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<mods:title id="2ED2E4E33AE18A00EA9B51F37933B6F1">Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="15FB07708A2E57550F550AF665BF8510">Hennemann, Frank H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CAD7037B76F532D0806A9C0412B650C3">Zhang, Weiwei</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="365B87F31E3BCF64FF30A9B0FB1CCEAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5622250" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119354952" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5622250" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:365B87F31E3BCF64FF30A9B0FB1CCEAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E3BCF64FF30A9B0FB1CCEAC" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
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<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E3BCF67FF30A9B0FDC7CCB9" blockId="1.[151,599,1501,1527]" box="[151,599,1501,1527]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<heading id="E50581891E3BCF67FF30A9B0FDC7CCB9" bold="true" box="[151,599,1501,1527]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FF30A9B0FDC7CCB9" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,599,1501,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FF30A9B0FDC7CCB9" bold="true" box="[151,599,1501,1527]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FF30A9B0FEC9CCB9" bold="true" box="[151,345,1501,1527]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Parastheneboea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E3BCF67FEC7A9B0FDC7CCB9" author="Redtenbacher" box="[352,599,1501,1527]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae, Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E3BCF67FF30AA4AFEA9CF11" blockId="1.[151,1436,1575,1857]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FF30AA4AFEBFCF71" bold="true" box="[151,303,1575,1599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Type-species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FE9DAA45FCF2CF71" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 474" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="474" authorityYear="1908" box="[314,866,1576,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FE9DAA45FDD5CF71" box="[314,581,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Parastheneboea insignis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E3BCF67FDE8AA45FCBBCF71" author="Redtenbacher" box="[591,811,1576,1599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae, Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 474
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FC28AA45FB15CF71" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" box="[911,1157,1576,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Apora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetior">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FC28AA45FBB3CF71" box="[911,1059,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Apora laetior</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1907], by monotypy.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E3BCF67FF30AA05FDCCCF31" blockId="1.[151,1436,1575,1857]" box="[151,604,1640,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9EE211CB1E3BCF67FF30AA05FDCCCF31" box="[151,604,1640,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FF30AA05FDC8CF31" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 474" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="474" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,600,1640,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FF30AA05FED4CF31" box="[151,324,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Parastheneboea</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="3F5310F41E3BCF67FEEDAA05FDC8CF31" author="Redtenbacher" box="[330,600,1640,1663]" page="474" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E3BCF67FEEDAA05FDB2CF31" author="Redtenbacher" box="[330,546,1640,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae, Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 474
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E3BCF67FF60AAE5FE18CFD1" blockId="1.[151,1436,1575,1857]" box="[199,392,1672,1695]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E3BCF67FF60AAE5FEDECFD1" author="Bragg" box="[199,334,1672,1695]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Bragg, P. E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 772 pp." type="book" year="2001">Bragg, 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 593.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E3BCF67FF60AAC5FE48CFF1" blockId="1.[151,1436,1575,1857]" box="[199,472,1704,1727]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E3BCF67FF60AAC5FE0ECFF1" author="Otte" box="[199,414,1704,1727]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Otte, D. &amp; Brock, P. (2005) Phasmid Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the World, 2 nd Edition. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. CafePress. com, 414 pp." type="book" year="2005">Otte &amp; Brock, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 255.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E3BCF67FF30AAA5FB1ACFB1" blockId="1.[151,1436,1575,1857]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9EE211CB1E3BCF67FF30AAA5FB1ACFB1" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FF30AAA5FEA9CF91" ID-CoL="8NMFJ" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" box="[151,313,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Apora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FF30AAA5FF4ACF91" box="[151,218,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Apora</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 241. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FD55AAA5FC73CF91" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" box="[754,995,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Apora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetior">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FD55AAA5FC14CF91" box="[754,900,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Apora laetior</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 242, by subsequent designation of
<treatmentCitation id="3F5310F41E3BCF67FEC2AA85FD85CFB1" author="Bragg" box="[357,533,1768,1791]" page="34" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E3BCF67FEC2AA85FE7DCFB1" author="Bragg" box="[357,493,1768,1791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Bragg, P. E. (1993) The Phasmid Database: changes to version 1. Phasmid Studies, 2 (1), 33 - 34." type="journal article" year="1993">Bragg, 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 34
</treatmentCitation>
. [Preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FD73AA85FB13CFB1" authority="Gunnerus, 1768 (Echinodermata)" authorityName="Gunnerus, 1768 (Echinodermata" box="[724,1155,1768,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Apora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FD73AA85FC87CFB1" box="[724,791,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Apora</emphasis>
Gunnerus, 1768 (Echinodermata)
</taxonomicName>
]
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F6E8656E1E3BCF67FF30AB67FBACCE0F" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E3BCF67FF30AB67FBACCE0F" blockId="1.[151,1436,1575,1857]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9EE211CB1E3BCF67FF30AB67FBACCE0F" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FF30AB67FE5CCE6E" ID-CoL="8PPCM" authority="Carl, 1913: 43" authorityName="Carl" authorityPageNumber="43" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,460,1801,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Echinoclonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FF30AB67FEB5CE6F" box="[151,293,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Echinoclonia</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="3F5310F41E3BCF67FE8AAB64FE5CCE6E" author="Carl" box="[301,460,1801,1824]" page="43" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E3BCF67FE8AAB64FE32CE6E" author="Carl" box="[301,418,1801,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Carl, J. (1913) Phasmides nouveaux ou peu connus du Museum de Geneve. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 21, 1 - 56, pl. 21." type="journal article" year="1913">Carl, 1913</bibRefCitation>
: 43
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FDD5AB67FBB1CE6E" authority="Carl, 1913: 44" authorityName="Carl" authorityPageNumber="44" authorityYear="1913" box="[626,1057,1801,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Echinoclonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borneensis">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FDD5AB67FCEBCE6F" box="[626,891,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Echinoclonia borneensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="3F5310F41E3BCF67FC24AB64FBB1CE6E" author="Carl" box="[899,1057,1801,1824]" page="44" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E3BCF67FC24AB64FC69CE6E" author="Carl" box="[899,1017,1801,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Carl, J. (1913) Phasmides nouveaux ou peu connus du Museum de Geneve. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 21, 1 - 56, pl. 21." type="journal article" year="1913">Carl, 1913</bibRefCitation>
: 44
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1: 4 &amp; 5 (Ψ) [=
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FAA5AB67FE8ECE0F" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Apora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetior">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FAA5AB67FA0CCE6F" box="[1282,1436,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Apora laetior</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1907], by monotypy. [Synonymised by
<treatmentCitation id="3F5310F41E3BCF67FCC3AB47FBA6CE0F" author="Gunther" box="[868,1078,1834,1857]" page="260" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E3BCF67FCC3AB47FB91CE0F" author="Gunther" box="[868,1025,1834,1857]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Gunther, K. (1932) Das Genus Apora Br. (Orth. Phasm.). Konowia, 11 (4), 260 - 265." type="journal article" year="1932">Günther, 1932</bibRefCitation>
: 260
</treatmentCitation>
]
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F6E8656E1E3BCF64FF30AB1FFB1CCEAC" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E3BCF64FF30AB1FFB70CBAC" blockId="1.[151,1436,1906,2012]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FF30AB1FFEB5CEC2" bold="true" box="[151,293,1906,1932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">Comments.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="C6E576751E3BCF67FE97AB1FFEC0CEC2" box="[304,336,1906,1932]" name="American Samoa" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">As</collectingCountry>
presently treated the genus appears to contain two distinct generic units. The genotype
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FA21AB1EFEAACEFA" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Apora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="laetior" subSpecies="laetior">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FA21AB1EFEAACEFA" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">P. laetior laetior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) and all other Bornean taxa, except
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E3BCF67FB9BABF6FB3DCEFA" box="[1084,1197,1947,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exotica">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E3BCF67FB9BABF6FB3DCEFA" box="[1084,1197,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="41">P. exotica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), have a rather elongate, roughly parallel-sided head, flat vertex, a rather slender and parallel-sided body, unarmed ventral body surface and distinctly basally curved and compressed profemora. ΨΨpossess an appendicular ovipositor and have the anal segment broad, with the posterior margin rounded or truncate. The anal segment of ɗɗhas the posterior margin rounded and slightly indented medially. The second unit is formed by
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FEB0AD7DFE6CC864" authority="Brock, 1999" authorityName="Brock" authorityYear="1999" box="[279,508,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yehi">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FEB0AD7DFEF4C867" box="[279,356,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. yehi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E38CF64FECCAD7DFE6CC864" author="Brock" box="[363,508,272,298]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Brock, P. D. (1999) Stick and Leaf Insects of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Malaysia Nature Society, Academe Art &amp; Printing Sdn. Bhd., 222 pp." type="book" year="1999">Brock, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="C6E576751E38CF64FD61AD7DFCA1C864" box="[710,817,272,298]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
and the two newly described Chinese species. These have the head indistinctly longer than wide, strongly convex and armed with spines, the profemora only very gently curved and compressed basally, the basitarsi longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined and the thorax ± broadened. ΨΨhave the abdomen broadened basally, possess conspicuous paired lobes on the abdominal sternites and have the anal segment tapered towards a rather narrow, indented apex but lack an appendicular ovipositor. ɗɗin contrast have the posterolateral angles of the anal segment considerably elevated. In several aspects the Bornean
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FE4FAE6DFDCACB57" box="[488,602,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exotica">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FE4FAE6DFDCACB57" box="[488,602,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. exotica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl) represents an intermediate between these two groups. The conically elevated vertex, broadened thorax and just indistinctly basally curved and compressed profemora, as well as the basally broadened abdomen and distinct posterolateral lobes of the abdominal tergites of ΨΨof
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FE94AE15FE33CBDF" box="[307,419,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. e x o t i c a</emphasis>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl) resemble
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FCE3AE15FC01CBDF" box="[836,913,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. y e h i</emphasis>
Brock and
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FB85AE15FB21CBDF" box="[1058,1201,632,657]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FB85AE15FB21CBDF" box="[1058,1201,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. foliculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="97B5578C1E38CF64FB1DAE1AFB6FCBDF" box="[1210,1279,631,657]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" rank="species">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FB1DAE1AFB6FCBDF" bold="true" box="[1210,1279,631,657]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, whereas the unarmed ventral body surface and appendicular ovipositor of ΨΨ, lack of posterolateral lobes of the abdominal tergites of ɗɗand the bullet-shaped eggs resemble the other Bornean species in the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E38CF64FF62AE9DFF44CF64" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">
Unfortunately, eggs of the genotype
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FDD1AE9DFCA9CA47" box="[630,825,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Apora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="laetior" subSpecies="laetior">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FDD1AE9DFCA9CA47" box="[630,825,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. laetior laetior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl) are not known but the first authors collection (coll. FH, No. 0343-E) contains a sample of eggs of
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FC57AF75FBEECA7F" box="[1008,1150,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imponens">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FC57AF75FBEECA7F" box="[1008,1150,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. imponens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) from Mount Kinabalu, Sabah. They are bullet-shaped, almost 3.5x longer than wide, cylindrical and have the polar-are distinctly conically pointed and tri-carinate; the micropylar plate is lanceolate and pointed anteriorly. Despite these, the eggs of
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FDF2AFFDFD55CAE7" box="[597,709,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. e x o t i c a</emphasis>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl) and
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FB8FAFFDFB26CAE7" box="[1064,1206,912,937]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FB8FAFFDFB26CAE7" box="[1064,1206,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. foliculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="97B5578C1E38CF64FB67AFE2FA95CAE7" box="[1216,1285,911,937]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" rank="species">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FB67AFE2FA95CAE7" bold="true" box="[1216,1285,911,937]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
are the only ones of the genus that have so far been sufficiently described and illustrated. They do however show striking morphological differences which again indicate the genus to consist of two distinct generic units. Eggs of
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FA21AF8DFF7CCD6F" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exotica">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FA21AF8DFF7CCD6F" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. exotica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl) are similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FCB7A865FC0CCD6F" box="[784,924,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imponens">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FCB7A865FC0CCD6F" box="[784,924,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. imponens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl). They are elongate, cylindrical, bullet-shaped and have the polar end conical with four distinct, converging ridges; as in
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FA8BA85DFF2ECD3F" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imponens">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FA8BA85DFF2ECD3F" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. imponens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the operculum is surrounded by a collar of setae. Eggs of this
<typeStatus id="614988471E38CF64FC15A835FC75CD3C" box="[946,997,1112,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
of shape are usually associated with taxa in which ΨΨhave an appendicular ovipositor and are laid into soil, moss or crevices of bark. They are widely distributed throughout the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FD38A8C5FCA8CD8C" box="[671,824,1192,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FCDEA8C5FAA6CD8C" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[889,1334,1192,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Pseudodiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FCDEA8C5FBD4CD8F" box="[889,1092,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Pseudodiacantha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E38CF64FBECA8C5FAA6CD8C" author="Redtenbacher" box="[1099,1334,1192,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae, Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FAE5A8C5FE71CDA4" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Centrophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FAE5A8C5FF62CDA7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Centrophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E38CF64FF5EA8BDFE71CDA4" author="Redtenbacher" box="[249,481,1232,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae, Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FDA0A8BDFD74CDA4" authority="Stal, 1875" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[519,740,1232,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Orxines" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FDA0A8BDFDF4CDA7" box="[519,612,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Orxines</emphasis>
Stål, 1875
</taxonomicName>
). Eggs of
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FCFFA8BDFC75CDA7" box="[856,997,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FCFFA8BDFC75CDA7" box="[856,997,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. foliculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="97B5578C1E38CF64FC4CA8A2FBBDCDA7" box="[1003,1069,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" rank="species">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FC4CA8A2FBBDCDA7" bold="true" box="[1003,1069,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
are of a very distinct shape and glued to a surface by the flattened ventral surface of the capsule. They are oval in cross-section, have the polar-area rounded and the anterior margin without an opercular collar of setae (
<figureCitation id="26C92A601E38CF64FBE4A94DFB5BCC74" box="[1091,1227,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 6" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[195,1394,198,1403]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[193,1399,188,1403]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 6. Parastheneboea foliculata n. sp. 1. Habitus of ΨHT, lateral view. 2. Habitus of ΨHT, dorsal view. 3. Apex of abdomen, lateral view (ΨHT). 4. Apex of abdomen, ventral view (ΨHT). 5. Egg, dorsal view [scale = 1 mm]. 6. Egg, lateral view [scale = 1 mm]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180814/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Figs. 5 &amp; 6</figureCitation>
), thus resembling the eggs of e.g.
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FEF1A925FDFBCC2C" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" box="[342,619,1352,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Marmessoidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FEF1A925FD92CC2F" box="[342,514,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Marmessoidea</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1893 or
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FC24A925FBF7CC2C" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" box="[899,1127,1352,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Sipyloidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FC24A925FC6ECC2F" box="[899,1022,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Sipyloidea</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (both
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FF30A91DFEA6CCC4" box="[151,310,1392,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
). Both features of the insects and eggs indicate the second unit, formed by
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FB05A91DFB7CCCC7" box="[1186,1260,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. y e h i</emphasis>
Brock and the two newly described Chinese species, to represent a new as yet unrecognised genus. However, any broader discussion or splitting of the genus should be part of a detailed revisional study of
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FBDFA9ADFF75CF4C" authority="Redtenbacher" authorityName="Redtenbacher" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FBDFA9ADFAA6CC97" box="[1144,1334,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Parastheneboea</emphasis>
Redtenbacher
</taxonomicName>
and in particular requires knowledge of the eggs of the genotype
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FC4DA985FB3BCF4F" box="[1002,1195,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Apora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="laetior" subSpecies="laetior">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FC4DA985FB3BCF4F" box="[1002,1195,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. laetior laetior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E38CF64FF62AA55FB6ECF84" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">
The Bornean species of
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FE44AA55FCDDCF1C" authority="Redtenbacher" authorityName="Redtenbacher" box="[483,845,1592,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FE44AA55FD32CF1F" box="[483,674,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Parastheneboea</emphasis>
Redtenbacher
</taxonomicName>
, with the exception of
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FBFCAA55FB5ACF1F" box="[1115,1226,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. e x o t i c a</emphasis>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl), appear to be closely related to
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FDCBAA0DFC5DCF34" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[620,973,1632,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Galactea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FDCBAA0DFD48CF37" box="[620,728,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Galactea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E38CF64FD78AA0DFC5DCF34" author="Redtenbacher" box="[735,973,1632,1658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae, Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The first authors collection (coll. FH, Nos 0343-4 &amp; 5) contains the so far undescribed ɗɗof
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FC8AAAE5FC2BCFEF" box="[813,955,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imponens">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FC8AAAE5FC2BCFEF" box="[813,955,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">P. imponens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunner v. Wattenwyl). They are rather untypical for
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FE93AADDFD0BCF84" authority="Redtenbacher" authorityName="Redtenbacher" box="[308,667,1712,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FE93AADDFE62CF87" box="[308,498,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Parastheneboea</emphasis>
Redtenbacher
</taxonomicName>
having scale-like tegmina and fully developed alae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E38CF64FF62AAB5FBCECEF4" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">
Another genus supposedly closely related to
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FD5FAAB5FBF5CFBC" authority="Redtenbacher" authorityName="Redtenbacher" box="[760,1125,1752,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Parastheneboea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FD5FAAB5FC26CFBF" box="[760,950,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Parastheneboea</emphasis>
Redtenbacher
</taxonomicName>
is the Chinese
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FA97AAB5FE43CE54" authority="Chen &amp; He, 2000" authorityName="Chen &amp; He" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Acanthophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FA97AAB5FF62CE57" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Acanthophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E38CF64FF5BAB6DFE43CE54" author="Chen" box="[252,467,1792,1818]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Chen, S. C. &amp; He, Y. H. (2000) Three New Genera and Two New Species of Heteronemiidae (Phasmatodea) from South China. In: Zhang, Y. L [Ed.], Systematic and Faunistic Research on Chinese Insects. Proceedings of the 5 th National Congress of Insect Taxonomy. Beijing: China Agricultural Scientech Press, pp. 31 - 35." type="book chapter" year="2000">Chen &amp; He, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FD37AB6DFBB7CE54" authority="Chen &amp; He, 1992" authorityName="Chen &amp; He" authorityYear="1992" box="[656,1063,1792,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Oxyartes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varia">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FD37AB6DFCD2CE57" box="[656,834,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Oxyartes varia</emphasis>
Chen &amp; He, 1992
</taxonomicName>
). This was originally placed in close relation to
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FEFAAB45FDD8CE0C" authority="Stal, 1875" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[349,584,1832,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Oxyartes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FEFAAB45FE57CE0F" box="[349,455,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Oxyartes</emphasis>
Stål, 1875
</taxonomicName>
(subfamily
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FD7FAB45FCE6CE0C" box="[728,886,1832,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
), which is most certainly not the case.
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E38CF64FAE1AB45FECACE24" author="Hennemann" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Hennemann, F. H. (2007) Notes on the genera Andropromachus Carl, 1913 and Spinohirasea Zompro, 2001. Phasmid Studies, 15 (1 &amp; 2), 15 - 26." type="journal article" year="2007">Hennemann (2007: 24)</bibRefCitation>
suggested possible relationship to
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FD54AB3DFBD0CE24" authority="Carl, 1913" authorityName="Carl" authorityYear="1913" box="[755,1088,1872,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Andropromachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FD54AB3DFC2CCE27" box="[755,956,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Andropromachus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA634B141E38CF64FC63AB3DFBD0CE24" author="Carl" box="[964,1088,1872,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Carl, J. (1913) Phasmides nouveaux ou peu connus du Museum de Geneve. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 21, 1 - 56, pl. 21." type="journal article" year="1913">Carl, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(subfamily
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FB6BAB3DFAF7CE24" box="[1228,1383,1872,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lonchodinae">Lonchodinae</taxonomicName>
) but the presence of small, squamiform alae rather affiliates it with
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FC2AAB15FBBACEDC" box="[909,1066,1912,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
. Any confirmed positioning of
<taxonomicName id="79F24D661E38CF64FF30ABCDFE70CEF4" authority="Chen &amp; He" authorityName="Chen &amp; He" box="[151,480,1952,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Acanthophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8C86EAF71E38CF64FF30ABCDFEC4CEF7" box="[151,340,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Acanthophasma</emphasis>
Chen &amp; He
</taxonomicName>
requires knowledge of the still unknown ΨΨand eggs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE4D36E51E38CF64FF61ABA5FB1CCEAC" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2018]" box="[198,1164,1992,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">
Distribution. Borneo, Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="C6E576751E38CF64FDEDABA5FD25CEAC" box="[586,693,1992,2018]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="42">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
and SW-China (Chongqing &amp; Yunnan).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>