494 lines
78 KiB
XML
494 lines
78 KiB
XML
<document id="4845600ED584803D1C02682EAEB3EFBB" ID-CLB-Dataset="7333" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4952.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="30721ca2-2400-428e-8068-3d1492e508aa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4673935" ID-ZooBank="FD1B0F80-4662-48C0-BBF5-B00003BE7437" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1617945345946" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Forthman, Michael & Gil-Santana, Hélcio R." docDate="2021" docId="03A787E19210E754A1E6FE1EA72B6CAB" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4952.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4952 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rhiginia cruciata" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="212" masterDocId="FF9EFF999219E75FA171FF99A5346F62" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Rhiginia Stål, 1859, with taxonomical notes on species in the “ cruciata-group ” of this genus and an updated key to the New World genera of Ectrichodiinae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae)" masterLastPageNumber="234" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="210" updateTime="1698936234404" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="AC9E64390EC6149886EA73ED9C715336">Two new species of Rhiginia Stål, 1859, with taxonomical notes on species in the “ cruciata-group ” of this genus and an updated key to the New World genera of Ectrichodiinae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="853EF7E12BA3F5002E1BB3CE2453BC87" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ED65CDB00633AE2DF521290332EC7DA5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D5E683194305F3D6A8CD48CBD507EA17">Forthman, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D3F1391A03434AFD0F9604A20F6205BB">California State Collection of Arthropods, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="45A58990298DF788D6A96D82ADA90284" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8E1CD49F5D8FD8ACF26AA4E2B91E31AC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BA46266FCBFDE14F8C243BD34EDD0F20">Gil-Santana, Hélcio R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="646CDE7499D566C459A423F37758175F">Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040 - 360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B8B70BBC5D7A909B768CA08AAC2469A2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="00F276D8924D236240572DC452B145E3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0534895E7FC96D24160ED2E3CF405A9F">
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<mods:date id="6FBBEA3D00A8E88A6BD060D68C963857">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0FCE48769B48A297A138E0805BB4B8FA">2021-04-09</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3582454812925AB26C5E7ED3719570BF">4952</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A787E19210E754A1E6FE1EA72B6CAB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673943" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181011029" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4673943" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787E19210E754A1E6FE1EA72B6CAB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A787E19210E754A1E6FE1EA72B6CAB" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
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<subSubSection id="C314657C9210E756A1E6FE1EA4C86EC0" box="[151,508,391,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB136F79210E756A1E6FE1EA4C86EC0" blockId="9.[151,508,391,454]" box="[151,508,391,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
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<heading id="D0F9819B9210E756A1E6FE1EA4C86EC0" bold="true" box="[151,508,391,418]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A1E6FE1EA4C86EC0" ID-CoL="4S6WB" authority="(Say, 1832)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[151,508,391,418]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A1E6FE1EA4C86EC0" bold="true" box="[151,508,391,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A1E6FE1EA45F6EC0" bold="true" box="[151,363,391,418]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Rhiginia cruciata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A00AFE11A4C06EC0" author="Say, T." box="[379,500,392,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref23806" refString="Say, T. (1832) Descriptions of new species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America. School Press, New Harmony, Indiana, 39 pp." type="book" year="1832">Say, 1832</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C314657C9210E756A1E6FE35A7D76BF4" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB136F79210E756A1E6FE35A41A6EA4" blockId="9.[151,508,391,454]" box="[151,302,428,454]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13352A729210E756A1EEFE35A4126EA4" box="[159,294,428,454]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-194@10.[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Rhiginia cruciata (Say, 1832), non-type male specimen from USA. 34–36, scale bar 2 mm; 34, dorsal view; 35, ventral view; 36, lateral view; 37, head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm; 38 & 39, head, thorax and base of abdomen, scale bar 1 mm; 38, lateral view; 39, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4673955/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Figs. 34–39</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136F79210E756A1E6FE6DA7D76BF4" blockId="9.[151,1437,500,2039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A1E6FE6DA4806D6C" bold="true" box="[151,436,500,526]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Morphological remarks</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A0B3FE6DA7B36D6C" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[450,647,500,526]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A0B3FE6DA7B36D6C" box="[450,647,500,526]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Rhiginia cruciata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a much smaller body size (
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<quantity id="4CF69B129210E756A29AFE6DA1536D6D" box="[1003,1127,500,527]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">10–13 mm</quantity>
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) than most other species in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A1B3FD80A42B6D50" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[194,287,537,562]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A1B3FD80A42B6D50" box="[194,287,537,562]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">cruciata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-group, and it is reliably recognized by its distinctive color pattern (
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<figureCitation id="13352A729210E756A556FD81A1866D50" box="[1063,1202,536,562]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-194@10.[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Rhiginia cruciata (Say, 1832), non-type male specimen from USA. 34–36, scale bar 2 mm; 34, dorsal view; 35, ventral view; 36, lateral view; 37, head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm; 38 & 39, head, thorax and base of abdomen, scale bar 1 mm; 38, lateral view; 39, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4673955/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Figs. 34–39</figureCitation>
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), including the large black spot on the disc of the sanguineous pronotum. Variation in color patterns has been observed, but this is largely restricted to the abdominal sternites, which can be entirely sanguineous (except for sternite II [first visible sternite] and the pygophore), entirely black, or have a relatively small to moderately large black spot on the posterolateral area of sternites III–VI. In some specimens, these black spots may appear larger and form a discontinuous longitudinal band along the lateral surfaces of the abdomen, while in others the longitudinal band is continuous and wide. In few specimens, the black region of the pronotal disc may be reduced in size or even appear as two small paramedial spots. This species also has yellow to red legs with black apical markings on the femora and tibiae (the latter also has a black base). Males of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A0A7FCA0A7606C30" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[470,596,825,850]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A0A7FCA0A7606C30" box="[470,596,825,850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">R. cruciata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have small ocelli that occupy no more than half of the ocellar tubercle in lateral view and that are separated from one another by more than the diameter of an ocellus (
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<figureCitation id="13352A729210E756A5DAFCC5A06B6C15" box="[1195,1375,860,887]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-194@10.[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Rhiginia cruciata (Say, 1832), non-type male specimen from USA. 34–36, scale bar 2 mm; 34, dorsal view; 35, ventral view; 36, lateral view; 37, head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm; 38 & 39, head, thorax and base of abdomen, scale bar 1 mm; 38, lateral view; 39, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4673955/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Figs. 34, 36–38</figureCitation>
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). The head appears ovate or globular in lateral view, the frons is convex, and the clypeus is slightly elevated and somewhat rounded at the median portion (
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<figureCitation id="13352A729210E756A37DFC3DA7A96CDC" box="[524,669,932,958]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-194@10.[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Rhiginia cruciata (Say, 1832), non-type male specimen from USA. 34–36, scale bar 2 mm; 34, dorsal view; 35, ventral view; 36, lateral view; 37, head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm; 38 & 39, head, thorax and base of abdomen, scale bar 1 mm; 38, lateral view; 39, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4673955/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Figs. 36, 38</figureCitation>
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). The anterior margin of the pronotum is almost straight (slightly concaved medially), with indiscernible anterolateral pronotal protuberances (
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<figureCitation id="13352A729210E756A287FC51A17E6C80" box="[1014,1098,968,994]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-194@10.[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Rhiginia cruciata (Say, 1832), non-type male specimen from USA. 34–36, scale bar 2 mm; 34, dorsal view; 35, ventral view; 36, lateral view; 37, head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm; 38 & 39, head, thorax and base of abdomen, scale bar 1 mm; 38, lateral view; 39, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4673955/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
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). The anterior pronotal lobe is as long as the posterior lobe (
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<figureCitation id="13352A729210E756A096FC75A7096B64" box="[487,573,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-194@10.[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Rhiginia cruciata (Say, 1832), non-type male specimen from USA. 34–36, scale bar 2 mm; 34, dorsal view; 35, ventral view; 36, lateral view; 37, head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm; 38 & 39, head, thorax and base of abdomen, scale bar 1 mm; 38, lateral view; 39, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4673955/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
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). The transverse sulcus on the pronotum lacks deep paramedial punctations. While the pronotum is often smooth, some specimens may exhibit slight rugosity within the black medial patch on the posterior pronotum. The hemelytra reach or slightly surpass the abdominal apex and have a subrectangular Cu+1A membranal cell with a proximal margin about twice that of the M+Cu membranal cell (
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<figureCitation id="13352A729210E756A5C8FBC1A0396B10" box="[1209,1293,1112,1138]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-194@10.[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Rhiginia cruciata (Say, 1832), non-type male specimen from USA. 34–36, scale bar 2 mm; 34, dorsal view; 35, ventral view; 36, lateral view; 37, head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm; 38 & 39, head, thorax and base of abdomen, scale bar 1 mm; 38, lateral view; 39, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4673955/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
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). Abdominal sternite II has longitudinal ridges medially (
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<figureCitation id="13352A729210E756A3F3FBE5A7E26BF4" box="[642,726,1148,1174]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-194@10.[151,1436,561,1861]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Rhiginia cruciata (Say, 1832), non-type male specimen from USA. 34–36, scale bar 2 mm; 34, dorsal view; 35, ventral view; 36, lateral view; 37, head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm; 38 & 39, head, thorax and base of abdomen, scale bar 1 mm; 38, lateral view; 39, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4673955/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C314657C9210E754A1B6FB39A74A6ECF" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB136F79210E756A1B6FB39A6546940" blockId="9.[151,1437,500,2039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A1B6FB39A4786BD8" bold="true" box="[199,332,1184,1210]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Discussion.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A022FB39A7696BD8" box="[339,605,1184,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Petalocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciatus">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A022FB39A7696BD8" box="[339,605,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Petalocheirus cruciatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A25DFB39A6936BD8" author="Say, T." box="[812,935,1184,1210]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref23806" refString="Say, T. (1832) Descriptions of new species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America. School Press, New Harmony, Indiana, 39 pp." type="book" year="1832">Say (1832)</bibRefCitation>
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based on specimens from
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<collectingRegion id="49CAF8159210E756A5A1FB39A0136BD8" box="[1232,1319,1184,1210]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Indiana</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49CAF8159210E756A443FB39A0AC6BD8" box="[1330,1432,1184,1210]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Missouri</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion id="49CAF8159210E756A1B7FB5DA4146BBC" box="[198,288,1220,1246]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Georgia</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F31976679210E756A05FFB5DA4586BBC" box="[302,364,1220,1246]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">USA</collectingCountry>
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). This small species was documented to have a body length of “half an inch,” but
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A586FB5DA0466BBC" author="Say, T." box="[1271,1394,1220,1246]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref23806" refString="Say, T. (1832) Descriptions of new species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America. School Press, New Harmony, Indiana, 39 pp." type="book" year="1832">Say (1832)</bibRefCitation>
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did not mention the sex of the specimens nor present a figure of the species. Thomas Say lived from
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|
||
New Harmony, where several of his papers were published as pamphlets and became extremely rare. Some of these pamphlets were reprinted and it created confusion over the dates of many species described by him (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A592FAA9A0A46A28" author="Bousquet, Y." box="[1251,1424,1328,1354]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref22090" refString="Bousquet, Y. (1993) On Thomas Say's entomological publications printed in New Harmony, Indiana. Entomological News, 104 (1), 1 - 14. Avaliable from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / part / 12486 (accessed 24 February 2021)" type="journal article" year="1993">Bousquet 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In one of these, entitled “Descriptions of new species of Heteropterous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A2CBFACDA1046A0C" box="[954,1072,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
of North America”,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A469FACCA0A86A0C" box="[1304,1436,1365,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Petalocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A469FACCA0A86A0C" box="[1304,1436,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">P. cruciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described. It was reproduced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A330FAE1A7FA6AF1" author="Fitch, A." box="[577,718,1400,1427]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="754 - 812" refId="ref22417" refString="Fitch, A. (1858) Say's Heteropterous Hemiptera. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 17, 754 - 812." type="journal article" year="1858">Fitch (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and included in the compilation of all of Say’s writings by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A40EFAE0A41A6AD5" author="Le Conte, J. L." pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref23537" refString="Le Conte, J. L. (Ed.) (1859) The complete writings of Thomas say on the entomology of North America, with a memoir of the author by George Ord. Vol. 1. Bailliere Brothers, New York, 412 pp." type="book" year="1859">Le Conte (1859)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a reprint of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A095FA05A7B06AD5" author="Fitch, A." box="[484,644,1436,1463]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="754 - 812" refId="ref22417" refString="Fitch, A. (1858) Say's Heteropterous Hemiptera. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 17, 754 - 812." type="journal article" year="1858">Fitch’s (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reproduction but with Le Conte’s own observations written between brackets.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A072FA59A4BA6AB9" author="Fitch, A." box="[259,398,1472,1499]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="754 - 812" refId="ref22417" refString="Fitch, A. (1858) Say's Heteropterous Hemiptera. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 17, 754 - 812." type="journal article" year="1858">Fitch (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
argued that although the original title page had the date 1831, only the four first pages were printed in that year, while the subsequent pages, such as the one with the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A512FA7CA1D26A9C" box="[1123,1254,1509,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Petalocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A512FA7CA1D26A9C" box="[1123,1254,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">P. cruciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were printed in 1832. Therefore, the date of publication must be stated as 1832.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136F79210E756A1B6F9B5A1C16821" blockId="9.[151,1437,500,2039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
The specimens upon which Say described his species were deposited in his own personal collection, and much of it was assumed to have been destroyed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A323F9C9A7CF6909" author="Le Conte, J. L." box="[594,763,1616,1643]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref23537" refString="Le Conte, J. L. (Ed.) (1859) The complete writings of Thomas say on the entomology of North America, with a memoir of the author by George Ord. Vol. 1. Bailliere Brothers, New York, 412 pp." type="book" year="1859">Le Conte 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A277F9C9A6896908" author="Mawdsley, J. R." box="[774,957,1616,1642]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="163 - 171" refId="ref23705" refString="Mawdsley, J. R. (1993) The entomological collection of Thomas Say. Psyche, 100, 163 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1993 / 59616" type="journal article" year="1993">Mawdsley 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, after extensive efforts to gather all the remaining scattered specimens, 770 remaining specimens of Thomas Say’s entomological collection were assembled in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976679210E756A5EDF901A1E269D0" box="[1180,1238,1688,1714]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A1E6F925A45469B4" author="Mawdsley, J. R." box="[151,352,1724,1750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="163 - 171" refId="ref23705" refString="Mawdsley, J. R. (1993) The entomological collection of Thomas Say. Psyche, 100, 163 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1993 / 59616" type="journal article" year="1993">Mawdsley (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Among the hemipterans, only three undetermined specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A55DF925A1F069B4" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1068,1220,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A457F925A5E76998" author="Mawdsley, J. R." pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="163 - 171" refId="ref23705" refString="Mawdsley, J. R. (1993) The entomological collection of Thomas Say. Psyche, 100, 163 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1993 / 59616" type="journal article" year="1993">Mawdsley 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, Say exchanged specimens with many European entomologists (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A551F979A1EC6998" author="Mawdsley, J. R." box="[1056,1240,1760,1786]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="163 - 171" refId="ref23705" refString="Mawdsley, J. R. (1993) The entomological collection of Thomas Say. Psyche, 100, 163 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1993 / 59616" type="journal article" year="1993">Mawdsley 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and some of his material may have survived and been deposited in European collections. While we have been unable to locate the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A19CF8B0A45D6820" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[237,361,1833,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A19CF8B0A45D6820" box="[237,361,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">R. cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we refrain from designating a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588559210E756A3B8F8B0A6166821" box="[713,802,1833,1859]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
at this time given the previous statement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136F79210E755A1B6F8D5A4F66E07" blockId="9.[151,1437,500,2039]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,538]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="211" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A1B6F8D5A4EC6804" author="Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W." box="[199,472,1868,1894]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref23508" refString="Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. (1848) Die wanzenartigen Insekten. Achter Band. J. L. Lotzbeck, Nurnberg, 130 pp." type="book" year="1848">Herrich-Schäffer (1848)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A326F8D5A6016804" box="[599,821,1868,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ectrychotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A326F8D5A6016804" box="[599,821,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Ectrychotes bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on (a) specimen(s) from Baltimore (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976679210E756A456F8D5A0566804" box="[1319,1378,1868,1894]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and presented a colored drawing of the dorsal habitus of a specimen (his figure 822). Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A5B8F8E8A0A868E9" author="Le Conte, J. L." box="[1225,1436,1904,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref23537" refString="Le Conte, J. L. (Ed.) (1859) The complete writings of Thomas say on the entomology of North America, with a memoir of the author by George Ord. Vol. 1. Bailliere Brothers, New York, 412 pp." type="book" year="1859">Le Conte’s (1859)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reproduction of the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A362F80CA7A268CC" box="[531,662,1941,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Petalocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A362F80CA7A268CC" box="[531,662,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">P. cruciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
state that [“This is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749210E756A21CF80DA1ED68CC" authority="H. Schaffer" authorityName="H. Schaffer" box="[877,1241,1939,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ectrychotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59210E756A21CF80DA17C68CC" box="[877,1096,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Ectrychotes bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
H. Schäffer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
…”], the synonym was considered as being formally stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A30DF821A7CD68B0" author="Stal, C." box="[636,761,1976,2003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref23908" refString="Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en foreteckning ofver alla hittils kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1872">Stål (1872)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
first (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A24BF821A6CA68B0" author="Maldonado Capriles, J." box="[826,1022,1976,2002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 694" refId="ref23667" refString="Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Caribbean Journal of Science University of Puerto Rico, Special Edition, 1 - 694." type="book chapter" year="1990">Maldonado 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In any case, it has been accepted by all further authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A0D9F845A70E6894" author="Walker, F." box="[424,570,2012,2038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref24162" refString="Walker, F. (1873) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the Collection of the British Museum. Part VIII. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 220 pp." type="book" year="1873">Walker 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A337F845A7FC6895" author="Uhler, P. R." box="[582,712,2012,2039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="267 - 361" refId="ref23948" refString="Uhler, P. R. (1875) List of Hemiptera of the region west of the Mississippi River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations of 1873. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 1, 267 - 361." type="journal article" year="1875">Uhler 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A3A5F845A63B6894" author="Uhler, P. R." box="[724,783,2012,2038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="365 - 446" refId="ref23998" refString="Uhler, P. R. (1878) Notices of the Hemiptera Heteroptera in the Collection of the late T. W. Harris, M. D. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 19, 365 - 446." type="journal article" year="1878">1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A26AF845A1746894" author="Lethierry, L. & Severin, G." box="[795,1088,2012,2038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref23632" refString="Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1896) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Tome III. Heteropteres. Berlin, R. Friedlander & Fils, Libraires-Editeurs, 275 pp." type="book" year="1896">Lethierry & Severin 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A53DF845A0376894" author="Champion, G. C." box="[1100,1283,2012,2038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref22241" refString="Champion, G. C. (1899) [Printing sheets 27 - 28, containing pp. 211 - 226, pl. XIII]. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali Americana. Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II (1897 - 1901). Taylor & Francis, London, pp. i - xvi + 1 - 416, pls. 1 - 22." type="book chapter" year="1899">Champion 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069210E756A47EF845A0A36894" author="Banks, N." box="[1295,1431,2012,2038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref22048" refString="Banks, N. (1910) Catalogue of the Nearctic Hemiptera - Heteroptera. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, 103 pp., VII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12353" type="book" year="1910">Banks 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A1E6FF0EA4066FD3" author="Fracker, S. R." box="[151,306,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="217 - 252" refId="ref22627" refString="Fracker, S. R. (1912) A systematic outline of the Reduviidae of North America. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 19, 217 - 252." type="journal article" year="1912">Fracker 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A030FF0EA7376FD3" author="Van Duzee, E. P." box="[321,515,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref24043" refString="Van Duzee, E. P. (1916) Check list of the Hemiptera (excepting the Aphididae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae) of America, north of Mexico. New York Entomological Society, New York, 111 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7967" type="book" year="1916">Van Duzee 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A360FF0EA7786FD3" author="Van Duzee, E. P." box="[529,588,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="1 - 902" refId="ref24099" refString="Van Duzee, E. P. (1917) Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico. Excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae. University of California Publications, Technical bulletin of agriculture, agricultural experiment station Entomology, 2, 1 - 902. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 29381" type="journal article" year="1917">1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A32AFF0EA60E6FD3" author="Wygodzinsky, P." box="[603,826,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref24198" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1949) Elenco sistematico de los reduviiformes americanos. Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Monografia 1, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1949">Wygodzinsky 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A238FF0EA13F6FD3" author="Froeschner, R. C." box="[841,1035,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="616 - 651" refId="ref22660" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1988) Family Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 - The assassin bugs. In: Henry, T. J. & Froeschner, R. C. (Eds.), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E. J. Brill, New York, pp. 616 - 651. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781351070447 - 36" type="book chapter" year="1988">Froeschner 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A56BFF0EA1EB6FD3" author="Maldonado Capriles, J." box="[1050,1247,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="1 - 694" refId="ref23667" refString="Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Caribbean Journal of Science University of Puerto Rico, Special Edition, 1 - 694." type="book chapter" year="1990">Maldonado 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A59FFF0EA5E06FB7" author="Baena, M. & Susin, J." pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="113 - 119" refId="ref22009" refString="Baena, M. & Susin, J. (2007) Rhiginia guentheri - a new species from Peru Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae). Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv, Beiheft, 31, 113 - 119." type="journal article" year="2007">Baena & Susín 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588559213E755A194FF22A4296FB7" box="[229,285,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A35EFF22A60B6FB7" author="Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W." box="[559,831,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref23508" refString="Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. (1848) Die wanzenartigen Insekten. Achter Band. J. L. Lotzbeck, Nurnberg, 130 pp." type="book" year="1848">Herrich-Schäffer (1848)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, once deposited in the Berlin Museum, were destroyed during the First and Second World Wars (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A31CFF46A7D06F9B" author="Hart, E. R." box="[621,740,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref23470" refString="Hart, E. R. (1972) A systematic revision of the genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). PhD Dissertation, Texas A & M University, College Station, 595 pp." type="book" year="1972">Hart 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A381FF46A6466F9B" author="Rider, D. A." box="[752,882,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="417 - 423" refId="ref23741" refString="Rider, D. A. (1993) Discovery of the types of Platistus spiniceps (Herrich-Schaffer, 1840) and Agroecus scabricornis (Herrich- Schaffer, 1844), with a redescription of Platistus and its only included species, P. spiniceps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 101, 417 - 423." type="journal article" year="1993">Rider 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A56BFF46A1AB6F9B" author="Hart, E. R." box="[1050,1183,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref23470" refString="Hart, E. R. (1972) A systematic revision of the genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). PhD Dissertation, Texas A & M University, College Station, 595 pp." type="book" year="1972">Hart (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed, the original drawings from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A033FE9AA7646E7F" author="Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W." box="[322,592,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref23508" refString="Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. (1848) Die wanzenartigen Insekten. Achter Band. J. L. Lotzbeck, Nurnberg, 130 pp." type="book" year="1848">Herrich-Schäffer (1848)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are accurate and are useful for identification purposes, considering the lack of the original
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588559213E755A04EFEBEA45B6E23" box="[319,367,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of the species studied (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A3AAFEBEA6936E23" author="Gil-Santana, H. R." box="[731,935,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="43 - 53" refId="ref22743" refString="Gil-Santana, H. R. (2008) New records, and nomenclatural and biological notes on Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Bolivia and Brazil. Zootaxa, 1785 (1), 43 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1785.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Gil-Santana 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The combination
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749213E755A5F1FEBEA05D6E22" box="[1152,1385,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ectrichodia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59213E755A5F1FEBEA05D6E22" box="[1152,1385,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Ectrichodia cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was established by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A04FFED3A48A6E07" author="Stal, C." box="[318,446,330,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref23908" refString="Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en foreteckning ofver alla hittils kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1872">Stål (1872)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136F79213E755A1B6FEF6A17C6D7B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
The synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749213E755A0FBFEF6A7CD6EEB" authority="Walker, 1873" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1873" box="[394,761,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ectrichodia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="media">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59213E755A0FBFEF6A76E6EEB" box="[394,602,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Ectrichodia media</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A312FEF6A7CD6EEB" author="Walker, F." box="[611,761,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref24162" refString="Walker, F. (1873) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the Collection of the British Museum. Part VIII. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 220 pp." type="book" year="1873">Walker, 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749213E755A24DFEF6A68D6EEA" box="[828,953,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ectrichodia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59213E755A24DFEF6A68D6EEA" box="[828,953,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">E. cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first established by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A5A4FEF6A0A86EEB" author="Champion, G. C." box="[1237,1436,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref22241" refString="Champion, G. C. (1899) [Printing sheets 27 - 28, containing pp. 211 - 226, pl. XIII]. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali Americana. Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II (1897 - 1901). Taylor & Francis, London, pp. i - xvi + 1 - 416, pls. 1 - 22." type="book chapter" year="1899">Champion (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and proposed as original by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A0A9FE0AA7486ECF" author="Distant, W. L." box="[472,636,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="282 - 299" refId="ref22327" refString="Distant, W. L. (1902) Rhynchotal notes. - XV. Heteroptera: Family Reduviidae (continued), Piratinae and Ectrichodiinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 10 (58), 282 - 299. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930208678673" type="journal article" year="1902">Distant (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in a revised list of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749213E755A229FE0AA6CF6ECF" baseAuthorityName="Forthman & Weirauch" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[856,1019,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ectrichodiinae">Ectrichodiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A582FE0AA0AD6ECF" author="Walker, F." box="[1267,1433,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref24162" refString="Walker, F. (1873) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the Collection of the British Museum. Part VIII. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 220 pp." type="book" year="1873">Walker (1873)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The synonymy has since been accepted by further authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A213FE2EA6DD6EB3" author="Banks, N." box="[866,1001,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref22048" refString="Banks, N. (1910) Catalogue of the Nearctic Hemiptera - Heteroptera. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, 103 pp., VII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12353" type="book" year="1910">Banks 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A284FE2EA1B86EB3" author="Fracker, S. R." box="[1013,1164,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="217 - 252" refId="ref22627" refString="Fracker, S. R. (1912) A systematic outline of the Reduviidae of North America. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 19, 217 - 252." type="journal article" year="1912">Fracker 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A5E6FE2EA0666EB3" author="Van Duzee, E. P." box="[1175,1362,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref24043" refString="Van Duzee, E. P. (1916) Check list of the Hemiptera (excepting the Aphididae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae) of America, north of Mexico. New York Entomological Society, New York, 111 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7967" type="book" year="1916">Van Duzee 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A42DFE2EA0A36EB3" author="Van Duzee, E. P." box="[1372,1431,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="1 - 902" refId="ref24099" refString="Van Duzee, E. P. (1917) Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico. Excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae. University of California Publications, Technical bulletin of agriculture, agricultural experiment station Entomology, 2, 1 - 902. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 29381" type="journal article" year="1917">1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A1E6FE42A4466E97" author="Wygodzinsky, P." box="[151,370,475,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref24198" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1949) Elenco sistematico de los reduviiformes americanos. Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Monografia 1, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1949">Wygodzinsky 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A00DFE42A7516E97" author="Baena, M. & Susin, J." box="[380,613,475,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="113 - 119" refId="ref22009" refString="Baena, M. & Susin, J. (2007) Rhiginia guentheri - a new species from Peru Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae). Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv, Beiheft, 31, 113 - 119." type="journal article" year="2007">Baena & Susín 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A307FE42A6766E97" author="Froeschner, R. C." box="[630,834,475,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="616 - 651" refId="ref22660" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1988) Family Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 - The assassin bugs. In: Henry, T. J. & Froeschner, R. C. (Eds.), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E. J. Brill, New York, pp. 616 - 651. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781351070447 - 36" type="book chapter" year="1988">Froeschner (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A207FE42A1726E97" author="Maldonado Capriles, J." box="[886,1094,475,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="1 - 694" refId="ref23667" refString="Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Caribbean Journal of Science University of Puerto Rico, Special Edition, 1 - 694." type="book chapter" year="1990">Maldonado (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrongly attributed the priority in establishing this synonymy to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A379FE66A7E06D78" author="Van Duzee, E. P." box="[520,724,511,538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref24043" refString="Van Duzee, E. P. (1916) Check list of the Hemiptera (excepting the Aphididae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae) of America, north of Mexico. New York Entomological Society, New York, 111 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7967" type="book" year="1916">Van Duzee (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A27BFE66A69B6D7B" author="Distant, W. L." box="[778,943,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="282 - 299" refId="ref22327" refString="Distant, W. L. (1902) Rhynchotal notes. - XV. Heteroptera: Family Reduviidae (continued), Piratinae and Ectrichodiinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 10 (58), 282 - 299. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930208678673" type="journal article" year="1902">Distant (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF71667F9213E755A1E6F8C4A76D68DF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4673955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4673955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4673955/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" startId="10.[151,264,1885,1909]" targetBox="[151,1436,561,1861]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136F79213E755A1E6F8C4A76D68DF" blockId="10.[151,1437,1885,1981]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59213E755A1E6F8C4A4606817" bold="true" box="[151,340,1885,1909]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">FIGURES 34–39.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749213E755A02BF8C4A7BC6817" authority="(Say, 1832)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[346,648,1885,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59213E755A02BF8C4A73F6817" box="[346,523,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Rhiginia cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069213E755A368F8C4A7B56817" author="Say, T." box="[537,641,1885,1909]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref23806" refString="Say, T. (1832) Descriptions of new species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America. School Press, New Harmony, Indiana, 39 pp." type="book" year="1832">Say, 1832</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, non-type male specimen from USA. 34–36, scale bar 2 mm; 34, dorsal view; 35, ventral view; 36, lateral view; 37, head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm; 38 & 39, head, thorax and base of abdomen, scale bar 1 mm; 38, lateral view; 39, ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136F79212E754A1B6FF0EA6D86E7F" blockId="11.[151,1443,151,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
The combination
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A0E1FF0EA7626FD2" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[400,598,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A0E1FF0EA7626FD2" box="[400,598,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Rhiginia cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A387FF0EA6BD6FD3" author="Uhler, P. R." box="[758,905,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="365 - 446" refId="ref23998" refString="Uhler, P. R. (1878) Notices of the Hemiptera Heteroptera in the Collection of the late T. W. Harris, M. D. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 19, 365 - 446." type="journal article" year="1878">Uhler (1878)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A2CFFF0EA19C6FD2" box="[958,1192,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ectrichodia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A2CFFF0EA19C6FD2" box="[958,1192,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Ectrichodia cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
continued to be used by several authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A0DEFF22A7E26FB7" author="Lethierry, L. & Severin, G." box="[431,726,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" refId="ref23632" refString="Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1896) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Tome III. Heteropteres. Berlin, R. Friedlander & Fils, Libraires-Editeurs, 275 pp." type="book" year="1896">Lethierry & Severin 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A392FF22A6AF6FB7" author="Champion, G. C." box="[739,923,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref22241" refString="Champion, G. C. (1899) [Printing sheets 27 - 28, containing pp. 211 - 226, pl. XIII]. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali Americana. Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II (1897 - 1901). Taylor & Francis, London, pp. i - xvi + 1 - 416, pls. 1 - 22." type="book chapter" year="1899">Champion 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A2D9FF22A1056FB7" author="Banks, N." box="[936,1073,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" refId="ref22048" refString="Banks, N. (1910) Catalogue of the Nearctic Hemiptera - Heteroptera. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, 103 pp., VII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12353" type="book" year="1910">Banks 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A54FFF22A1E16FB7" author="Fracker, S. R." box="[1086,1237,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="217 - 252" refId="ref22627" refString="Fracker, S. R. (1912) A systematic outline of the Reduviidae of North America. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 19, 217 - 252." type="journal article" year="1912">Fracker 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A450FF22A5D66F98" author="Van Duzee, E. P." pageId="11" pageNumber="212" refId="ref24043" refString="Van Duzee, E. P. (1916) Check list of the Hemiptera (excepting the Aphididae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae) of America, north of Mexico. New York Entomological Society, New York, 111 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7967" type="book" year="1916">Van Duzee (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reestablished
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A0F8FF46A7656F9A" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[393,593,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A0F8FF46A7656F9A" box="[393,593,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Rhiginia cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has remained so far (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A297FF46A19D6F9B" author="Van Duzee, E. P." box="[998,1193,223,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 902" refId="ref24099" refString="Van Duzee, E. P. (1917) Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico. Excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae. University of California Publications, Technical bulletin of agriculture, agricultural experiment station Entomology, 2, 1 - 902. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 29381" type="journal article" year="1917">Van Duzee 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A5C9FF46A0A36F9B" author="Wygodzinsky, P." box="[1208,1431,223,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref24198" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1949) Elenco sistematico de los reduviiformes americanos. Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Monografia 1, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1949">Wygodzinsky 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A1E6FE9AA4626E7F" author="Froeschner, R. C." box="[151,342,259,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="616 - 651" refId="ref22660" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1988) Family Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 - The assassin bugs. In: Henry, T. J. & Froeschner, R. C. (Eds.), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E. J. Brill, New York, pp. 616 - 651. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781351070447 - 36" type="book chapter" year="1988">Froeschner 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A010FE9AA7176E7F" author="Maldonado Capriles, J." box="[353,547,259,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 694" refId="ref23667" refString="Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Caribbean Journal of Science University of Puerto Rico, Special Edition, 1 - 694." type="book chapter" year="1990">Maldonado 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A35EFE9AA7DC6E7F" author="Dougherty, V." box="[559,744,258,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="173 - 225" refId="ref22383" refString="Dougherty, V. (1995) A review of the New World Ectrichodiinae genera (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 121, 173 - 225." type="journal article" year="1995">Dougherty 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A385FE9AA6D46E7F" author="Baena, M. & Susin, J." box="[756,992,259,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="113 - 119" refId="ref22009" refString="Baena, M. & Susin, J. (2007) Rhiginia guentheri - a new species from Peru Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae). Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv, Beiheft, 31, 113 - 119." type="journal article" year="2007">Baena & Susín 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136F79212E754A1B6FEBEA74A6ECF" blockId="11.[151,1443,151,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A1B6FEBEA4B96E22" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[199,397,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A1B6FEBEA4B96E22" box="[199,397,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Rhiginia cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only been recorded from the eastern and southern regions of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976679212E754A5D9FEBEA1EA6E23" box="[1192,1246,295,321]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A459FEBFA0A36E23" author="Stal, C." box="[1320,1431,294,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref23908" refString="Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en foreteckning ofver alla hittils kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1872">Stål 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A1E6FED2A47B6E07" author="Champion, G. C." box="[151,335,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref22241" refString="Champion, G. C. (1899) [Printing sheets 27 - 28, containing pp. 211 - 226, pl. XIII]. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali Americana. Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II (1897 - 1901). Taylor & Francis, London, pp. i - xvi + 1 - 416, pls. 1 - 22." type="book chapter" year="1899">Champion 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A02AFED2A4D06E07" author="Banks, N." box="[347,484,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" refId="ref22048" refString="Banks, N. (1910) Catalogue of the Nearctic Hemiptera - Heteroptera. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, 103 pp., VII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12353" type="book" year="1910">Banks 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A080FED2A79B6E07" author="Van Duzee, E. P." box="[497,687,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 902" refId="ref24099" refString="Van Duzee, E. P. (1917) Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico. Excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae. University of California Publications, Technical bulletin of agriculture, agricultural experiment station Entomology, 2, 1 - 902. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 29381" type="journal article" year="1917">Van Duzee 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A3CAFED2A64F6E07" author="Froeschner, R. C." box="[699,891,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="616 - 651" refId="ref22660" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1988) Family Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 - The assassin bugs. In: Henry, T. J. & Froeschner, R. C. (Eds.), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E. J. Brill, New York, pp. 616 - 651. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781351070447 - 36" type="book chapter" year="1988">Froeschner 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A2F6FED2A1746E07" author="Dougherty, V." box="[903,1088,330,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="173 - 225" refId="ref22383" refString="Dougherty, V. (1995) A review of the New World Ectrichodiinae genera (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 121, 173 - 225." type="journal article" year="1995">Dougherty 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976679212E754A5A9FED2A03A6E07" box="[1240,1294,331,357]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976679212E754A436FED2A0A96E07" box="[1351,1437,331,357]" name="Mexico" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A1A9FEF6A46F6EEB" author="Uhler, P. R." box="[216,347,366,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="267 - 361" refId="ref23948" refString="Uhler, P. R. (1875) List of Hemiptera of the region west of the Mississippi River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations of 1873. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 1, 267 - 361." type="journal article" year="1875">Uhler 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A019FEF6A7366EEB" author="Fracker, S. R." box="[360,514,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="217 - 252" refId="ref22627" refString="Fracker, S. R. (1912) A systematic outline of the Reduviidae of North America. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 19, 217 - 252." type="journal article" year="1912">Fracker 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976679212E754A3FEFEF6A7FE6EEB" box="[655,714,367,393]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A262FEF6A6FF6EEB" author="Champion, G. C." box="[787,971,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref22241" refString="Champion, G. C. (1899) [Printing sheets 27 - 28, containing pp. 211 - 226, pl. XIII]. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali Americana. Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II (1897 - 1901). Taylor & Francis, London, pp. i - xvi + 1 - 416, pls. 1 - 22." type="book chapter" year="1899">Champion 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A2A9FEF6A1AF6EEB" author="Maldonado Capriles, J." box="[984,1179,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 694" refId="ref23667" refString="Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera). Caribbean Journal of Science University of Puerto Rico, Special Edition, 1 - 694." type="book chapter" year="1990">Maldonado 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A5D9FEF6A0A16EEB" author="Baena, M. & Susin, J." box="[1192,1429,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="113 - 119" refId="ref22009" refString="Baena, M. & Susin, J. (2007) Rhiginia guentheri - a new species from Peru Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae). Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv, Beiheft, 31, 113 - 119." type="journal article" year="2007">Baena & Susín 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Greater Antilles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A0C1FE0AA7466ECF" author="Froeschner, R. C." box="[432,626,403,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="616 - 651" refId="ref22660" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1988) Family Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 - The assassin bugs. In: Henry, T. J. & Froeschner, R. C. (Eds.), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E. J. Brill, New York, pp. 616 - 651. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781351070447 - 36" type="book chapter" year="1988">Froeschner 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C314657C9212E754A1B6FE2FA6926C77" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136F79212E754A1B6FE2FA6926C77" blockId="11.[151,1443,151,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A1B6FE2FA4136EB2" bold="true" box="[199,295,438,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
While no other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A33EFE2EA79B6EB3" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1859" box="[591,687,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A33EFE2EA79B6EB3" box="[591,687,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Rhiginia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
besides
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A27FFE2EA6826EB2" baseAuthorityName="Stal" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[782,950,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinctiventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A27FFE2EA6826EB2" box="[782,950,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">R. cinctiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reported to feed on millipedes in the literature, there are crowdsourced images contributed by citizen scientists on publicly accessible websites such as BugGuide (https://bugguide.net) and iNaturalist (https://inaturalist.org) that show reliably identified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A46EFE66A0A86D7A" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[1311,1436,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A46EFE66A0A86D7A" box="[1311,1436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">R. cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens feeding on or that are in close proximity to millipedes. In these cases, specimens appear to be feeding or climbing on the ventral surface of the millipede’s trunk, a behavioral pattern observed in other millipede assassin bugs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B069212E754A1AAFDF2A72A6DE7" author="Forthman, M. & Weirauch, C." box="[219,542,619,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="147 - 153" refId="ref22443" refString="Forthman, M. & Weirauch, C. (2012) Toxic associations: a review of the predatory behaviors of millipede assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae). European Journal of Entomology, 109, 147 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2012.019" type="journal article" year="2012">Forthman & Weirauch 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Many of these images suggest that adults and nymphs may engage in solitary predation, but there is the possibility that adults may engage in communal predation (e.g., see https://bugguide. net/node/view/1650685/bgimage). While millipedes are difficult to identify from many of these images, one species has been identified by a millipede taxonomist (Derek Hennen):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A22DFD4EA1C06D93" authority="(Drury, 1770)" baseAuthorityName="Drury" baseAuthorityYear="1770" box="[860,1268,727,753]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A22DFD4EA1616D92" box="[860,1109,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Apheloria virginiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Drury, 1770)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A473FD4EA0AD6D93" box="[1282,1433,727,753]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A1E6FD62A4726C74" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,326,763,790]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xystodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56901159).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C314657C9212E754A1B6FC87A72B6CAB" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136F79212E754A1B6FC87A72B6CAB" blockId="11.[151,1443,151,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A1B6FC87A4936C5A" bold="true" box="[199,423,798,824]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663CAA9212E754A0C2FC86A4A26C3F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3073874310" collectingDate="2014-05-06" collectingDateMax="2014-05-20" collectingDateMin="2014-05-06" collectionCode="R" country="United States of America" county="Fauquier Co." latitude="38.86665" location="Bull Run Mtn." longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.70392" municipality="Rd." pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976679212E754A0C2FC86A4DB6C5B" box="[435,495,799,825]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:VA,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D04E7B9212E754A359FC86A78E6C5B" box="[552,698,799,825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Fauquier Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
, /
|
||
<location id="8ED1602C9212E754A3A0FC86A6466C5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787E19210E754A1E6FE1EA72B6CAB:8ED1602C9212E754A3A0FC86A6466C5B" box="[721,882,799,825]" country="United States of America" county="Fauquier Co." latitude="38.86665" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.70392" municipality="Rd." name="Bull Run Mtn." pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Bull Run Mtn.</location>
|
||
, 4566
|
||
<location id="8ED1602C9212E754A2C9FC86A1116C5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787E19210E754A1E6FE1EA72B6CAB:8ED1602C9212E754A2C9FC86A1116C5B" box="[952,1061,799,825]" country="United States of America" county="Fauquier Co." latitude="38.86665" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.70392" municipality="Rd." name="Hopewell" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Hopewell</location>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5AC8D9212E754A547FC86A1546C5B" box="[1078,1120,799,825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Rd.</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3A50309212E754A51BFC86A1C26C5B" box="[1130,1270,798,825]" degrees="38.86665" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" precision="1" value="38.86665">N 38.86665°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3A50309212E754A58AFC86A0A86C5B" box="[1275,1436,799,825]" degrees="077.70392" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" precision="1" value="-77.70392">W 077.70392°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
/
|
||
<date id="FFB010379212E754A1D4FCDAA4656C3F" box="[165,337,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="2014-05-06" valueMax="2014-05-20" valueMin="2014-05-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9DF9212E754A1D4FCDAA4656C3F" box="[165,337,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="2014-05-06" valueMax="2014-05-20" valueMin="2014-05-06">6-20 May 2014</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
/ D.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE329212E754A0F1FCDAA4A26C3F" box="[384,406,835,861]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">R</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663CAA9212E754A0D1FCDAA42F6CE3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3073874307" collectionCode="CSCA" collectorName="Smith, O. S & Flint" country="United States of America" determinerName="M. Forthman" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53219212E754A0D1FCDAA7106C3F" box="[416,548,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Smith, O. S</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53219212E754A35EFCDAA7506C3F" box="[559,612,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Flint</collectorName>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingMethod id="524F4EE09212E754A309FCDAA6376C3F" box="[632,771,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A26EFCDAA15D6C3F" authority="(Say, 1831)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[799,1129,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A26EFCDAA6D76C3E" box="[799,995,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Rhiginia cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
(Say, 1831)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ det.
|
||
<determinerName id="7E6DDA339212E754A5DCFCDAA0746C3F" box="[1197,1344,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">M. Forthman</determinerName>
|
||
2020 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D08FD7E9212E754A4E2FCDAA5986CE3" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE329212E754A1B5FCFEA4276CE3" box="[196,275,871,897]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33156" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33156" name="California State Collection of Arthropods" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">CSCA</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663CAA9212E754A057FCFEA6956CE3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3073874301" box="[294,929,871,897]" collectionCode="NAP" country="United States of America" county="Prince William Co." location="Bull Run Mountain" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976679212E754A057FCFEA4566CE3" box="[294,354,871,897]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: VA,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D04E7B9212E754A0EFFCFEA7416CE3" box="[414,629,871,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Prince William Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
/
|
||
<location id="8ED1602C9212E754A3F8FCFEA6566CE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787E19210E754A1E6FE1EA72B6CAB:8ED1602C9212E754A3F8FCFEA6566CE3" box="[649,866,871,897]" country="United States of America" county="Prince William Co." name="Bull Run Mountain" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Bull Run Mountain</location>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE329212E754A218FCFEA6956CE3" box="[873,929,871,897]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7wcs-k2gs" name="Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica (formerly National Academy of Peiping)" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">NAP</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663CAA9212E754A2DAFCFEA7B26CC7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3073874304" collectingDate="2014-05-20" collectingDateMax="2014-06-05" collectingDateMin="2014-05-20" collectionCode="R" country="United States of America" latitude="38.87747" location="Jackson" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.68943" municipality="Hollow" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8ED1602C9212E754A2DAFCFEA1306CE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787E19210E754A1E6FE1EA72B6CAB:8ED1602C9212E754A2DAFCFEA1306CE3" box="[939,1028,871,897]" country="United States of America" latitude="38.87747" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.68943" municipality="Hollow" name="Jackson" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Jackson</location>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5AC8D9212E754A568FCFEA1596CE3" box="[1049,1133,871,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Hollow</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
campground,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3A50309212E754A47CFCFEA0A86CE3" box="[1293,1436,871,897]" degrees="38.87747" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" precision="1" value="38.87747">N 38.87747°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
/
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3A50309212E754A1D7FC12A4786CC7" box="[166,332,907,933]" degrees="077.68943" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" precision="1" value="-77.68943">W 077.68943°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFB010379212E754A026FC12A70B6CC7" box="[343,575,906,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="2014-05-20" valueMax="2014-06-05" valueMin="2014-05-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9DF9212E754A026FC12A70B6CC7" box="[343,575,906,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="2014-05-20" valueMax="2014-06-05" valueMin="2014-05-20">20 May-5 June 2014</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
/ D.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE329212E754A301FC12A7B26CC7" box="[624,646,907,933]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">R</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663CAA9212E754A3E0FC12A72F6CAB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3073874306" collectionCode="CSCA" collectorName="Smith, O. S & Flint" country="United States of America" determinerName="M. Forthman" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53219212E754A3E0FC12A6246CC7" box="[657,784,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Smith, O.S</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53219212E754A26AFC12A6646CC7" box="[795,848,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Flint</collectorName>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingMethod id="524F4EE09212E754A217FC12A6C66CC7" box="[870,1010,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D749212E754A561FC12A0696CC7" authority="(Say, 1831)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1040,1373,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Rhiginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAE59212E754A561FC12A1E06CC6" box="[1040,1236,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Rhiginia cruciata</emphasis>
|
||
(Say, 1831)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ det.
|
||
<determinerName id="7E6DDA339212E754A1E6FC36A41F6CAB" box="[151,299,943,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">M. Forthman</determinerName>
|
||
2020 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D08FD7E9212E754A00DFC36A49F6CAB" box="[380,427,943,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE329212E754A0B5FC36A7276CAB" box="[452,531,943,969]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33156" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33156" name="California State Collection of Arthropods" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">CSCA</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |