treatments-xml/data/22/24/0B/22240B41E1AE889F9DDF7238D470991C.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="22240B41E1AE889F9DDF7238D470991C" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum insanum L., Mant. 1: 46. 1767." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1654168732655" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France &amp; The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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19. 
<taxonomicName authority="L., Mant. 1: 46. 1767." authorityName="L., Mant. 1: 46. 1767." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum L., Mant. 1: 46. 1767.</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Diversity of habits and habitats for Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum in tropical Asia A Solanum giganteum, a small tree of the tropical forest understory in India and Sri Lanka (field photograph, unvouchered, India) B S. trilobatum, a scandent species in its typical habitat, along the road in mangrove area (Meeboonya et al. RM 245, Thailand) C S. lasiocarpum, an erect shrub found in disturbed and human inhabited areas where it is often cultivated (Meeboonya et al. RM 272, Thailand) D S. cyanocarphium, a creeper with decumbent stems in forest understory (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) E S. camranhense, a scandent shrub endemic to the coastal dunes of South Vietnam (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F S. insanum, the wild progenitor of the brinjal eggplant usually found in degraded areas (Meeboonya et al. RM 305, Thailand). Photograph credits: A S. More B, C, F X. Aubriot; D M. Nuraliev E S. Hul." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689694" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Diversity of inflorescences and flowers in tropical Asian spiny solanums A lax, spreading inflorescences and stellate flowers of Solanum violaceum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126945, India) B condensed, recurved inflorescences and stellate flowers of S. multiflorum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126950, India) C inflorescences and large stellate flowers of S. involucratum (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D inflorescences and stellate flowers of S. pubescens with unequal stamens, one long and recurved (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) E large rotate flower of S. insanum with abundant interpetalar corolla tissues (Sampath Kumar et al. 126918, India) F many flowered inflorescence and infructescence of S. pseudosaponaceum (field photograph, unvouchered, Philippines) G many flowered inflorescences of S. torvum; flowers with well-developed interpetalar corolla tissues (Suksathan et al. PS 3815, Thailand) H small stellate flowers of S. viarum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126944, India). Photograph credits: A, B, D, E, H X. Aubriot C M. Nuraliev F D. Tandang G D. Pedersen." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689696" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 3E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Diversity of fruits and seeds in tropical Asian spiny solanums A large oval fruit of Solanum insanum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126918, India) B condensed infructescence and small rounded fruits of Solanum hovei (field photograph, unvouchered, India) C large rounded hairy fruit of S. involucratum with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D small rounded fruit of Solanum pubescens with elongated calyx lobes (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) E rounded fruit of Solanum cyanocarphium with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F small rounded fruit of S. trilobatum in transverse cut (Meeboonya et al. RM 242, Thailand) G rounded fruit and accrescent calyx of S. praetermissum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) H oval fruit of Solanum virginianum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, India). Photograph credits: A, B, D, F, H X. Aubriot C, E, G M. Nuraliev." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689697" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="F33" captionText="Figure 33. Solanum insanum L. A herbarium specimen collected in India in 1994 (Chorley &amp; Bharatan 3, BM 000013803) B habit (Meeboonya et al. RM 257) C detail view of a hermaphroditic flower (Meeboonya et al. RM 251, Thailand) D detail view of an inflorescence with an opened staminate flower (Meeboonya et al. RM 257, Thailand) E detail view of an immature fruit (Meeboonya et al. RM 277, Thailand). Photograph credits: A CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London B-E X. Aubriot." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689726" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 33</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum undatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undatum">Solanum undatum</taxonomicName>
Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 22. 1794. Type. Mauritius. Sin. loc., &quot;Insula Franciae&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Martin s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 197: P-LA (P00357695, Morton neg. 8392]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trongum">Solanum trongum</taxonomicName>
Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 4: 308. 1797. Type. Indonesia. Malaku: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Amboina”">&quot;Amboina&quot;</normalizedToken>
[Ambon Island] (no specimens cited; lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79163" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B166" refString="Merrill, ED, 1917. The interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium amboinense. Bureau of Printing, Manila. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79163" title="The interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium amboinense. Bureau of Printing, Manila." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79163" year="1917">Merrill 1917</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 463, as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“type”">&quot;type&quot;</normalizedToken>
: &quot;Trongum 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum agreste" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agreste">Solanum agreste</taxonomicName>
spinosum&quot;, Rumphius, Herb. Ambion. 5: 240, t. 86, f.1. 1747).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum gula" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gula">Solanum gula</taxonomicName>
Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14(2): 267. 1824. Type. India. Karnakata: Kowdhalli &quot;Caudhully [protologue - Mysore]&quot;, Oct 1800, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Buchanan-Hamilton s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: BM [BM000900233]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum himalense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="himalense">Solanum himalense</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 300. 1852. Type. India. &quot;Sivala &amp; sub Himala&quot; [protologue: In Himalae et Sivalae montibus altit. 4600 ped., Edgeworth, pl. exs. Ind. n. 116], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M.P. Edgeworth 116</emphasis>
(holotype: MPU [MPU981115]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indicum subsp. var. var. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indicum" subSpecies="var." variety="pubescens">Solanum indicum Nees var. pubescens</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 310. 1852. Type. [India]. Sin. loc., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N. Wallich s.n.</emphasis>
[Wallich Catal. 2626g] (lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00130396]; isolectotype: K-W [K001116650 pro parte, R-hand two stems]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum melanocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanocarpum">Solanum melanocarpum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 355. 1852, nom. illeg. superfl. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum</taxonomicName>
L. (cited in synonymy; &quot;Nomen 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum</taxonomicName>
mutavi, quia adeo non 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum</taxonomicName>
videtur ut potius fructus edules credibilius sunt, quemadmodum nomina 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum</taxonomicName>
et melongean, saepissime fuerunt confusa&quot; [I changed the name 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum</taxonomicName>
because it does not seem harmful, the fruits are probably edible, and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum melongena" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">Solanum melongena</taxonomicName>
were very often getting confused]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum melanocarpum subsp. var. var. atropurpureum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="melanocarpum" subSpecies="var." variety="atropurpureum">Solanum melanocarpum Dunal var. atropurpureum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 356. 1852. Type. Indonesia. Java: sin. loc., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. Zollinger 698</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00131525]; isolectotypes: G [G00301647], G-DC [G00131526, as 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Zollinger 698b</emphasis>
], P [P00379566, P00379567]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum undatum subsp. var. var. aurantiacum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="undatum" subSpecies="var." variety="aurantiacum">Solanum undatum Lam. var. aurantiacum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 359. 1852. Type. Cultivated, sin. loc., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anonymous s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 198: G-DC [G00131519]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum undatum subsp. var. var. violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="undatum" subSpecies="var." variety="violaceum">Solanum undatum Lam. var. violaceum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 359. 1852. Type. Mauritius. Sin. loc., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. Bouton s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 198: G-DC [G00131506]; isolectotype: G [G00131504]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum subsp. var. var. divaricatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" subSpecies="var." variety="divaricatum">Solanum trongum Poir. var. divaricatum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 361. 1852. Type. Sri Lanka. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Trinquemalay”">&quot;Trinquemalay&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.A. Reynaud s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: P [P00049887]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum subsp. var. var. rumphii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" subSpecies="var." variety="rumphii">Solanum trongum Poir. var. rumphii</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 361. 1852, nom. illeg. Type. Described using same material as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="trongum">S. trongum</taxonomicName>
Poir. (should be var. 
<taxonomicName authority="trongum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum var. trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" variety="trongum">Solanum trongum trongum</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum subsp. var. var. sinuatopinnatifidum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" subSpecies="var." variety="sinuatopinnatifidum">Solanum trongum Poir. var. sinuatopinnatifidum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 361. 1852, nom. illeg. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trongum">Solanum trongum</taxonomicName>
Poir. [sensu 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.115427" author="Blume, CL" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B21" refString="Blume, CL, 1826. Solanum. In: Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia [Djakarta], 694-702. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.115427" title="Solanum. In: Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia [Djakarta], 694 - 702." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.115427" year="1826">Blume 1826</bibRefCitation>
] (should be var. 
<taxonomicName authority="trongum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum var. trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" variety="trongum">Solanum trongum trongum</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum subsp. var. var. tongdongense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" subSpecies="var." variety="tongdongense">Solanum trongum Poir. var. tongdongense</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 361. 1852. Type. Myanmar. &quot;Tong dong&quot;, 7 Jan 1827, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N. Wallich s.n.</emphasis>
[Wallich Catal. Burm. 135] (lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00131531]; isolectotype: G-DC [G00131371]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum album subsp. var. var. gaudichaudii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="album" subSpecies="var." variety="gaudichaudii">Solanum album Lour. var. gaudichaudii</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 361. 1852. Type. Vietnam. Sin. loc., 1839, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Cochinchina”">&quot;Cochinchina&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Gaudichaud s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00131563]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium subsp. var. var. obtusangulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="cyanocarphium" subSpecies="var." variety="obtusangulum">Solanum cyanocarphium Blume var. obtusangulum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 362. 1852. Type. Indonesia. Java: Sin. loc., 1837, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.C. von Hoffmannsegg 119</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00131561]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cumingii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cumingii">Solanum cumingii</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 363. 1852. Type. Philippines. Sin. loc., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. Cuming 443</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: G [G00076245]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000778205], E [E00190694], G [G00076246, G00076247], K [K000195960, K000195961], L [L0003628], LE, ME [MEL2444029], P [P00578602, P00578613], W [acc. # 0000622, acc. # 1889-0084423]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum immane" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="immane">Solanum immane</taxonomicName>
Hance ex Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 3(1): 165. 1852. Type. China. Hongkong: &quot;Hong Kong&quot;, [
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb.] H.F. Hance 860</emphasis>
(no specimens or herbaria cited; lectotype, designated here: BM [BM000942450]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum melongena subsp. var. var. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="melongena" subSpecies="var." variety="insanum">Solanum melongena L. var. insanum</taxonomicName>
Prain, Bengal Pl. 746. 1903. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum mirikense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mirikense">Solanum mirikense</taxonomicName>
C.R.Mukhop., J. Indian Soc. Bot. 72(1-2): 185. 1993. Type. India. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Mirik, 1700 m, 5 Oct 1985, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.R. Mukhopadhyay 428A</emphasis>
(holotype: CAL [CAL0000018719]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum melongena subsp. var. var. cumingii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="melongena" subSpecies="var." variety="cumingii">Solanum melongena L. var. cumingii</taxonomicName>
(Dunal) J.Samuels, Proc. XV EUCARPIA Mtg. 258. 2013. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cumingii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cumingii">Solanum cumingii</taxonomicName>
Dunal
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum melongena subsp. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="melongena" subSpecies="insanum">Solanum melongena L. subsp. insanum</taxonomicName>
Banfi, Galasso &amp; Bartolucci, Nat. Hist. Sci. 15(1): 19. 2017. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" country="India" location="Gujarat" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gujarat" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="India">India</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="India" name="Gujarat">Gujarat</collectingRegion>
: Surat, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anonymous s.n.</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4108264" author="Hepper, FN" journalOrPublisher="VI. Smithsonian Institution and Amerind Publishing, Washington DC and New Delhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B97" refString="Hepper, FN, Jaeger, PML, 1985. The typification of six Linnaean names in Solanum. Kew Bulletin 40(2): 387-391. https://doi.org/10.2307/4108264" title="The typification of six Linnaean names in Solanum. Kew Bulletin 40 (2): 387 - 391." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4108264" year="1985">Hepper and Jaeger 1985</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 389: LINN [acc. # 248.29])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Erect shrub, to 1 m tall, armed. Stems erect, terete, prickly, moderately stellate-pubescent to glabrescent; prickles to 8 mm long, to 5 mm wide at the base, straight, flattened, yellow-orange, glabrous; pubescence of stalked porrect-stellate trichomes, the stalks to 0.2 mm long, the rays 6-12, 0.2-0.4 mm long, the midpoints ca. same length as the rays or elongated to 1 mm; new growth densely stellate-pubescent, light brownish in dry material; bark of older stems grey to brown, glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, moderately lobed, the blades 2.5-12 cm long, 1.3-8 cm wide, ca. 1.5 times longer than wide, ovate, chartaceous, concolorous to weakly discolorous, armed with 2-20 prickles on both surfaces, these yellow-tan or purple-tinged; adaxial and abaxial surfaces yellow-green, moderately pubescent, with porrect-stellate trichomes, sessile or stalked, the stalks to 0.2 mm, the rays 5-8, 0.2-0.7(-1) mm long, the midpoints ca. same length as the rays; major veins 3-5 pairs; base truncate, sometimes obtuse; margins lobed, the lobes 2-3 on each side, 0.5-1.2 cm long, broad-deltate, apically rounded, the sinuses less than halfway to the midrib; apex rounded to acute; petiole 0.7-3 cm long, 1/4-1/3 of the leaf blade length, unarmed or prickly with 1-5 prickles, moderately stellate-pubescent to glabrescent, the pubescence with stellate-porrect trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences 2.5-3.5 cm long, apparently terminal or lateral, unbranched, with 1-3 flowers, 1 flower open at any one time, moderately to densely stellate-pubescent with porrect trichomes like those of the stems, unarmed; peduncle 0-13 mm long, unarmed or with a few prickles; pedicels 0.8-2.5 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 2 mm in diameter at the apex, erect, unarmed or with a few scattered prickles, densely stellate-pubescent with porrect trichomes like those of the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 1-2 mm apart. Buds ovoid, poorly exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5(-6)-merous, heterostylous and the plants andromonoecious, with the lowermost flower(s) long-styled and hermaphrodite, the distal flowers short-styled and staminate. Calyx with the tube 4-5 mm long, campanulate, the lobes 4-6 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, deltate, apically acute, unarmed or with 1-15 prickles, densely stellate-pubescent with porrect trichomes like those of the pedicels. Corolla 1.8-2.5 cm in diameter, mauve or white, almost rotate with abundant interpetalar tissue, lobed ca. 1/4 of the way to the base, the lobes ca. 7 mm long, ca. 10 mm wide, broadly deltate, spreading at anthesis, glabrous to sparsely stellate-pubescent adaxially with porrect-trichomes mostly on the midvein and the tips, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially with variously stalked porrect trichomes. Stamens equal; anthers 4-5 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, tapering, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not elongating to slits with drying; filament tube ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; free portion of the filaments 1-2 mm long, glabrous. Ovary conical to ovoid, stellate-pubescent and glandular in the upper 1/4; style 2-3 mm in short-styled flowers, 5-7 mm long in long-styled flowers, moderately stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/2; stigma capitate or occasionally somewhat bilobed, the surfaces minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 1 per infructescence, 1.5-3 cm in diameter, dark green with pale green and cream markings when young, yellow at maturity, the pericarp smooth, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 1.5-2.2 cm long, 1.5-3 mm in diameter at the base, 4-5 mm in diameter at the apex, unarmed or with a few stout prickles, woody, pendulous; fruiting calyx lobes elongating to 9-15 mm long, 1/4-1/3 the length of the mature fruit, reflexed, with 2-30 prickles. Seeds ca. 50-150 per berry, 2.4-2.8 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide, flattened-reniform, orange-brown, the surface minutely pitted, the testal cells with sinuate margins. Chromosome number: n = 12 (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.006" author="Meyer, RS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="685 - 701" refId="B171" refString="Meyer, RS, Karol, KG, Little, DP, Nee, MH, Litt, A, 2012. Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63 (3): 685 - 701, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.006" title="Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.006" volume="63" year="2012">Meyer et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. undatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="undatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. undatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689726" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 33" startId="F33">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 33.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
herbarium specimen collected in India in 1994 (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chorley &amp; Bharatan 3</emphasis>
, BM000013803) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
habit (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Meeboonya et al. RM 257</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail view of a hermaphroditic flower (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Meeboonya et al. RM 251</emphasis>
, Thailand) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
detail view of an inflorescence with an opened staminate flower (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Meeboonya et al. RM 257</emphasis>
, Thailand) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
detail view of an immature fruit (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Meeboonya et al. RM 277</emphasis>
, Thailand). Photograph credits: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-E</emphasis>
X. Aubriot.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="F34" captionText="Figure 34. Distribution of S. insanum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure34" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689727" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">34</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed in India and southeastern Asia (east to the Philippines) and is also found as far west as Madagascar and Mauritius (possibly introduced there from Asia for its medicinal properties).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a plant of degraded scrubland and secondary vegetation and occurs from sea level to ca. 500 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Cambodia. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="trâp">trap</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="rôm">rom</normalizedToken>
nhong (
<bibRefCitation author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon 2014</bibRefCitation>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="trôp">trop</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Collard 56</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="trôp">trop</normalizedToken>
som nhon (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Collard 32</emphasis>
), China. ye qie (
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, Z-Y" journalOrPublisher="National Taiwan University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B280" refString="Zhang, Z-Y, Lu, A, D'Arcy, WG, 1994. Solanaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds) Flora of China. Vol. 17 (Verbenaceae through Solanaceae). Science Press &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing &amp; St. Louis." title="Solanaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds) Flora of China. Vol. 17 (Verbenaceae through Solanaceae). Science Press &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing &amp; St. Louis." year="1994">Zhang et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
); Hainan: ngou ke tzi (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lei 392</emphasis>
). India. Andhra Pradesh: challa mulaga (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Foulkes 83</emphasis>
); Chattisgarh: anpa, jangli bhata (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kumar CNH-15565</emphasis>
); Rajasthan: bhutkataiya [Hindi] (
<bibRefCitation author="Singh, V" editor="Shetty, BV" journalOrPublisher="2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="562 - 579" refId="B227" refString="Singh, V, 1991. Solanaceae. In: Shetty, BV, Singh, V, Eds., Flora of Rajasthan Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta: 562 - 579" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of Rajasthan Vol." year="1991">Singh 1991</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. incanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="incanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. incanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); Tamil Nadu: thalamoolagah, nullamoolaga (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wight 1573 Ab</emphasis>
); Uttar Pradesh: bari bhatkatanja (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bell 863</emphasis>
), jangli bengan (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sarin NC-5079</emphasis>
). Indonesia. Borneo: terong nasi (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ambriansyah 687</emphasis>
); Java: terong-glate (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hoffmansegg 119</emphasis>
). Laos. mok kua kim (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spire 914</emphasis>
), mok khma 
<normalizedToken originalValue="lê">le</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pottier 263</emphasis>
). Malaysia/Singapore. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="tĕrong">tĕrong</normalizedToken>
(with various qualifiers, 
<bibRefCitation author="Burkill, IH" journalOrPublisher="Wasmann Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Burkill, IH, 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." title="A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." year="1935">Burkill 1935</bibRefCitation>
). Malaysia. Sabah: soguntung [Rungus] (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Jones 152</emphasis>
). Singapore. terong nyonya (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Corner SFN-37775</emphasis>
). Sri Lanka. Uva: ela batu [Sinhala] (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hepper &amp; Silva 4719</emphasis>
). Vietnam. heng 
<normalizedToken originalValue="khôm">khom</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spire 1081</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="cà">ca</normalizedToken>
co [Annamite] (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pierre 706</emphasis>
), la plonh [Moi] (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Poilane 85</emphasis>
), blon blok (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schmid 1608</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure34" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689727" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 34" startId="F34">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 34.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern (LC). EOO (10,914,652 km2, LC); AOO (1,052 km2, VU). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread weedy species of disturbed areas and agricultural margins. It was not considered of conservation concern in an assessment of eggplant wild relatives (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500539" author="Syfert, MM" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="635 - 651" refId="B235" refString="Syfert, MM, Castaneda-Alvarez, NP, Khoury, CK, Saerkinen, T, Sosa, CC, Achicanoy, HA, Bernau, V, Prohens, J, Daunay, M-C, Knapp, S, 2016. Crop wild relatives of the brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae): Poorly represented in genebanks and many species at risk of extinction. American Journal of Botany 103 (4): 635 - 651, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500539" title="Crop wild relatives of the brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae): Poorly represented in genebanks and many species at risk of extinction." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500539" volume="103" year="2016">Syfert et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the wild progenitor of the cultivated eggplant (aubergine; 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. melongena" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="melongena">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. melongena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and readily crosses with that species (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400404" author="Davidar, P" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="128 - 138" refId="B58" refString="Davidar, P, Snow, AA, Rajkumar, M, Pasquet, R, Daunay, M-C, Mutegi, E, 2015. The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India. American Journal of Botany 102 (1): 128 - 138, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400404" title="The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400404" volume="102" year="2015">Davidar et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400403" author="Mutegi, E" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="139 - 147" refId="B181" refString="Mutegi, E, Snow, AA, Rajkumar, M, Pasquet, R, Ponniah, H, Daunay, M-C, Davidar, P, 2015. Genetic diversity and population structure of wild/weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: Implication for conservation. American Journal of Botany 102 (1): 139 - 147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400403" title="Genetic diversity and population structure of wild / weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: Implication for conservation." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400403" volume="102" year="2015">Mutegi et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
), thus complicating its recognition in the past (see references and discussion in 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B130" refString="Knapp, S, Vorontsova, MS, Prohens, J, 2013. Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57039. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8 (2): e 57039." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0467-z" author="Ranil, RHG" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1707 - 1722" refId="B203" refString="Ranil, RHG, Prohens, J, Aubriot, X, Niran, HML, Plazas, M, Fonseka, RM, Vilanova, S, Fonseka, HH, Gramazio, P, Knapp, S, 2016. Solanum insanum L. (subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter, Solanaceae), the neglected wild progenitor of eggplant (S. melongena L): a review of taxonomy, characteristics and uses aimed at its enhancement for improved eggplant breeding. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64 (7): 1707 - 1722, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0467-z" title="Solanum insanum L. (subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter, Solanaceae), the neglected wild progenitor of eggplant (S. melongena L): a review of taxonomy, characteristics and uses aimed at its enhancement for improved eggplant breeding." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0467-z" volume="64" year="2016">Ranil et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). We have chosen to recognise the two as distinct species rather than as infraspecific taxa (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation author="Lester, RN" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Richmond" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="369 - 387" refId="B141" refString="Lester, RN, Hasan, SMZ, 1991. Origin and domestication of the brinjal eggplant, Solanum melongena, from Solanum incanum, in Africa and Asia. In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Nee, M, Estrada, E, Eds., Solanaceae III: taxonomy, chemistry ad evolution, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Richmond: 369 - 387" title="Origin and domestication of the brinjal eggplant, Solanum melongena, from Solanum incanum, in Africa and Asia." volumeTitle="Solanaceae III: taxonomy, chemistry ad evolution, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew." year="1991">Lester and Hasan 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Daunay, M-C" editor="Peter, KV" journalOrPublisher="Studium Press, Houston" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="257 - 322" refId="B56" refString="Daunay, M-C, Hazra, P, 2012. Eggplant. In: Peter, KV, Hazra, P, Eds., Handbook of vegetables. Studium Press, Houston: 257 - 322" title="Eggplant." volumeTitle="Handbook of vegetables." year="2012">Daunay and Hazra 2012</bibRefCitation>
) because cultivated and wild plants are on distinct evolutionary trajectories. Wild plants are subject to natural selection, while cultivated plants are commensal with human beings. We recognise that this can lead to difficulties in identifying individual specimens, particularly those from old collections where details of provenance are not clear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Distinguishing 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the cultivated 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. melongena" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="melongena">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. melongena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be difficult in the absence of fruits. Keys in previous publications (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B130" refString="Knapp, S, Vorontsova, MS, Prohens, J, 2013. Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57039. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8 (2): e 57039." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0467-z" author="Ranil, RHG" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1707 - 1722" refId="B203" refString="Ranil, RHG, Prohens, J, Aubriot, X, Niran, HML, Plazas, M, Fonseka, RM, Vilanova, S, Fonseka, HH, Gramazio, P, Knapp, S, 2016. Solanum insanum L. (subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter, Solanaceae), the neglected wild progenitor of eggplant (S. melongena L): a review of taxonomy, characteristics and uses aimed at its enhancement for improved eggplant breeding. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64 (7): 1707 - 1722, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0467-z" title="Solanum insanum L. (subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter, Solanaceae), the neglected wild progenitor of eggplant (S. melongena L): a review of taxonomy, characteristics and uses aimed at its enhancement for improved eggplant breeding." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0467-z" volume="64" year="2016">Ranil et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
) can be used for identification, but in general specimens we assign to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are pricklier, with smaller flowers and fruit, and more ruderal than those we assign to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. melongena" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="melongena">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. melongena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Local cultivars of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. melongena" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="melongena">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. melongena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in tropical Asia can be especially difficult to distinguish from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum incanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum incanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. is another species with which 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is frequently confused, and the name 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. incanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="incanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. incanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has frequently been used in the past literature for all &quot;wild eggplants&quot; (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B130" refString="Knapp, S, Vorontsova, MS, Prohens, J, 2013. Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57039. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8 (2): e 57039." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
for the history of nomenclature of the wild eggplant relatives both in Asia and Africa). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum incanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum incanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs from across northern Africa and the Middle East to Pakistan; we have seen no specimens identifiable as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. incanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="incanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. incanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the area treated here. The many specimens labelled 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Punjab”">&quot;Punjab&quot;</normalizedToken>
from early collections in &quot;British India&quot; have all proved to be from Pakistan, not from adjacent India, but 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. incanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="incanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. incanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
potentially occurs near border areas. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum incanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum incanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a more densely pubescent plant than is 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with long-stalked trichomes that dry a distinctive yellow colour (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
for a description) and plants are generally pricklier, although this character is extremely variable within these taxa; it generally grows in much drier habitats than does 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Crossability of these two taxa is not known, confusion over the identity of accessions used in crossing studies (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation author="Daunay, M-C" editor="Peter, KV" journalOrPublisher="Studium Press, Houston" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="257 - 322" refId="B56" refString="Daunay, M-C, Hazra, P, 2012. Eggplant. In: Peter, KV, Hazra, P, Eds., Handbook of vegetables. Studium Press, Houston: 257 - 322" title="Eggplant." volumeTitle="Handbook of vegetables." year="2012">Daunay and Hazra 2012</bibRefCitation>
) means that this remains to be tested.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Mill, RR" editor="Grierson, AJC" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edniburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1037 - 1078" refId="B173" refString="Mill, RR, 2001. Solanaceae. In: Grierson, AJC, Long, DG, Springate, LS, Eds., Flora of Bhutan, including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling Volume 2, part 3. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edniburgh: 1037 - 1078" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of Bhutan, including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling Volume 2, part 3." year="2001">Mill (2001</bibRefCitation>
: 1050) suggested 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. mirikense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mirikense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. mirikense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, treated as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here, was synonymous with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. mauritianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mauritianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. mauritianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Scop., an introduced member of the Brevantherum clade. He had not seen the type specimen in CAL, which clearly places it as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The sole element cited in 
<bibRefCitation author="Poiret, JLM" editor="Lamarck, JB" journalOrPublisher="Vol. 4. H Agasse, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="279 - 309" refId="B194" refString="Poiret, JLM, 1797. Morelle, Solanum. In: Lamarck, JB, Ed., Encyclopedie Methodique, Botanique. Vol. 4. H Agasse, Paris: 279 - 309" title="Morelle, Solanum." volumeTitle="Encyclopedie Methodique, Botanique." year="1797">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Poiret’s">Poiret's</normalizedToken>
(1797)
</bibRefCitation>
description of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="trongum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. trongum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the treatment and illustration of &quot;Trongum 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum agreste" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agreste">Solanum agreste</taxonomicName>
spinosum&quot; in Rumphius (1747), and 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79163" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B166" refString="Merrill, ED, 1917. The interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium amboinense. Bureau of Printing, Manila. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79163" title="The interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium amboinense. Bureau of Printing, Manila." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79163" year="1917">Merrill (1917)</bibRefCitation>
effectively lectotypified the name with this illustration by stating 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“type”">&quot;type&quot;</normalizedToken>
. The illustration is of a very spiny plant, which Rumphius (1747) stated was wild and described as &quot;ingrata et 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Melongena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Melongena spinosa" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosa">Melongena spinosa</taxonomicName>
herba&quot; (ungrateful and spiny herb).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The name 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. gula" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been placed in the synonymy of various spiny solanums over the years (R.N. Lester, m.s.). In the protologue 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1823.tb00088.x" author="Buchanan-Hamilton, F" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B32" refString="Buchanan-Hamilton, F, 1824. A commentary on the second part of the Hortus Malabaricus. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 14(2): 171-312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1823.tb00088.x" title="A commentary on the second part of the Hortus Malabaricus. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 14 (2): 171 - 312." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1823.tb00088.x" year="1824">Buchanan-Hamilton (1824)</bibRefCitation>
states &quot;I found it first in my journey to Mysore, where it is called Gula, and in 1806 I gave specimens, a drawing and a description of it to Sir J.E. Smith&quot;. No specimens are extant in the Smith herbarium at the Linnean Society of London, but the drawing held there (see https://linnean-online.org/168572/) is clearly of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and has been annotated as such in James Edward 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
hand. A specimen at BM (BM000900233) is labelled &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum gula" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gula">Solanum gula</taxonomicName>
B&quot; by Buchanan-Hamilton and also has an annotation of &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">Solanum insanum</taxonomicName>
L&quot; in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
hand. This is certainly the specimen mentioned in the protologue and is here designated as the lectotype of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. gula" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. gula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. indicum subsp. var. var. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="indicum" subSpecies="var." variety="pubescens">S. indicum var. pubescens</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
cited two Wallich catalogue numbers, &quot;2629 a, ex parte&quot; and &quot;2626 g&quot;, and stated that he had seen specimens in G-DC and &quot;herb. Wall.&quot;. The catalogue number 2629 is a mixture of various species (including 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), so we have chosen the G-DC sheet of Wallich cat. 2626g (G00130396) as the lectotype because it is unambiguous, it matches the protologue and it was clearly seen by Dunal. The specimen labelled &quot;Wallich cat. 2626G&quot; at Kew in the Wallich Herbarium (K00116650) is a mixture of two taxa; the left-hand stem corresponds to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. multiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. multiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the two right hand stems to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, only these two right-handstems are considered isolectotype material here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Two of the four infraspecific taxa described by 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
under 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="trongum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. trongum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described with no specimens cited, the only references are to previously published works and the descriptions are copied from those. Var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum var. sinuato-pinnatifidum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" variety="sinuato-pinnatifidum">Solanum trongum sinuato-pinnatifidum</taxonomicName>
cites only &quot;Blum. bijdr. 700, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">karondong</emphasis>
, nomen Indicum&quot;; this is a reference to 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.115427" author="Blume, CL" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B21" refString="Blume, CL, 1826. Solanum. In: Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia [Djakarta], 694-702. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.115427" title="Solanum. In: Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia [Djakarta], 694 - 702." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.115427" year="1826">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blume’s">Blume's</normalizedToken>
(1826
</bibRefCitation>
: 702, an error in citation of page) 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="trongum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. trongum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Poir., where the name karondong is stated, but no material or localities cited. We consider this homotypic with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="trongum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. trongum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and do not recognise 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blume’s">Blume's</normalizedToken>
treatment of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="trongum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. trongum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a distinct species. We consider var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum var. rumphii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" variety="rumphii">Solanum trongum rumphii</taxonomicName>
to be illegitimate because 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
cited the same type as that of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. trongum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="trongum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. trongum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Dunal appears to be using this as the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“typical”">&quot;typical&quot;</normalizedToken>
variety. Both of the other varieties had specimens cited. Two Wallich catalogue numbers (burm. 135, 2628E) were cited in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. trongum subsp. var. var. tongdongense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="trongum" subSpecies="var." variety="tongdongense">S. trongum var. tongdongense</taxonomicName>
, both of which were seen in G-DC (&quot;v.s. h. DC&quot;). We have selected one of the duplicates of the best preserved of these, Wallich cat. iter. Burm. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">135</emphasis>
, at G-DC as the lectotype. The protologue of var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum trongum var. divaricatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" variety="divaricatum">Solanum trongum divaricatum</taxonomicName>
cites two collections (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Perottet s.n.</emphasis>
from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Pondicherry”">&quot;Pondicherry&quot;</normalizedToken>
[India], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Reynaud s.n.</emphasis>
from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Ceylon”">&quot;Ceylon&quot;</normalizedToken>
) both seen in Paris. Both collections are 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; we have selected the Reynaud specimen from Sri Lanka (P00049887) as the lectotype because it has both flowers and fruits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Two collections from Java, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hoffmansegg 119</emphasis>
in G-DC and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Roemer s.n.</emphasis>
in G (&quot;herb. Boiss.&quot;) were cited in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium subsp. var. var. obtusangulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="cyanocarphium" subSpecies="var." variety="obtusangulum">S. cyanocarphium var. obtusangulum</taxonomicName>
; we have selected the first of these as the lectotype of the name because the number makes it unambiguous. Although Java collections are attributed to him (as here), Hoffmansegg never visited Java (
<bibRefCitation author="van Steenis-Kruseman, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Theoretical and Applied Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B253" refString="van Steenis-Kruseman, MJ, 1985. Malyasian plant collectors and collections, being a cyclopedia of botanical exploration in Malaysia. Martinius Nijhoff (Kluwer Academic Publishers), Boston, Dordrecht, Lancaster. [originally published 1950 in Djakarta]" title="Malyasian plant collectors and collections, being a cyclopedia of botanical exploration in Malaysia. Martinius Nijhoff (Kluwer Academic Publishers), Boston, Dordrecht, Lancaster. [originally published 1950 in Djakarta]" year="1985">van Steenis-Kruseman 1985</bibRefCitation>
); plants in his herbarium were collected for him there by a friend.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Of the many duplicates of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cuming 443</emphasis>
, the sole collection cited in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cumingi" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cumingi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cumingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we have selected the one in G cited by 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852</bibRefCitation>
, as &quot;herb. Boiss.&quot;) that bears an annotation label in hand as the lectoytpe (G00076245).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. immane" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="immane">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. immane</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cites no specimens or herbaria, but the name (and probably the description) is taken from Henry Fletcher 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hance’s">Hance's</normalizedToken>
unpublished manuscript describing Chinese plants (
<bibRefCitation author="Walpers, WG" journalOrPublisher="In: Annales botanicae systematicae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 179" refId="B263" refString="Walpers, WG, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Annales botanicae systematicae 3: 149 - 179" title="Solanaceae." volume="3" year="1852">Walpers 1852</bibRefCitation>
). Walpers worked in Berlin, and any specimens he saw are likely to have been destroyed. Of the specimens we have seen that could correspond to original material or duplicates of the Hance collection used to describe 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. immane" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="immane">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. immane</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, only one specimen at BM (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb. Hance 860</emphasis>
, BM000942450) matches both the protologue description and the collection locality; we have selected this as the lectotype for the name. Other duplicates of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hance 860</emphasis>
in P are either from different localities (i.e., P00049897, from &quot;prope Cantonem&quot;) or represent different species (e.g., P00055662 = 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. violaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>