397 lines
44 KiB
XML
397 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="58FE2EAAA2EBCCF9D856CA46A2B1BB99">Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions</mods:title>
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<treatment id="DA1B8F1BE707FFCBFF51FD72FEAF0C1E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5986289" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143811279" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5986289" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DA1B8F1BE707FFCBFF51FD72FEAF0C1E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA1B8F1BE707FFCBFF51FD72FEAF0C1E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E707FFCAFF51FD72FE5C0DC9" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF51FD72FD590DE8" blockId="12.[151,729,692,751]" box="[151,729,692,718]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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<heading id="09458961E707FFCAFF51FD72FD590DE8" bold="true" box="[151,729,692,718]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF51FD72FD590DE8" bold="true" box="[151,729,692,718]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFF51FD72FDE70DE8" ID-CoL="8BLH4" authority="(Johannsen, 1912)" authorityName="Broadley & Kauschke & Mohrig" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,615,692,718]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartii" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF51FD72FEFD0DE8" bold="true" box="[151,381,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cosmosciara hartii</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFE4AFD72FDDE0DE8" box="[396,606,692,718]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref23276" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1912) The fungus gnats of North America, Part IV. Bulletin of the Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, 200, 57 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 86614" type="journal article">Johannsen, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="7BF55F64E707FFCAFDA8FD72FD590DE8" box="[622,729,692,718]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF51FD10FE5C0DC9" blockId="12.[151,729,692,751]" box="[151,476,726,751]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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(
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<figureCitation id="CA892288E707FFCAFF59FD10FEA40DC9" box="[159,292,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[199,1390,207,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[179,1407,193,1833]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 7. Cosmosciara hartii (Johannsen, 1912).A. Male (morphotype I). B. Female(morphotype I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1241930/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Figs 7 A–B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CA892288E707FFCAFEE9FD11FEFC0DC9" box="[303,380,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[244,1352,413,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[221,1365,387,1938]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 8. Cosmosciara hartii (Johannsen, 1912). Male (morphotype I). A. Hypopygium. B. Distal part of gonostylus. C. Flagellomeres 2–6." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1241932/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">8 A–C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CA892288E707FFCAFE41FD11FE540DC9" box="[391,468,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionTargetBox="[196,1407,231,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[161,1425,193,1925]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE9. Cosmosciara hartii (Johannsen, 1912).(A, C and D, morphotype II).A.Head, female (specimen from Hawaii).B. Head, female (morphotype I, from Europe). C. Male (specimen from Fiji). D. Head and thorax of female (specimen from Hawaii)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1241934/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">9 A–D</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E707FFCAFF51FCD9FC370C54" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF51FCD9FD4B0C12" blockId="12.[151,1303,798,882]" box="[151,715,798,820]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="72A21923E707FFCAFF51FCD9FD4B0C12" box="[151,715,798,820]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFF51FCD9FE470C12" ID-CoL="894SB" authority="Johannsen, 1912" authorityName="Johannsen" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,455,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Sciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartii">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF51FCD9FE970C12" box="[151,279,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Sciara hartii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFED8FCD8FE470C12" box="[286,455,798,820]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref23276" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1912) The fungus gnats of North America, Part IV. Bulletin of the Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, 200, 57 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 86614" type="journal article">Johannsen, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<treatmentCitation id="D313181CE707FFCAFE14FCD8FD410C12" author="" box="[466,705,798,820]" page="144" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFE14FCD8FD0D0C12" box="[466,653,798,820]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref23276" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1912) The fungus gnats of North America, Part IV. Bulletin of the Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, 200, 57 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 86614" type="journal article">Johannsen (1912)</bibRefCitation>
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: 144
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</treatmentCitation>
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].
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF51FCFBFC370C54" blockId="12.[151,1303,798,882]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF51FCFBFEEC0C75" bold="true" box="[151,364,829,851]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Common synonyms</emphasis>
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||
:
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFEBFFCFBFC8C0C75" ID-CoL="9HCJ2" authority="Edwards, 1922" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1922" box="[377,780,829,851]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFEBFFCFBFDEA0C75" box="[377,618,829,851]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Plastosciara perniciosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFDB7FCFBFC8C0C75" box="[625,780,829,851]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref21721" refString="Edwards, F. w. (1922) A third new British Plastosciara (Diptera, Scaridae). The Entomologist´s Monthly Magazine, 58, 160 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10330" type="journal article">Edwards, 1922</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFCD0FCFBFA930C75" ID-CoL="6FQHS" authority="Mohrig & Roschmann, 1999" authorityName="Mohrig & Roschmann" authorityYear="1999" box="[790,1299,829,851]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Epidapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semifactus">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFCD0FCFBFC670C75" box="[790,999,829,851]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Epidapus semifactus</emphasis>
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Mohrig & Röschmann, 1999
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF51FC9AFD100C54" bold="true" box="[151,656,859,882]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF51FC9AFF250C57" bold="true" box="[151,165,860,881]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">=</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFF6AFC9DFDC50C54" ID-CoL="9HCJ2" authority="Edwards, 1922" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1922" box="[172,581,859,882]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF6AFC9DFE1E0C57" bold="true" box="[172,414,859,881]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Plastosciara perniciosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFE62FC9AFDC50C54" box="[420,581,860,882]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref21721" refString="Edwards, F. w. (1922) A third new British Plastosciara (Diptera, Scaridae). The Entomologist´s Monthly Magazine, 58, 160 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10330" type="journal article">Edwards, 1922</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="7BF55F64E707FFCAFD8DFC9AFD100C54" box="[587,656,860,882]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFD5BFC9AFCC60C54" box="[669,838,860,882]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref21721" refString="Edwards, F. w. (1922) A third new British Plastosciara (Diptera, Scaridae). The Entomologist´s Monthly Magazine, 58, 160 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10330" type="journal article">Edwards (1922)</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 160–161].
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E707FFCAFF51FC5FFAA20B41" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF51FC5FFAA20B41" blockId="12.[151,1437,921,1127]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF51FC5FFE870C89" bold="true" box="[151,263,921,943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Literature</emphasis>
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||
: Pettey (1918): 325, fig. 67 (as
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||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFD8AFC5CFD730C89" box="[588,755,921,943]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Neosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartii">
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||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFD8AFC5CFD730C89" box="[588,755,921,943]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Neosciara hartii</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
); Steffan (1966): 36, 53 (as
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFBD2FC5FFB2E0C89" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1044,1198,921,943]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Bradysia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartii">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFBD2FC5FFB2E0C89" box="[1044,1198,921,943]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Bradysia hartii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
); Mohrig
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||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFADEFC5CFAC50C89" box="[1304,1349,921,943]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2013): 223–224, fig. 43 a–c (as
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||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFE02FC7FFDC90CE8" box="[452,585,952,974]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Pnyxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartii">
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||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFE02FC7FFDC90CE8" box="[452,585,952,974]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Pnyxia hartii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFDA6FC7FFD5C0CE8" box="[608,732,952,974]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref22326" refString="Frey, R. (1942) Entwurf einer neuen Klassifikation der Muckenfamilie Sciaridae (Lycoriidae). II. Die nordeuropaischen Arten. Notulae Entomologicae, 22, 5 - 44." type="journal article">Frey (1942)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 24, 39 (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFC97FC7FFBC80CE8" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[849,1096,953,974]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
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||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFC97FC7FFBC80CE8" box="[849,1096,953,974]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cosmosciara perniciosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFB99FC7FFB5B0CE8" box="[1119,1243,952,974]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref22359" refString="Frey, R. (1948) Entwurf einer neuen Klassifikation der Muckenfamilie Sciaridae (Lycoriidae). II. Die nordeuropaischen Arten. Notulae Entomologicae, 27 (2 - 4), 33 - 112." type="journal article">Frey (1948)</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 71, 88, pl. 22, fig. 130 (as
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFEDAFC10FD300CCB" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1922" box="[284,688,982,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa" subGenus="Cosmosciara">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFEDAFC10FE1C0CCA" box="[284,412,982,1004]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Plastosciara</emphasis>
|
||
(
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||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFE68FC11FDB40CCA" box="[430,564,983,1004]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cosmosciara</emphasis>
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||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFD83FC1EFD300CCB" box="[581,688,984,1005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">perniciosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFD0FFC10FC3B0CCA" box="[713,955,982,1004]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref23665" refString="Lengersdorf, F. (1928 - 1930) 7. Lycoriidae (Sciaridae). In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Stuttgart, 2 (1), 1 - 71." type="journal article">
|
||
Lengersdorf (
|
||
<date id="260C18CDE707FFCAFC93FC10FC340CCA" box="[853,948,982,1004]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="1928" valueMax="1930">1928–30</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 13–14, pl. 1, fig. 10; Steffan (1973b):
|
||
<date id="260C18CDE707FFCAFA9AFC10FF7C0B2D" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="1265" valueMax="1266">1265– 1266</date>
|
||
, figs 1–2; Steffan (1974): 48 (all as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFDB7FC33FCE40B2D" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1922" box="[625,868,1013,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFDB7FC33FCE40B2D" box="[625,868,1013,1035]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Plastosciara perniciosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Tuomikoski (1960): 39;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFBB3FC30FA9D0B2D" box="[1141,1309,1013,1035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref22257" refString="Freeman, P. (1983) Sciarid flies. Diptera, Sciaridae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, London, 9 (6), 1 - 68." type="journal article">Freeman (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25, 51, figs 49, 52, 60 (both as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFE6FFBD2FCCB0B0C" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1922" box="[425,843,1044,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa" subGenus="Termitosciara">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFE6FFBD2FDA90B0C" box="[425,553,1044,1066]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Plastosciara</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFDF8FBD3FD4B0B0C" box="[574,715,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Termitosciara</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFD26FBD3FCCB0B0C" box="[736,843,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">perniciosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Rulik
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFC6AFBD3FC650B0C" box="[940,997,1044,1066]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1999): 31–32, fig. 7 a–e (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFAFAFBD2FEB20B6E" authorityName="Mohrig & Roschmann" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Epidapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semifactus">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFAFAFBD2FEB20B6E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Epidapus semifactus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Menzel & Mohrig (2000): 288–289 (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFD24FBF5FBCF0B6E" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[738,1103,1074,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cratyna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa" subGenus="Peyerimhoffia">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFD24FBF5FCB50B6E" box="[738,821,1075,1096]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cratyna</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFC83FBF4FC540B6E" box="[837,980,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Peyerimhoffia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFC22FBF5FBCF0B6E" box="[996,1103,1075,1096]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">perniciosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Mohrig (2003): 64–65, fig. 46 a–d (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFED3FB97FD020B41" box="[277,642,1105,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Epidapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosus" subGenus="Clandestina">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFED3FB97FEF50B41" box="[277,373,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Epidapus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFE42FB97FE7E0B41" box="[388,510,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Clandestina</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFDCBFB94FD020B41" box="[525,642,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">perniciosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFD51FB97FC100B41" box="[663,912,1105,1127]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref24186" refString="Menzel, F. & Heller, K. (2007) Bemerkungen zur Nomenklatur der Sciariden (Diptera, Bibiomorpha: Sciaridae). Studia dipterologica, 13 (2), 209 - 230." type="journal article">Menzel & Heller (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 216–218 (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFBDBFB94FA940B41" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1053,1300,1106,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFBDBFB94FA940B41" box="[1053,1300,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cosmosciara perniciosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E707FFCAFF51FB52FD1C0AA3" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF51FB52FCBB0BD2" blockId="12.[151,1437,1172,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E2DA3450E707FFCAFF51FB52FA0A0BF6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1841140147" collectingDate="2015-02-27" collectionCode="GMCWT" location="Material" municipality="Barcode of Life" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" specimenCode="GMCWT350- 15" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="WESTERN AUSTRALIA">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF51FB52FEDD0B8B" bold="true" box="[151,349,1172,1197]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<location id="576D68D6E707FFCAFF51FB52FF7F0B8B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DA1B8F1BE707FFCBFF51FD72FEAF0C1E:576D68D6E707FFCAFF51FB52FF7F0B8B" box="[151,255,1172,1197]" municipality="Barcode of Life" name="Material" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" stateProvince="WESTERN AUSTRALIA">Material</location>
|
||
studied
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFEADFB52FD2C0B8B" bold="true" box="[363,684,1172,1197]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE707FFCAFEADFB52FD270B8B" box="[363,679,1172,1197]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE707FFCAFEADFB52FE770B8B" box="[363,503,1172,1197]" country="Fiji" name="Western" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">WESTERN</collectingRegion>
|
||
AUSTRALIA
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="44B4F584E707FFCAFD75FB52FD7E0B8B" box="[691,766,1172,1197]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
(morphotype I),
|
||
<collectingDate id="3648E125E707FFCAFC7BFB52FBB10B8B" box="[957,1073,1172,1197]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="2015-02-27">
|
||
<date id="260C18CDE707FFCAFC7BFB52FBB10B8B" box="[957,1073,1172,1197]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="2015-02-27">27.ii.2015</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
, (
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B269A477E707FFCAFB82FB52FB770B8B" box="[1092,1271,1172,1197]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Barcode of Life</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
<specimenCode id="02149676E707FFCAFB3BFB52FF360BF6" collectionCode="GMCWT" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">GMCWT350- 15</specimenCode>
|
||
; dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-SCIARWA; GenBank accession
|
||
<accessionNumber id="4DE1A3EEE707FFCAFCF9FB71FC440BF6" box="[831,964,1207,1232]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MG647953" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">MG647953</accessionNumber>
|
||
), Cockburn Wetlands Education Centre,
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
- 32.0865S 115.831E,
|
||
<collectingMethod id="8BF3461AE707FFCAFE47FB1AFD8C0BD2" box="[385,524,1244,1269]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">malaise trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
, leg. D. Crosbie (BIOUG).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF01FB39FD1C0AA3" blockId="12.[151,1437,1172,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E2DA3450E707FFCAFF01FB39FB1A0A1A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1841140158" collectingDate="2014-03-14" collectionCode="PABM, PWMP" collectorName="C. Rajapakse" country="China" location="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF01FB39FE040A3E" bold="true" box="[199,388,1279,1304]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Other material:</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="44B4F584E707FFCAFE4AFAC6FE660A3E" box="[396,486,1279,1304]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="3648E125E707FFCAFE34FB39FDED0A3E" box="[498,621,1279,1304]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="2014-03-14">
|
||
<date id="260C18CDE707FFCAFE34FB39FDED0A3E" box="[498,621,1279,1304]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="2014-03-14">14.iii.2014</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
, biosecurity intercept, (#5), in compost, wood mulch and leaf litter used to rear
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFF2BFAE2FEE20A1B" box="[237,354,1316,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lucanidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
beetles ex
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE707FFCAFE2EFAE2FDAE0A1B" box="[488,558,1316,1341]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, hand collection, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="FF475BDBE707FFCAFCF7FAE2FC480A1B" box="[817,968,1316,1341]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">C. Rajapakse</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="34A3A6C8E707FFCAFC1CFAE2FBAC0A1A" box="[986,1068,1316,1340]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">PABM</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="34A3A6C8E707FFCAFBFCFAE2FB120A1A" box="[1082,1170,1316,1340]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">PWMP</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E2DA3450E707FFCAFB6EFAE2FD1C0AA3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1841140160" collectingDate="2006-08-04" collectorName="C. Eather. Specimens" country="Fiji" location="Bottle" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<specimenCount id="44B4F584E707FFCAFB6EFAE2FA810A1B" box="[1192,1281,1316,1341]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
(maggot-like morphotype II),
|
||
<collectingDate id="3648E125E707FFCAFE90FA81FE530A46" box="[342,467,1351,1376]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="2006-08-04">
|
||
<date id="260C18CDE707FFCAFE90FA81FE530A46" box="[342,467,1351,1376]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="2006-08-04">4.viii.2006</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
, biosecurity intercept (
|
||
<location id="576D68D6E707FFCAFD1BFA81FCA30A46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DA1B8F1BE707FFCBFF51FD72FEAF0C1E:576D68D6E707FFCAFD1BFA81FCA30A46" box="[733,803,1351,1376]" country="Fiji" name="Bottle" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Bottle</location>
|
||
#95085), taro ex
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE707FFCAFC3EFA81FBA20A46" box="[1016,1058,1351,1376]" name="Fiji" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="FF475BDBE707FFCAFBA2FA8EFADB0A46" box="[1124,1371,1351,1376]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">C. Eather. Specimens</collectorName>
|
||
were photographed and destroyed by PCR analysis.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E707FFCAFF01FA49FF6E08CF" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF01FA49FCD3091E" blockId="12.[151,1437,1172,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF01FA49FEBB0A8E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1423,1448]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
We now consider that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFDF8FA56FCCA0A8E" authority="Johannsen" authorityName="Johannsen" authorityYear="1912" box="[574,842,1423,1448]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Sciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartii">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFDF8FA56FD4D0A8E" box="[574,717,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Sciara hartii</emphasis>
|
||
Johannsen
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFCAAFA56FB7D0A8E" authority="(Edwards)" authorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[876,1277,1423,1448]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFCAAFA56FBFD0A8E" box="[876,1149,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cosmosciara perniciosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Edwards)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based upon a repeated study of the partly destroyed hypopygium of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8D0980AFE707FFCAFCF1FA73FCE70AEB" box="[823,871,1461,1485]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species. The gonostylus has a fine hyaline spine below the apical tooth, the palpus is 1-segmented and the flagellomeres are short. Both species have also been bred from cucumbers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFE9DFA3AFD930932" box="[347,531,1532,1557]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref23276" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1912) The fungus gnats of North America, Part IV. Bulletin of the Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, 200, 57 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 86614" type="journal article">Johannsen 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFDD8FA3AFD420932" box="[542,706,1532,1557]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref21721" refString="Edwards, F. w. (1922) A third new British Plastosciara (Diptera, Scaridae). The Entomologist´s Monthly Magazine, 58, 160 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10330" type="journal article">Edwards 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFC97FA3BFA9B0932" authority="(Edwards 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[849,1307,1532,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFC97FA3BFBE10932" box="[849,1121,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cosmosciara perniciosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFBA9FA3AFA920932" box="[1135,1298,1532,1557]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref21721" refString="Edwards, F. w. (1922) A third new British Plastosciara (Diptera, Scaridae). The Entomologist´s Monthly Magazine, 58, 160 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10330" type="journal article">Edwards 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is regarded as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFE58F9E6FCCF091E" authority="(Johannsen, 1912)" authorityName="Broadley & Kauschke & Mohrig" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[414,847,1567,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartii">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFE58F9E6FDF7091E" box="[414,631,1567,1592]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cosmosciara hartii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE707FFCAFD40F9D9FCC6091E" box="[646,838,1567,1592]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref23276" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1912) The fungus gnats of North America, Part IV. Bulletin of the Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, 200, 57 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 86614" type="journal article">Johannsen, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF01F982FA160983" blockId="12.[151,1437,1172,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">The species is widespread and reported from numerous countries in both the northern and southern hemispheres. It is often associated with plant nurseries and is sometimes a pest. Like all greenhouse sciarids it has a population in open landscapes. In this case the larvae are phytosaprophagous and will also feed on rotting wood.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE707FFCAFF01F976FF6E08CF" blockId="12.[151,1437,1172,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE707FFCAFF01F976FE2309EE" authorityName="Broadley & Kauschke & Mohrig" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[199,419,1711,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartii">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE707FFCAFF01F976FE2309EE" box="[199,419,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cosmosciara hartii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a highly exceptional species because of an extreme morphological polymorphism in both sexes. Morphotype I includes fully winged males and females, which do not differ morphologically in body structures from other winged sciarids (figs 7, 8, 9 B). Morphotype II bears extraordinary modifications of all body structures (figs 9 A, C, D). The wings are micropterous, with strongly reduced legs and halteres as well as reduced eyes, ocelli and antennae, and the thorax has reduced sclerite borders. The genitalia do not show a strong reduction in both morphotypes (they are a little bit smaller and the apical tooth on the gonostylus is somewhat shorter than in winged males). The micropterous morphotype II develops under optimal conditions of larval feeding, whereas the winged morphotype I is common in larval habitats with limited resources where migration is necessary (Steffan 1973b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E706FFCBFF01FF51FBF00D8E" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE706FFCBFF01FF51FAD70EA1" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE706FFCBFF01FF51FE300F96" bold="true" box="[199,432,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Diagnostic remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. Winged male specimens are characterised by a reduced palp with a large basal segment lacking a sensory pit, and a very small rudimentary second segment. The flagellomeres are short (l/w index 1.2) with long and strong bristles (longer than the diameter of the basal node) and rather long necks. The fore tibia is without a distinct patch of bristles and with one short spur. The mid and hind tibiae have two short spurs. The gonostylus is pointed towards the apex, with a short subapical tooth, possessing a few fine microtrichia at the tip and 1–2 fine stiff bristles. The tegmen is wider than long and trapezoid in shape. The micropterous specimens are maggot-like, with short rudimentary wings, halteres and legs, strongly reduced eyes and shortened antennae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE706FFCBFF01FE52FBF00D8E" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE706FFCBFF01FE52FE4D0E8B" bold="true" box="[199,461,404,429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Economic importance</emphasis>
|
||
. Sometimes found breeding en masse in plant nurseries, but not usually as common as other pest species. Reported as a pest of cucumbers grown under glass near
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE706FFCBFC3DFE71FB340EF6" box="[1019,1204,439,464]" country="Russia" name="Saint Petersburg" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Saint Petersburg</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE706FFCBFB02FE71FABD0EF6" box="[1220,1341,439,464]" country="Russia" name="Leningrad" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Leningrad</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFA97FE71FA1C0EF6" box="[1361,1436,439,464]" name="Russia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE706FFCBFF58FE1AFE230ED3" box="[158,419,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refId="ref22450" refString="Gerbatchevskaya, A. A. (1963) Fungus gnats (Diptera, Lycoriidae) as pests of vegetable and common mushrooms in hothouses of the Leningrad region. Entomological Review, 42, 271 - 277." type="journal article">Gerbatchevskaya 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFE39FE1BFDA80ED2" box="[511,552,477,500]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE706FFCBFDF1FE1AFD5D0ED2" box="[567,733,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refId="ref21721" refString="Edwards, F. w. (1922) A third new British Plastosciara (Diptera, Scaridae). The Entomologist´s Monthly Magazine, 58, 160 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10330" type="journal article">Edwards 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE706FFCBFD2FFE1BFC3C0ED3" box="[745,956,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refId="ref23086" refString="Hussey, N. w., Read, w. H. & Hesling, J. J. (1969) The Pests of Protected Cultivation: The Biology and Control of Glasshouse and Mushroom Pests. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London, 404 pp." type="book">
|
||
Hussey
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE706FFCBFC85FE1BFCFC0ED3" box="[835,892,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1969
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFC3AFE1AFBB40ED2" box="[1020,1076,476,500]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE706FFCBFB85FE1AFB7C0ED2" box="[1091,1276,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refId="ref23276" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1912) The fungus gnats of North America, Part IV. Bulletin of the Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, 200, 57 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 86614" type="journal article">Johannsen 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mohrig
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE706FFCBFAA5FE1BFA1C0ED3" box="[1379,1436,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013). Common in open landscapes (herb gardens, moors, alder forest and deciduous woodland (Menzel & Smith 2009).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE706FFCBFF21FDE3FE1B0D1A" box="[231,411,548,572]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refId="ref22257" refString="Freeman, P. (1983) Sciarid flies. Diptera, Sciaridae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, London, 9 (6), 1 - 68." type="journal article">Freeman (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that it has been collected from the nest of the ant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE706FFCBFBDEFDE3FA1C0D1A" authority="Nylander. One" authorityName="Nylander. One" authorityYear="1846" box="[1048,1436,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruginodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE706FFCBFBDEFDE3FB700D1B" box="[1048,1264,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Myrmica ruginodis</emphasis>
|
||
Nylander. One
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male specimen (morphotype I) was collected in a malaise trap in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE706FFCBFC50FD8EFBE60D46" box="[918,1126,583,608]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE706FFCBFC50FD8EFC710D79" box="[918,1009,584,607]" country="Fiji" name="Western" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Western</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFC3DFD81FBE60D46" box="[1019,1126,583,608]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
: this is the first Australian record. It has also been intercepted during the on-arrival biosecurity inspection of a consignment of taro imported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFF12FD49FF7E0D8E" box="[212,254,655,680]" name="Fiji" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and found in association with beetle rearing substrate intercepted from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFBE0FD49FBEC0D8E" box="[1062,1132,655,680]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E706FFCBFF01FD72FEAF0C1E" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE706FFCBFF01FD72FEAF0C1E" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE706FFCBFF01FD72FED90DEB" bold="true" box="[199,345,692,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Probably cosmopolitan, known so far from the Holarctic (from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFBF1FD72FBFA0DEB" box="[1079,1146,692,717]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Europe and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFA95FD72FA100DEA" box="[1363,1424,692,716]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
); Afrotropical region (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFEB8FD11FDF80DD6" box="[382,632,727,752]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE706FFCBFD42FD11FCC30DD6" box="[644,835,727,752]" country="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" name="Tristan da Cunha" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFD42FD11FCC30DD6" box="[644,835,727,752]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
Islands,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFC6EFD11FBA50DD6" box="[936,1061,727,752]" name="Seychelles" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
); Neotropical region (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFADFFD1EFA180DD6" box="[1305,1432,727,752]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE706FFCBFADFFD1EFADA0DD6" box="[1305,1370,728,752]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Costa</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rica
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Galápagos Islands), Australasia (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFDDAFD3AFD090C33" box="[540,649,764,789]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
); Polynesia (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFCE3FD3AFC720C33" box="[805,1010,764,789]" name="French Polynesia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">French Polynesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Hawaiian Islands); Oriental region (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE706FFCBFF58FCD9FEA30C1E" box="[158,291,799,824]" name="Philippines" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |