">
<emphasis id="21CDECA31D663E4CE6E6BD481BE879AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. caffra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thunb.) P.J.H. Hurter &amp; Mabb. are sources of tannin (
<bibRefCitation id="F237E38C67845EEA78485A213D8FB918" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581" author="Mabberley, DJ" journalOrPublisher=", Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B519" refString="Mabberley, DJ, 2017. Mabberley's plant-book 4th edn., Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581" title="Mabberley's plant-book 4 th edn." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581" year="2017">Mabberley 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B49403089BA0B432F0474E9F7E79A2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In Asia, the most commonly utilised species is 
<taxonomicName id="301823A9C16B135F211EF66EA67AA339" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. catechu" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="catechu">
<emphasis id="A432530387AB77A60FD06CD164365115" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. catechu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L. f.) P.J.H. Hurter &amp; Mabb. (sect. 
<taxonomicName id="21BCD7CD03E21C0161E24EBE3B0F6701" authority="Senegalia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Senegalia Senegalia</taxonomicName>
). In Pakistan for example, its very durable and termite-resistant wood is used for house construction and for making agricultural implements; it is also an excellent source of firewood and is regarded as one of the best woods for charcoal production; tannin extracted from the wood is used for tanning (
<bibRefCitation id="B035D7050ACADF058AD6757FF671D323" author="Ali, SI" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&amp;taxon_id=10574" refId="B7" refString="Ali, SI, 1973. Acacia. In: Nasir E, Ali SI (Eds) Flora of West Pakistan 36: 2-20. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&amp;taxon_id=10574" title="Acacia. In: Nasir E, Ali SI (Eds) Flora of West Pakistan 36: 2 - 20. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi." url="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&amp;taxon_id=10574" year="1973">Ali 1973</bibRefCitation>
). The soft new shoots of 
<taxonomicName id="864B3EE05B247A75170C3C473C03A0FD" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pennata subsp. insuavis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="pennata" subSpecies="insuavis">S. pennata subsp. insuavis</taxonomicName>
(Lace) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger (sect. 
<taxonomicName id="B10144FE2418D355B7A4C8467E6477C9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Stryphnodendron Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p.) are commonly used in Asian cooking and are sold in some local markets in countries including China and Thailand; plants are sometimes grown as live fences in Thailand and northern Australia (
<bibRefCitation id="317DC42BDE08359CC9C71FB3F5398CD0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001" author="Maslin, BR" journalOrPublisher="Plant Diversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="353 - 480" refId="B548" refString="Maslin, BR, Ho, BC, Sun, H, Bai, L, 2019a. Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Plant Diversity 41 (6): 353 - 480, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001" title="Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001" volume="41" year="2019 a">Maslin et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
) and extracts from its roots are used in traditional medicine in Laos to help combat anaemia (
<bibRefCitation id="9FD77E414DEEB709479105246915A369" author="Nielsen, IC" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 159" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276809#page/4/mode/1up" refId="B609" refString="Nielsen, IC, 1981b. Legumineuses-Mimosoidees. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J-F, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-Nam 19. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 1 - 159, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276809#page/4/mode/1up" title="Legumineuses-Mimosoidees." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/276809#page/4/mode/1up" volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-Nam 19." year="1981 b">Nielsen 1981b</bibRefCitation>
). The fruits of 
<taxonomicName id="FE59E2CCD64038D1C1A902CDB3B67082" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. rugata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rugata">
<emphasis id="9004F873EEA1029ECB2E08462A8B3941" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. rugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sect. 
<taxonomicName id="8B307E81FEF5E50D86E336441BF814D6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Stryphnodendron Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p.) are also used for culinary purposes and as a traditional shampoo in Nepal (
<bibRefCitation id="F26CF4D51A205D6466A980B7DA23BFCE" author="Singh, S" journalOrPublisher="Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, ICFRE, India" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B794" refString="Singh, S, 2016. Ethnobotanical study of some climbers of Parsa district forest of Nepal. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 4(4, part A): 6-10." title="Ethnobotanical study of some climbers of Parsa district forest of Nepal. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 4 (4, part A): 6 - 10." year="2016">Singh 2016</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="342671EA2CC6D85054896E5C349427EC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia modesta" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="modesta">
<emphasis id="6CFD58493B8FB5E2A46C978032292E5D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia modesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wall.) P.J.H. Hurter (sect. 
<taxonomicName id="633A60E29F95876FCA40845C4277201F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Stryphnodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stryphnodendron" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Stryphnodendron Senegalia</taxonomicName>
) from Afghanistan, northern India, Pakistan and Myanmar is a source of Amritsar Gum (
<bibRefCitation id="F09F917F2223339758039B860A66D8B4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581" author="Mabberley, DJ" journalOrPublisher=", Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B519" refString="Mabberley, DJ, 2017. Mabberley's plant-book 4th edn., Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581" title="Mabberley's plant-book 4 th edn." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581" year="2017">Mabberley 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="255EDEA6942CA400309F7CB470D40D1E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In the Americas many species of 
<taxonomicName id="3F20B6DF28C5CBF825B625017BA8F53F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4E2C9E83978FE613C113F46311A54E66" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are used locally for firewood; the wood is often converted to charcoal, but this is not usually economically important. Furthermore, almost all species of 
<taxonomicName id="F8B49057795E55DCB3BD5F2549040FFD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5D6E6AD71C72E3496F23A7A2E1639BA4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that are large enough are used for making small tools, small instruments, furniture, and fence posts. The larger species are sometimes used for lumber [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="CDE952428677A0DBD7455C413F13A0DC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia aristeguietana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aristeguietana">
<emphasis id="A57F9080E7B39F00DC0053D8B6158776" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia aristeguietana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L. 
<normalizedToken id="8C39BFFF0EF219EFF42223D2E1A34035" originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
) Seigler &amp; Ebinger], but most do not have significant commercial value. 
<bibRefCitation id="7A969378510FD5677F87D94191EF2682" author="Rico-Arce, M de L" journalOrPublisher="CONABIO, Mexico" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B706" refString="Rico-Arce, M de L, 2007. A checklist and synopsis of American species of Acacia. CONABIO, Mexico" title="A checklist and synopsis of American species of Acacia." year="2007">Rico-Arce (2007)</bibRefCitation>
noted that American 
<taxonomicName id="591A62AB216F5CE7216CBDBB0C9C9040" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B4B2EEDE2138D397DBE9336D973AFD5C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sometimes grown as live fences [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="EAFB7A70779BC61D05EA22870A2C2ABC" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. bonariensis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bonariensis">
<emphasis id="288B06AD88508F764B6C4F692441B36E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bonariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gillies ex Hook. &amp; Arn.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger] or ornamentals [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="422ADA2E9063F03DF5A01F34D0D9FA27" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. occidentalis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="7C9CB0F25C6DA430143E533D4518FAA4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Rose) Britton &amp; Rose] and used in traditional medicines [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="9DCCE35EB331716FF16DCC22176503EA" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. greggii" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="greggii">
<emphasis id="62F75DAC2481F58C70B7DBA9C2152C37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. greggii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) Britton &amp; Rose, this species is also sometimes used as a coffee substitute]. 
<taxonomicName id="4A7498FA327AAC408144AECA2CC1480B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia berlandieri" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="berlandieri">
<emphasis id="3262D0346C87179FD60FC11ADCCA8431" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia berlandieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) Britton &amp; Rose is an important honey source in Texas (
<bibRefCitation id="14E81037871178D3A13B2E01FE1383EC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581" author="Mabberley, DJ" journalOrPublisher=", Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B519" refString="Mabberley, DJ, 2017. Mabberley's plant-book 4th edn., Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581" title="Mabberley's plant-book 4 th edn." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581" year="2017">Mabberley 2017</bibRefCitation>
), even though the foliage is toxic to livestock, especially cattle, on account of the alkaloids it possesses.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="11AFE253BA8082C497386E2F87487FD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph id="C3DA16CC847837DCAE7D75C14FD91CB0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3AC45A6C4C2FDAF10FFFB7D0983D2242" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Prior to the recent fragmentation of the former, broadly defined genus 
<taxonomicName id="8AE83AB0A551B40BC5019AA31E55A07A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0D818F1984038B198D3F78541E6E3C5C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, species now regarded as 
<taxonomicName id="1ABBA6580C4F6E181676E41163582969" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F79D69F18D0A18D927729F08996AE594" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been referred to 
<taxonomicName id="268EC507D067418ECEB4648968046FDE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia (Aculeiferum) subsp. subg." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Aculeiferum">Acacia subg. Aculeiferum</taxonomicName>
as defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="210E8DA610CE2D6B0C965758520C45B1" author="Vassal, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="125 - 247" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" refId="B885" refString="Vassal, J, 1972. Apport des recherches ontogeniques et seminologiques a l'etude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogenique du genre Acacia. Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 108: 125 - 247, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" title="Apport des recherches ontogeniques et seminologiques a l'etude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogenique du genre Acacia." url="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" volume="108" year="1972">Vassal (1972)</bibRefCitation>
. This subgenus corresponded to series 
<taxonomicName id="F23AF1AEC9530DA38750C3ECF4D9C289" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="series" series="Vulgares">
<emphasis id="48FA6429511B45F7E5D87FDB57E0F34F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vulgares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that 
<bibRefCitation id="19F393C4665147974A0987544F8CB4EA" author="Bentham, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40367#page/322/mode/1up" refId="B66" refString="Bentham, G, 1842b. Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species. London Journal of Botany 1: 318-392; 494-528. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40367#page/322/mode/1up" title="Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species. London Journal of Botany 1: 318 - 392; 494 - 528." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40367#page/322/mode/1up" year="1842 b">Bentham (1842b)</bibRefCitation>
had erected, and which was maintained in his 
<emphasis id="B5C54FBB6ED6FCDE65007BF4D28B61A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">magnum opus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="718CB0AF8CB477D8A1F1FABCDB8720FB" author="Bentham, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="335 - 664" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" refId="B74" refString="Bentham, G, 1875. Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30 (3): 335 - 664, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" title="Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88072#page/407/mode/1up" volume="30" year="1875">Bentham 1875</bibRefCitation>
) and was in use at the time of 
<bibRefCitation id="14DE2E2EFA9A6D189ADD617E4BE8353D" author="Vassal, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="125 - 247" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" refId="B885" refString="Vassal, J, 1972. Apport des recherches ontogeniques et seminologiques a l'etude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogenique du genre Acacia. Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 108: 125 - 247, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" title="Apport des recherches ontogeniques et seminologiques a l'etude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogenique du genre Acacia." url="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" volume="108" year="1972">
<normalizedToken id="BE697AE99D957B6365F6D887091E9BBF" originalValue="Vassal’s">Vassal's</normalizedToken>
(1972)
</bibRefCitation>
publication. 
<taxonomicName id="EB5028E875A51AEB73FF2CA82081A485" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1B06A069AD1725764AAE2446B6CD0F4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been described by 
<bibRefCitation id="32E7D9F848EA9773A72A16B78958402B" author="Rafinesque, CS" journalOrPublisher="Printed for the author and publisher, Philadelphia, USA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2757" refId="B680" refString="Rafinesque, CS, 1838. Sylva Telluriana. Printed for the author and publisher, Philadelphia, USA, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2757" title="Sylva Telluriana." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2757" year="1838">Rafinesque (1838)</bibRefCitation>
but had been overlooked or ignored until it was adopted for a short period by 
<bibRefCitation id="F48752D130F4AC660F2762A48709F6D9" author="Britton, NL" journalOrPublisher="North American Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 194" refId="B115" refString="Britton, NL, Rose, JN, 1928. Mimosaceae (Rosales). North American Flora 23: 1 - 194" title="Mimosaceae (Rosales)." volume="23" year="1928">Britton and Rose (1928)</bibRefCitation>
in their Flora of North America. Within the context of a reassessment of the classification of 
<taxonomicName id="04C8F150D1EF82B720E0338F39E9F237" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E09DBE6B06EA4A947B95ED4F05BB88EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.l., 
<bibRefCitation id="AF52784C24ACF16FFFE42F99D94846AD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x" author="Pedley, L" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 254" refId="B648" refString="Pedley, L, 1986. Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92 (3): 219 - 254, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x" title="Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x" volume="92" year="1986">Pedley (1986)</bibRefCitation>
resurrected 
<taxonomicName id="143787C7865AA39E02002526E32457A5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9F5C85F2D589BF0EA50D285F0D7C9AC1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
again. Although this classification was not widely adopted at that time, from 2000 onwards after phylogenetic evidence clearly showed that 
<taxonomicName id="0E590741CF61793FA14212A8916C86F6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5C0DFD1F3E24D9F544EE0E03C63ACCC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.l. was polyphyletic, 
<taxonomicName id="BF4FF668F7A2FD6DCAAD9C75410D54CF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0F7121C6C6EB80B6FC30D3691B6DD95" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was once again resurrected and four small New World genera were segregated from it. Regardless, 
<taxonomicName id="9A9BE50DAA60339258E14BDCFEB928E4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B0CF83E02DA3E44CCFE93F3F52595E99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as currently defined is most likely not monophyletic (fide 
<bibRefCitation id="933E42877EFF8B7FC0631E8C3A102AA2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" author="Terra, V" editor="Hughes, CE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 278" refId="B848" refString="Terra, V, Ringelberg, JJ, Maslin, B, Koenen, EJM, Ebinger, J, Seigler, D, Hughes, CE, 2022. Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy? In: Hughes, CE, Queiroz, LP, Lewis, GP, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations. PhytoKeys 205: 261 - 278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" title="Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy?" url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" volume="205" volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations." year="2022">Terra et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B0E9982B930EC3694F8E2E5AAA9C63CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="0395C4394796732FA97D083670A1DD04" author="Vassal, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="125 - 247" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" refId="B885" refString="Vassal, J, 1972. Apport des recherches ontogeniques et seminologiques a l'etude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogenique du genre Acacia. Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 108: 125 - 247, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" title="Apport des recherches ontogeniques et seminologiques a l'etude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogenique du genre Acacia." url="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" volume="108" year="1972">
<normalizedToken id="F44B5C3146671D4F4ABD6909D2D5A066" originalValue="Vassal’s">Vassal's</normalizedToken>
(1972)
</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="537C515A1407DE76F7969164C5B00617" authority="Aculeiferum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia (Aculeiferum) subsp. subgenus" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Aculeiferum">Acacia subgenus Aculeiferum</taxonomicName>
included two major infrageneric groups, section 
<taxonomicName id="B4CA606A925FC27BEE92B3AC120C8AB0" authority="Aculeiferum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia (Aculeiferum)" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Aculeiferum" subGenus="Aculeiferum">Acacia Aculeiferum Aculeiferum</taxonomicName>
which comprised species having cauline prickles located at the nodes, and section 
<taxonomicName id="90BB0181ED19B8BB8A81A897DA12149D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Acacia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
comprising species with cauline prickles scattered between the nodes; the type of this latter section was nominated as 
<taxonomicName id="063DE270AE99D2AA6E29F107C6FEB138" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia (Senegalia) ataxacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ataxacantha" subGenus="Senegalia">Acacia (Senegalia) ataxacantha</taxonomicName>
. Over the past decade several phylogenetic analyses have included species of 
<taxonomicName id="8724D92F2716F31FC261F7C43249E64E" authority="Aculeiferum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia (Aculeiferum) subsp. subgenus" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Aculeiferum">Acacia subgenus Aculeiferum</taxonomicName>
(now 
<taxonomicName id="EAFF055602CA156F41D35A936BBD1E28" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2BBE4E87934BE05B290D6C2BD684F7D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Whether based on plastid DNA sequences (
<bibRefCitation id="4C322428EEF61F054A6737B4A56DE692" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.019" author="Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="495 - 508" refId="B97" refString="Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y, Maurin, O, Hurter, J, van, der Bank M, 2010. The evolutionary history and biogeography of Mimosoideae (Leguminosae): an emphasis on African acacias. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 (2): 495 - 508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.019" title="The evolutionary history and biogeography of Mimosoideae (Leguminosae): an emphasis on African acacias." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.019" volume="57" year="2010">Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D5C1FB4CB6A0FDA00FA6427D44FC2625" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12047" author="Kyalangalilwa, B" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="500 - 523" refId="B449" refString="Kyalangalilwa, B, Boatwright, JS, Daru, BH, Maurin, O, van, der Bank M, 2013. Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172 (4): 500 - 523, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12047" title="Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s. l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12047" volume="172" year="2013">Kyalangalilwa et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="A76BD52C87D5DB197E214A46097ED3AB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12320" author="Boatwright, JS" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="288 - 294" refId="B85" refString="Boatwright, JS, Maurin, O, van, der Bank M, 2015. Phylogenetic position of Madagascan species of Acacia s.l. and new combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae, Acacieae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (2): 288 - 294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12320" title="Phylogenetic position of Madagascan species of Acacia s. l. and new combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae, Acacieae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12320" volume="179" year="2015">Boatwright et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) or plastid loci combined with nrDNA ITS sequences (
<bibRefCitation id="21FAF1A87A2E0BAB8D10ACEF72A91176" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X696122" author="Terra, V" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="458 - 464" refId="B847" refString="Terra, V, Garcia, FCP, Queiroz, LP, van, der Bank M, Miller, JT, 2017. Phylogenetic relationships in Senegalia (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae) emphasizing the South American lineages. Systematic Botany 42 (3): 458 - 464, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X696122" title="Phylogenetic relationships in Senegalia (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae) emphasizing the South American lineages." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X696122" volume="42" year="2017">Terra et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), all recovered two well supported clades. One contains species with nodal prickles that are now included in the Afro-Asian 
<taxonomicName id="F711AFDD6061057A96A39879BC4A021C" authority="Senegalia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia subsp. section" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Senegalia section Senegalia</taxonomicName>
(= section 
<taxonomicName id="89E0C240418FCDE20AD453F883305C5C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Aculeiferum">Senegalia Aculeiferum</taxonomicName>
as recognised by 
<bibRefCitation id="39A4A34904A0C843F519BF56A9EF6A35" author="Vassal, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="125 - 247" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" refId="B885" refString="Vassal, J, 1972. Apport des recherches ontogeniques et seminologiques a l'etude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogenique du genre Acacia. Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 108: 125 - 247, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" title="Apport des recherches ontogeniques et seminologiques a l'etude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogenique du genre Acacia." url="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556186h/f127.item" volume="108" year="1972">Vassal 1972</bibRefCitation>
) plus species of the small African 
<taxonomicName id="280C8603CE2B72330E2273CC17F8A660" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ataxacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ataxacantha">
<emphasis id="7F5D4607078E7235F1D66B89E88FA9DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ataxacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group that possessed internodal prickles (because this group included the type of section 
<taxonomicName id="667D7D4B0546F9DC9C5A2C310B80EF32" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
, it was designated as section 
<taxonomicName id="A36187B21FCE34395A06D23E963FF3FA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
sensu stricto by 
<bibRefCitation id="DDAFB4D8681ECC97E0AFA6A3F0DA0DAC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" author="Terra, V" editor="Hughes, CE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 278" refId="B848" refString="Terra, V, Ringelberg, JJ, Maslin, B, Koenen, EJM, Ebinger, J, Seigler, D, Hughes, CE, 2022. Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy? In: Hughes, CE, Queiroz, LP, Lewis, GP, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations. PhytoKeys 205: 261 - 278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" title="Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy?" url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" volume="205" volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations." year="2022">Terra et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). The second clade contains a pantropical group of species with internodal prickles, but as this group did not include 
<taxonomicName id="AF744ACC2C198A11748A875136F930AB" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ataxacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ataxacantha">
<emphasis id="73322B38007382567EB8C875058CA925" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ataxacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it was designated section 
<taxonomicName id="EB46DDF89283258B75FA5D09D2530715" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
pro parte by 
<bibRefCitation id="0826858CA5E43F9B19D87F1CE09960A9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" author="Terra, V" editor="Hughes, CE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 278" refId="B848" refString="Terra, V, Ringelberg, JJ, Maslin, B, Koenen, EJM, Ebinger, J, Seigler, D, Hughes, CE, 2022. Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy? In: Hughes, CE, Queiroz, LP, Lewis, GP, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations. PhytoKeys 205: 261 - 278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" title="Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy?" url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" volume="205" volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations." year="2022">Terra et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
. This same three-group topology was also revealed by phylogenomic analyses of large numbers of nuclear genes (
<bibRefCitation id="BC63E3326C6ACA61971695A9F25E145F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.85866" author="Ringelberg, JJ" editor="Hughes, CE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3 - 58" refId="B712" refString="Ringelberg, JJ, Koenen, EJM, Iganci, JR, Queiroz, LP, Murphy, DJ, Gaudeul, M, Bruneau, A, Luckow, M, Lewis, GP, Hughes, CE, 2022. Phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes reveals the need for extensive generic re-delimitation in Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae). In: Hughes, CE, Queiroz, LP, Lewis, GP, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: New generic delimitations. PhytoKeys 205: 3 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.85866" title="Phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes reveals the need for extensive generic re-delimitation in Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.85866" volume="205" volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: New generic delimitations." year="2022">Ringelberg et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
), albeit with very sparse taxon sampling.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02C63A79F4ED1ABB87808F5E2C3234FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In summary, the present concept of 
<taxonomicName id="D428E0DBA72AD1BD0BEDA8B740F45A80" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BAACBAB095FC775FF4259BD8A2D9359A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on a combination of genetic and morphological evidence as detailed by 
<bibRefCitation id="30148356BE7F91BEA02ED917F39D2F48" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" author="Terra, V" editor="Hughes, CE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 278" refId="B848" refString="Terra, V, Ringelberg, JJ, Maslin, B, Koenen, EJM, Ebinger, J, Seigler, D, Hughes, CE, 2022. Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy? In: Hughes, CE, Queiroz, LP, Lewis, GP, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations. PhytoKeys 205: 261 - 278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" title="Dilemmas in generic delimitation of Senegalia and allies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade): how to reconcile phylogenomic evidence with morphology and taxonomy?" url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.205.79378" volume="205" volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae Part 1: new generic delimitations." year="2022">Terra et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
, and synoptically, the genus comprises the following three major groups:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38362D9F83007B37B6A509986E4134EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="50F720E9F25527E03A3D2CCBA91A0D6A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">
<emphasis id="B4788E3CE9A31014198ECCCCA051F183" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia sect. Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: cauline prickles 1, 2 or 3 at the nodes, flowers almost always in spikes; 51 species in Africa and Asia (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="545B0F283B87BC3551329A6F6961A99F" captionStart="Figure 189" captionStartId="F196" captionText="Figure 189. Morphological features of A-C Senegalia sect. Monacanthea s. s. and D-J Senegalia sect. Senegalia A-C Senegalia ataxacantha (DC.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr. A lianescent shrub habit B branch showing internodal prickles C spicate inflorescence, Pretoria National Botanical Garden, South Africa D, E S. modesta (Wall.) P. J. H. Hurter D papery peeling bark on branch, living collection at Singapore Botanic Gardens E branch showing two prickles at nodes and leaves with few pinnae, Asia F S. catechu (L. f.) P. J. H. Hurter &amp; Mabb. spicate inflorescence, South China Botanic Garden, Guangzhou G S. laeta (R. Br. ex Benth.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger habit H S. senegal (L.) Britton three cauline prickles at nodes I S. goetzei (Harms) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr. two cauline prickles at nodes and spicate inflorescence J S. polyacantha subsp. campylacantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kyal. and Boatwr. habit. Photo credits A P Birnbaum B S Piry C E Koenen D, E B Maslin F Y Chen G M Schmidt H A Dreyer I C Boucher Chisale J E Faust. A, B, G-J from African plants - A Photo Guide (www. africanplants. senckenberg. de)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure189" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014861" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">189D-J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="CB06C7D8E644AA89D60C314D7148BAEB" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure189" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014861" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 189" startId="F196">
<paragraph id="3E59084B86110AB207ECA63173F2289F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="71C7DAECBEC28B36559A23395A2023B4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 189.</emphasis>
Morphological features of 
<emphasis id="5077C0A75CE1DA6984E65FE8114CD13A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2D62BA5542AFD61BE503F46979F01AC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia sect. Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
s.s. and 
<emphasis id="BA702430085F528AA977BFEC0FF67699" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D-J</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="9794859B5395C8F1DE34F33E27931353" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Senegalia">Senegalia sect. Senegalia</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="8FFBAA294690AEBBDBF8CA969C433DDC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="68F115D972D6B3B9203C10AEE53E502D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia ataxacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ataxacantha">
<emphasis id="CEF05DFF36BA2A89E74A909F317E4B56" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia ataxacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr. 
<emphasis id="0E3C761B902BBA09F8ED258A6E42744E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
lianescent shrub habit 
<emphasis id="227CEF253B07831CD8F51C0C319F282B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
branch showing internodal prickles 
<emphasis id="B9A84BE46F89374D03B45358257410F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
spicate inflorescence, Pretoria National Botanical Garden, South Africa 
<emphasis id="5C5ECEF6E9DAFC201BFA98E97742AFA4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, E</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1533B1A6D8E6ACBF72628B24FCFEF740" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. modesta" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="modesta">
<emphasis id="72A418151B00A67130E98479B00DDD61" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. modesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wall.) P.J.H. Hurter 
<emphasis id="7DB807120E709EA1E69D965BE85ED2BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
papery peeling bark on branch, living collection at Singapore Botanic Gardens 
<emphasis id="3FEE8B09922C695824E68BB48FEEC72D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
branch showing two prickles at nodes and leaves with few pinnae, Asia 
<emphasis id="B655206590A7C9F9FE1F8FEECAD8DC1D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E43E770040F50E99E54EB3080859C695" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. catechu" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="catechu">
<emphasis id="8302E0F82D7555898D774FF0F94349F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. catechu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter &amp; Mabb. spicate inflorescence, South China Botanic Garden, Guangzhou 
<emphasis id="640C4857E0C9D18A6541CC6B2FF1538C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="98A38BB9938CE145FFED55175293ED34" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. laeta" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="laeta">
<emphasis id="895EB97DD089DC30AFF2FA46B2A1E703" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. laeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R. Br. ex Benth.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger habit 
<emphasis id="56C803B86FDA64C371F655C7E23004CC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="62877BBA91B44970E77805CF0B2E580E" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. senegal" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="senegal">
<emphasis id="04628F4BF24074DFC880C50EC5845E9E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. senegal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Britton three cauline prickles at nodes 
<emphasis id="0780DB8F5386B0DEB75E5E496BB056AA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2495A1A960B98D6942C6A2C340CD8457" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. goetzei" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="goetzei">
<emphasis id="95F3A519779197ACAF46776EBF370BD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. goetzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Harms) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr. two cauline prickles at nodes and spicate inflorescence 
<emphasis id="B2C23C6F3DAF4E21F6D56CA839B53BCE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A24CA04FBB4D05B7B507D6AA83608025" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. polyacantha subsp. campylacantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="polyacantha" subSpecies="campylacantha">S. polyacantha subsp. campylacantha</taxonomicName>
(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kyal. and Boatwr. habit. Photo credits 
<emphasis id="13413BBFDDFA4A8F0128508168A8009D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
P Birnbaum 
<emphasis id="904D60392BCC974C4EECEE517CAC8FC4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
S Piry 
<emphasis id="04F0A0137EF099389619451A9270D52F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
E Koenen 
<emphasis id="2A2C02BA734D11BF28AD47BC998CB9AB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, E</emphasis>
B Maslin 
<emphasis id="21DF50DCED32A69E295418FF310F85FE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
Y Chen 
<emphasis id="628EA42EDE79196D756AA073E877C914" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
M Schmidt 
<emphasis id="698C75D3AA3603A194C58D4664DE0ECB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
A Dreyer 
<emphasis id="1C1BF7A13897BF43388CB7939DB02094" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
C Boucher Chisale 
<emphasis id="6B74EF0C89FE38D6F19B9EF3B594A19C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
E Faust. 
<emphasis id="A2E3BA79BD87C3078E511B442D51B834" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B, G-J</emphasis>
from African plants - A Photo Guide (www.africanplants.senckenberg.de).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C25CA4310C76A933FEBA32F74FD01E93" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6B3C2849314B29E4B5757062BF9F654C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="30105D260E69B6BC3AD5FDCFFF7869FF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia sect. Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
s.s.
</emphasis>
: cauline prickles internodal, flowers in spikes; four species in Africa (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="8B9D78A107055EEB68A3EF011B2332E9" captionStart="Figure 189" captionStartId="F196" captionText="Figure 189. Morphological features of A-C Senegalia sect. Monacanthea s. s. and D-J Senegalia sect. Senegalia A-C Senegalia ataxacantha (DC.) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr. A lianescent shrub habit B branch showing internodal prickles C spicate inflorescence, Pretoria National Botanical Garden, South Africa D, E S. modesta (Wall.) P. J. H. Hurter D papery peeling bark on branch, living collection at Singapore Botanic Gardens E branch showing two prickles at nodes and leaves with few pinnae, Asia F S. catechu (L. f.) P. J. H. Hurter &amp; Mabb. spicate inflorescence, South China Botanic Garden, Guangzhou G S. laeta (R. Br. ex Benth.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger habit H S. senegal (L.) Britton three cauline prickles at nodes I S. goetzei (Harms) Kyal. &amp; Boatwr. two cauline prickles at nodes and spicate inflorescence J S. polyacantha subsp. campylacantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kyal. and Boatwr. habit. Photo credits A P Birnbaum B S Piry C E Koenen D, E B Maslin F Y Chen G M Schmidt H A Dreyer I C Boucher Chisale J E Faust. A, B, G-J from African plants - A Photo Guide (www. africanplants. senckenberg. de)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure189" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014861" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">189A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B877E8AF4819ADEC2BF6DB30B863F45B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A40B41264E46134B39D787C7605C7099" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="42430C9EBA1CFF38B6A87E0F4A003FF8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia sect. Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p.
</emphasis>
: cauline prickles internodal but sometimes also at the nodes in some American species; flowers in heads or spikes; 164 species in Australia, Asia, Africa and the Americas. The name 
<taxonomicName id="4E772103C618BF2E5E2DDF269550178E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Manganaroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Manganaroa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="00ABB5EA661E9E496264A0C9CCCF7CB2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Manganaroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is available if this group is ever treated as a distinct genus (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="B7EF266104A839B73979830741F45C64" captionStart="Figure 190" captionStartId="F197" captionText="Figure 190. Morphological features of Senegalia sect. Monacanthea p. p. A Senegalia x emoryana (Benth.) Britton &amp; Rose habit, New World B S. micrantha (Benth.) Britton &amp; Rose leaf, New World C S. grandistipula (Benth.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger large foliaceous stipules (such stipules not especially common in Senegalia) (Terra 715), New World D Senegalia x emoryana internodal prickles, New World E S. subsessilis Britton &amp; Rose thin-textured fruits, New World F S. sakalava (Drake) Boatwr. globose scarlet inflorescence (scarlet flowers are rare in Senegalia but are found in several species from Madagascar) (Koenen 215), Madagascar G S. pruinescens (Kurz) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger lianescent shrub habit and terminal paniculate inflorescences (insert of head showing calyx red in upper part) (Maslin 11023), Asia H S. pennata subsp. insuavis (Lace) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger liana habit (Maslin 11016), Asia I S. menabeensis (Villiers &amp; Du Puy) Boatwr. spicate inflorescences (Du Puy M 359), Madagascar J S. rugata (Lam.) Britton &amp; Rose hard-textured pods, Macau, China K S. tonkinensis (I. C. Nielsen) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger branch showing internodal prickles and two glands on petiole (uncommon in Senegalia) (Maslin 11041), Asia. Photo credits A, B, D, E, H B Maslin C V Terra F E Koenen G, K L Bai I D Du Puy J L-x Yuan." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure190" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014862" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">190</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="1056B4EBC763632E10363F004817606F" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure190" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014862" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 190" startId="F197">
<paragraph id="D422DA7876469B126E227CB5B65636EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="4E52E80087BE9B7FDE44090829D1CB8C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 190.</emphasis>
Morphological features of 
<taxonomicName id="6E47E73EDF237B94E533FABA17D3E8E7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monacanthea">Senegalia sect. Monacanthea</taxonomicName>
p.p. 
<emphasis id="A631B6A32F6C41E931CCD26D1D14C5D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3B152FEF013ADD4C458A9F04EEC789E5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" isHybrid="true" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia emoryana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emoryana">
Senegalia 
<normalizedToken id="73B2E35E7A0EE35D0AB82E91DFCC4E59" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
emoryana
</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) Britton &amp; Rose habit, New World 
<emphasis id="0114FF33DB30EFEC92DF96B185206940" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F3C76373C4556FFC8516C6E88F3E19A6" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. micrantha" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="micrantha">
<emphasis id="62D4B3CA2C55DC6502F9C29DFFA8B041" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. micrantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) Britton &amp; Rose leaf, New World 
<emphasis id="88B5B3E0363C7B0C4C508761113CD54F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3DBCBF0F811C62340F0F6BDE2E378B78" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. grandistipula" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="grandistipula">
<emphasis id="90F32C2B5D4B10CE9E9D6D8D13487739" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. grandistipula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) Seigler &amp; Ebinger large foliaceous stipules (such stipules not especially common in 
<taxonomicName id="14EF8D5B4A69E318FF800D0B1A529C71" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FF28E853EC544BAFDAE7C73FBC8C1C0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<emphasis id="6760F588DC7DC15E8C262925EF499238" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Terra 715</emphasis>
), New World 
<emphasis id="E999D252ECB8C94110432F33C7A75156" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="84274EA52D3F3CAC689EF8DD6372B2AD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" isHybrid="true" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia emoryana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emoryana">
Senegalia 
<normalizedToken id="443C1D80C90C17C67B81C6A4D955F9E5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
emoryana
</taxonomicName>
internodal prickles, New World 
<emphasis id="D7FB7830191ABF672B427CFB57A3DB5F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92091F20D00492453485A51D756ECA3E" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. subsessilis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="subsessilis">
<emphasis id="0B67E678496835C55B600926662ACDD2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. subsessilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Rose thin-textured fruits, New World 
<emphasis id="8562E5C260A4908D5F95286766079DD5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="383C372E6A858AF1C931FD689038A80F" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sakalava" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sakalava">
<emphasis id="8C9D17254619A3A9A807C46E6C182AB2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sakalava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Drake) Boatwr. globose scarlet inflorescence (scarlet flowers are rare in 
<taxonomicName id="C11478372503A43AD9A332EACCA67E7C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="66436F31AFFA03AE47F40FAFE6B0654B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but are found in several species from Madagascar) (
<emphasis id="F7237BAF17A80C299CBB773ABF952276" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Koenen 215</emphasis>
), Madagascar 
<emphasis id="820F232E626BF62F79CCEF0A6541CB63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D5F5BDBC8013DA264449CFA01BC665A8" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pruinescens" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pruinescens">
<emphasis id="1BE5F0BDE790211C2E93CB104184F676" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pruinescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Kurz) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger lianescent shrub habit and terminal paniculate inflorescences (insert of head showing calyx red in upper part) (
<emphasis id="7B7BC623D1E5CD217A5492CFA2F57A1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maslin 11023</emphasis>
), Asia 
<emphasis id="2DCF8A5F231A796B259C094CF6B4D41E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D5A2981707B35F1EA9E96B30D95E3519" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pennata subsp. insuavis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="pennata" subSpecies="insuavis">S. pennata subsp. insuavis</taxonomicName>
(Lace) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger liana habit (
<emphasis id="ADC9D94D66F73830AEEDF2124C407F43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maslin 11016</emphasis>
), Asia 
<emphasis id="3CCF69D9698591B30ADF1C48C22171A7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="28E74A732EF6C4FCDE00D7E73A0B54CD" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. menabeensis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="menabeensis">
<emphasis id="4A147D7E48A938E5BBD965F967C7E638" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. menabeensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Villiers &amp; Du Puy) Boatwr. spicate inflorescences (
<emphasis id="B0EB199175E9057EA4290D8ACD226D42" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Du Puy M359</emphasis>
), Madagascar 
<emphasis id="E45B06B7B964231DBC9642D501A94E82" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5EE6005B881C72322C6DE524DDACF105" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. rugata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rugata">
<emphasis id="080D3195973612623819734C7DE927D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. rugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Britton &amp; Rose hard-textured pods, Macau, China 
<emphasis id="765D1BE6EAC118965B12917948E9EB6D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4401E441BB252BEC75B676B3E0A7034" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tonkinensis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tonkinensis">
<emphasis id="19877CF8E86DB4FE2A0AC11D5DE4CEFC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tonkinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(I.C. Nielsen) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger branch showing internodal prickles and two glands on petiole (uncommon in 
<taxonomicName id="09B7B6ED230E6080DCCCFFF23FB05C2D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="283FC7138CA5E0F7C44717FDD26C1B34" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<emphasis id="24169D69DBF1EF5C4DBBDB7CEE4FBC24" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maslin 11041</emphasis>
), Asia. Photo credits 
<emphasis id="A5E630BDAE336611B3C7BE510DFBE46A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B, D, E, H</emphasis>
B Maslin 
<emphasis id="D89D217F2ACA9BA2A001F99361F62AC6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
V Terra 
<emphasis id="5FBED65BD109F59951CBA74D5C403F4B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
E Koenen 
<emphasis id="2B7ADDB2A55EFEF86F81B208942258D5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G, K</emphasis>
L Bai 
<emphasis id="8946B015B81610AC4D160C7C79C51C8F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
D Du Puy 
<emphasis id="1ECFAC18B52E3DD18D71EF077192BA61" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
L-x Yuan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2A05A1F550F0C5F939F7356F6CA8318E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The pollen description above is based on 
<bibRefCitation id="4C13EF7E6254A3E9CAA705B8A5140920" author="Guinet, P" journalOrPublisher="Travaux de la Section Scientifique et Technique, Institut Francais de Pondichery" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 293" refId="B334" refString="Guinet, P, 1969. Les Mimosacees: etude de palynologie fondamentale, correlations, evolution. Travaux de la Section Scientifique et Technique, Institut Francais de Pondichery 9: 1 - 293" title="Les Mimosacees: etude de palynologie fondamentale, correlations, evolution." volume="9" year="1969">Guinet (1969)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="3884DF6AE15E6B80A0B47EF99D98E7E4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4109653" author="Guinet, P" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="509 - 527" refId="B338" refString="Guinet, P, Vassal, J, 1978. Hypothesis on the differentiation of the major groups of the genus Acacia (Leguminosae). Kew Bulletin 32 (3): 509 - 527, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4109653" title="Hypothesis on the differentiation of the major groups of the genus Acacia (Leguminosae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4109653" volume="32" year="1978">Guinet and Vassal (1978)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DCEAB8F8CCF48DB924914D95E61F6019" author="Nielsen, IC" journalOrPublisher="Opera Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532645" refId="B613" refString="Nielsen, IC, 1992. Mimosaceae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). In: de Wilde WJJO, Nooteboom HP, Kalkman C (Eds) Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta, Volume 11, Part 1 Foundation Flora Malesiana, Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 1-226. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532645" title="Mimosaceae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). In: de Wilde WJJO, Nooteboom HP, Kalkman C (Eds) Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta, Volume 11, Part 1 Foundation Flora Malesiana, Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 1 - 226." url="https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532645" year="1992">Nielsen (1992)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="F8C0AF6730ED45F20FBFA8336F3CF318" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2113/0240231" author="Caccavari, MA" journalOrPublisher="Palynology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 248" refId="B148" refString="Caccavari, MA, Dome, E, 2000. An account of morphological and structural characterization of American Mimosoideae pollen. Part I: Tribe Acacieae. Palynology 24 (1): 231 - 248, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/0240231" title="An account of morphological and structural characterization of American Mimosoideae pollen. Part I: Tribe Acacieae." url="https://doi.org/10.2113/0240231" volume="24" year="2000">Caccavari and Dome (2000)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="A86EAAD1223FE7FD69EB675A6845C98A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2021.1890256" author="Duarte, AF" journalOrPublisher="Palynology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="627 - 639" refId="B234" refString="Duarte, AF, Ribeiro, PG, Moreira, AL, Queiroz, LP, dos, Santos FAR, 2021. Pollen morphology of Senegalia Raf. species and related genera (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: mimosoid clade). Palynology 45 (4): 627 - 639, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2021.1890256" title="Pollen morphology of Senegalia Raf. species and related genera (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: mimosoid clade)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2021.1890256" volume="45" year="2021">Duarte et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
. Where species of 
<taxonomicName id="79F3B9E11A08CE36AC1E649748795814" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="198FB6608CA1029368209F9BBCEFDD05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are included in those works, they are described as having 16-grained polyads. However, in 
<bibRefCitation id="C6352E4549F4112E125B40F11523242D" author="Guinet, P" editor="Polhill, RM" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="835 - 855" refId="B336" refString="Guinet, P, 1981b. Mimosoideae: the characters of their pollen grains. In: Polhill, RM, Raven, PH, Eds., Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 835 - 855" title="Mimosoideae: the characters of their pollen grains." volumeTitle="Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 2." year="1981 b">Guinet (1981b</bibRefCitation>
, Table 
<tableCitation id="9F857C0DEC79072B3FE1B7CE0913B5FF" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Caesalpinioideae genera richness across global floristic realms and subrealms (according to Liu et al. 2023)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3A9266CD1A35CE1445A7804243079300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="3A9266CD1A35CE1445A7804243079300">1</tableCitation>
) 
<taxonomicName id="967C17DB782774A9E0D6EEDBB8DF8AE3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5403847BDB39AE8AE3685DFACE14C6D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was included in 
<taxonomicName id="EDEF7FB344FEBB8C209B9FC0A959CB85" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="551D721F6CF8D4C0AE8ECBDEE831F25F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group one which was described as having (24-), 16-, 12-grained polyads. Because it is not known what species were included within that group, it is not possible to verify this range of variation for pollen grain number in 
<taxonomicName id="6417B8FB622BD6EA78DB5F34D176EA48" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="843FA71EDD8EDCCE723699169332C04B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="78E7EF8C3543E3478E58FBB62265B738" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure191" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014863" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 191" startId="F198">
<paragraph id="9CF4E18C4AC8E74AEDF08261B6E19451" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="199DECE37B89505BC2A4819A3E26D27F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 191.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="939CC6A5AA0C4F3B6C7F3B9093E1A9B9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8165796BAB999111A87AE8F4F062DDCE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senegalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. Note that the Indian subcontinent was only sparsely sampled for this map. Details of species distribution, based on states of India and other countries of the subcontinent, are provided in 
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. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6947929DB80DCFF1986614636AE2A20C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic references">
<paragraph id="F1C888E6860D032897FCFBDC7DBA6CCF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic references.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B8B37FED29E3C364193257574AE139E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>