258 lines
28 KiB
XML
258 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8C3E70FD1DBDD9AD52AC1E867ACEAD60">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="68E0D791332122999E778DFD7D012F57">Singh, Navneet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9F5C9D69C3EB0A4D70CF2595E3A7303C">Ranjan, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C028C36FB68DC3BAA2D68ED48DFBE635">Talukdar, Avishek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D480BB39ADCD71ACC5D8C9EAF5E3A47B">Joshi, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D425A2794421F087858D9538F99044E9">Kirti, Jagbir Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="851C25F90A87ACF47C345077F4E594AA">Chandra, Kailash</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="416BA3FD03BE8F0EE5BA0D962C486FBD">Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6E70E07726B58CED6CCD24983B81BEE7" type="email">spilomallynae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="37338F5DCE3875F5BFFB00E6194D9B45">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="20C02E20608F566FC6863DBB36872002">
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<mods:date id="3F6FE1784BB8F99D26251C36BF2C3428">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CFF4B63FB86E6334086F26FBC00AADA0">2022-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DF11371B504AF3D988130D4CADA0057B">5197</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="FB0E7C22DD29A907FA58ACEDDBD1FCD3">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="9669DD4473720EA4D6D487B2E74EAB4C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1BA2DB449816990C435F61CFCCB2184B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4DA7C1C9A0791B79D2AAFFE01ABD7D0E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C8791FFFC38030FF78557CFB9E5F9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252360" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252360" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C8791FFFC38030FF78557CFB9E5F9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C8791FFFC38030FF78557CFB9E5F9A" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFC38031FF78557CFEC15E23" box="[151,315,294,320]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC38031FF78557CFEC15E23" blockId="24.[151,315,294,320]" box="[151,315,294,320]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<heading id="D0967F65FFC38031FF78557CFEC15E23" bold="true" box="[151,315,294,320]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FF78557CFEC15E23" bold="true" box="[151,315,294,320]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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1.4.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FF27557CFEC15E23" ID-CoL="93MZL" ID-ENA="299347" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[200,315,294,320]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyralinae">Pyralinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFC38030FF785534FB9E5F9A" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC38031FF785534FE8B5DCA" blockId="24.[151,1437,366,681]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FF785534FE2E5EEB" bold="true" box="[151,468,366,393]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
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1,300 valid species in 136 genera worldwide, with Asia and especially Africa as centres of diversity (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FEC755C9FDDF5ECE" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[296,549,403,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
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, Nuss
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FD9E55C9FD515ECE" box="[625,683,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2003
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FD0455C9FD035ECE" bold="true" box="[747,761,403,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">–</emphasis>
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||
2022,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FCAF55C9FBF25ECE" author="Leger, T. & Mally, R. & Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M." box="[832,1032,403,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
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||
Léger
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FC6655C9FC395ECE" box="[905,963,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2020
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC38031FBD455C9FB8D5ECE" box="[1083,1143,403,429]" name="India" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">India</collectingCountry>
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||
, 171 species in 47 genera are reported, accounting for about one eighth (13.07%) of the global
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FC7A55EDFC055EB2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[917,1023,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyralinae">Pyralinae</taxonomicName>
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diversity. Of these genera, 28 genera are represented by single species, 14 genera comprise between two and 10 species, and the five genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FAF15581FF265D7A" authority="Zeller" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1847" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Endotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FAF15581FA665E96" box="[1310,1436,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Endotricha</emphasis>
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Zeller
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FF0855A5FE305D7A" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[231,458,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Hypsopygia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FF0855A5FE975D7B" box="[231,365,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hypsopygia</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FE3955A5FD625D7A" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[470,664,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Pyralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FE3955A5FDDD5D7A" box="[470,551,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Pyralis</emphasis>
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Linnaeus
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FD4C55A5FCB65D7A" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[675,844,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Sacada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FD4C55A5FD0F5D7A" box="[675,757,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sacada</emphasis>
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Walker
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FC6B55A5FB695D7A" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[900,1171,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Stemmatophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FC6B55A5FBCF5D7A" box="[900,1077,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stemmatophora</emphasis>
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Guenée
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</taxonomicName>
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||
comprise more than 10 species, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FEDF5679FE4C5D5F" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[304,438,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Hypsopygia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FEDF5679FE4C5D5F" box="[304,438,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hypsopygia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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being the most diverse (
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<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFC38031FD245679FCE45D5E" box="[715,798,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[152,255,1371,1395]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,711,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-210@24.[151,1436,705,1347]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Species diversity of Indian Pyralinae genera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252316/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FC695679FC345D5E" box="[902,974,547,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
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subcontinent,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FB9C5679FB275D5E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1139,1245,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyralinae">Pyralinae</taxonomicName>
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||
are most diverse in the North East
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC38031FE8D561DFE665D02" box="[354,412,583,609]" name="India" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
followed by West and North West Himalaya, and Central Himalaya. Very few species are reported from the Trans- and East Himalaya, the Islands, and the Semi-Arid zones. The Desert zone is devoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FF7856D5FEFB5DCA" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[151,257,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyralinae">Pyralinae</taxonomicName>
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||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFC38031FEFF56D5FE9E5DCA" box="[272,356,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[152,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,282,1317]" captionTargetId="figure-64@25.[151,1436,273,1325]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Species diversity of Indian Pyralinae in different biogeographic zones/zones." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252318/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E9881FFC38031FF775101FD0B5A17" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252316" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252316" box="[152,753,1371,1396]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252316/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[152,255,1371,1395]" targetBox="[157,1430,711,1342]" targetPageId="24">
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC38031FF775101FD0B5A17" blockId="24.[152,753,1371,1396]" box="[152,753,1371,1396]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FF775101FEDF5A10" bold="true" box="[152,293,1371,1395]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
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Species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FE155101FDC15A10" box="[506,571,1371,1395]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FDAE5101FD5B5A10" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[577,673,1371,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyralinae">Pyralinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC38031FF2851FBFAA95840" blockId="24.[151,1436,1441,2008]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FF2851FBFE635AD8" bold="true" box="[199,409,1441,1467]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Adult characters:</emphasis>
|
||
small to medium-size. The narrow to broad forewings usually have a simple pattern of three well-defined regions, with a usually well-developed discocellular spot, and the ante- and postmedial fasciae sometimes deeply angled from the apex to the forewing base. In the hindwing, Rs runs close together with Sc+R
|
||
<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFC38031FA8E51A6FA935969" attach="right" box="[1377,1385,1532,1546]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
|
||
, but they never anastomose. Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FD875257FD285944" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[616,722,1549,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyralinae">Pyralinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are poorly circumscribed, with the short female genitalia, where the corpus bursae barely extends beyond A7, being considered the most defining feature. Several characters, like the well-developed proboscis, the presence of maxillary palpi, the lack of chaetosemata and the R
|
||
<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFC38031FB5C5232FB415915" attach="left" box="[1203,1211,1640,1654]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">5</subScript>
|
||
of forewing stalked with R
|
||
<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFC38031FF0C52D6FF0759F9" attach="left" box="[227,253,1676,1690]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">3+4</subScript>
|
||
, are considered plesiomorphic and are also found in other groups outside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FBAD5223FB5559F0" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1090,1199,1657,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyralinae">Pyralinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. With
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FB175223FA6259F0" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1884" box="[1272,1432,1657,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epipaschiinae">Epipaschiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the subfamily shares the two frenulum bristles found in females, the males have one frenulum bristle. The venulae secundae posterior of the tympanal organ are usually absent. Lateral arms arise from the uncus base and extend in a right angle from the dorsoventral uncus axis. The gnathos is usually hook-shaped, and is sometimes reduced or lost, but the gnathos arms are always present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FD8B5353FCB05840" author="Solis, M. A. & Mitter, C." box="[612,842,1801,1827]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="79 - 90" refId="ref310347" refString="Solis, M. A. & Mitter, C. (1992) Review and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of the Pyralidae (sensu stricto) (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea). Systematic Entomology, 17, 79 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1992. tb 00323. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Solis & Mitter 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FCBA5350FBB15840" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[853,1099,1801,1828]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FBB95353FABC5840" author="Holloway, J. D. & Kibby, G. & Peggie, D." box="[1110,1350,1801,1827]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. & Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Holloway
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FB245350FAFE5840" box="[1227,1284,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC38031FF285377FDB358EC" blockId="24.[151,1436,1441,2008]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FF285377FE5C5824" bold="true" box="[199,422,1837,1863]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Larval characters:</emphasis>
|
||
have a body without longitudinal dark bands. The subfamily shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FB395377FA895824" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1884" box="[1238,1395,1837,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epipaschiinae">Epipaschiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the absence of a sclerotised ring around the thoracic or abdominal
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A506EBFFC38031FC89530BFC745808" box="[870,910,1873,1899]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">SD</collectingRegion>
|
||
1 seta. The V1 setae on the A7 are as far apart from each other as on A9 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FE2F532FFDC758EC" author="Solis, M. A." box="[448,573,1909,1935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="645 - 686" refId="ref309859" refString="Solis, M. A. (1999) Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at U. S. Ports of entry: Revision of Pyraloidea in " Keys to some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae " by D. M. Weisman, 1986. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 101 (3), 645 - 686." type="journal article" year="1999">Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC38030FF2853C3FB9E5F9A" blockId="24.[151,1436,1441,2008]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FF2853C3FEA758D0" bold="true" box="[199,349,1945,1971]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Food plants:</emphasis>
|
||
larvae feed on detritus and dead plant material, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FC4753C3FB1B58D0" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[936,1249,1945,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Pyralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manihotalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FC4753C3FB7E58D0" box="[936,1156,1945,1971]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Pyralis manihotalis</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FAF953C0FE8A58B4" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Hypsopygia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrivitta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FAF953C0FF0558B4" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hypsopygia nigrivitta</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of which the latter can cause considerable damage to thatched roofs. Other species are leaf feeders, like the caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FDEF54CDFCEE5FD2" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1860" box="[512,788,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Vitessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suradeva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FDEF54CDFD3A5FD2" box="[512,704,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Vitessa suradeva</emphasis>
|
||
Moore
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that feed gregariously in a communal web on leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FF7854E1FCE95FB6" box="[151,787,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" genus="Dichapetalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="gelonioides" subSpecies="sumatrana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FF7854E1FDC45FB7" box="[151,574,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dichapetalum gelonioides sumatrana</emphasis>
|
||
(Dichapetalaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Some species (e. g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FC1254E1FAC25FB6" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" box="[1021,1336,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Pyralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FC1254E1FB4F5FB6" box="[1021,1205,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pyralis farinalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC28030FAAB54E1FEC05F9A" authority="Zeller" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Aglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuprina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FAAB54E1FF145F9B" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Aglossa cuprina</emphasis>
|
||
Zeller
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are pests of stored grains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FD825485FCA15F9A" author="Robinson, G. S. & Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M." box="[621,859,223,249]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref303320" refString="Robinson, G. S., Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M. (1994) A field guide to the smaller moths of South-East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, 309 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Robinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FD0E5485FCE05F9A" box="[737,794,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC28030FC895485FBAD5F9A" author="Holloway, J. D. & Kibby, G. & Peggie, D." box="[870,1111,223,249]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. & Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Holloway
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC28030FC335485FBEE5F9A" box="[988,1044,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |