394 lines
58 KiB
XML
394 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document id="17EF154E7C38C21E1448CE9C6B813B3D" ID-DOI="10.1649/0010-065X-75.3.617" ID-ISSN="1938-4394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13251327" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1723000028449" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Asano, Makoto" docDate="2021" docId="03AE4D531824FFFEFD47FBCCFCC8FD08" docLanguage="en" docName="TheColeopBull.75.3.617-628.pdf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 75 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-75.3.617" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F824235CA89CB83023C7D5789122F870.3:TheColeopBull.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="F824235CA89CB83023C7D5789122F870" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Intybia takaraensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="626" masterDocId="FF97352B182CFFF4FFB6FF8EFF92FF8A" masterDocTitle="Larval Structures and Bionomics of Two Species of the Genus Intybia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Melyridae: Malachiinae)" masterLastPageNumber="628" masterPageNumber="617" pageNumber="624" updateTime="1723000626199" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3FE10F3D2619A3A2A3F1E41F40763D3B">Larval Structures and Bionomics of Two Species of the Genus Intybia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Melyridae: Malachiinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CFA3B94C4812B6F86C3079D0076F1B20">Asano, Makoto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8DCA2A4AAADE5237048DE8CB940246E7">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="67B026A1CC3BC8613FB97D9E69127C31">
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<mods:date id="FF8CB48F808FF4B08878100994341881">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4C76AB33C19CEF785F941EE492583D8C">2021-12-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FF4C71DDAFEB8D2A05992D62AC85F1C5">75</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="D09B5F2A9462A320709920E665C4BCB2">617</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="25D5F4C7ACE3346D702E281AB708443B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A83CC42D6982D564ABAFC96FE1517820" type="DOI">10.1649/0010-065X-75.3.617</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1BBBB87488B8DD78733348337C89F05A" type="ISSN">1938-4394</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AE4D531824FFFEFD47FBCCFCC8FD08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE4D531824FFFEFD47FBCCFCC8FD08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE4D531824FFFEFD47FBCCFCC8FD08" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="626" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">
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<subSubSection id="C31DAFCE1824FFFCFD47FBCCFC7BFB08" pageId="8" pageNumber="624" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB8FC451824FFFCFD47FBCCFBC2FBD2" blockId="8.[753,1104,1090,1112]" box="[753,1104,1090,1112]" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">
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<heading id="D0F04B291824FFFCFD47FBCCFBC2FBD2" box="[753,1104,1090,1112]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="624" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61824FFFCFD47FBCCFBC2FBD2" authority="(Nakane, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Nakane" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[753,1104,1090,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="617" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takaraensis">
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<emphasis id="B97320571824FFFCFD47FBCCFBC2FBD2" bold="true" box="[753,1104,1090,1112]" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">
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<emphasis id="B97320571824FFFCFD47FBCCFC3CFBD2" bold="true" box="[753,942,1090,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">INTYBia TakaraeNsis</emphasis>
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(Nakane, 1955)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8FC451824FFFCFCE1FBE3FC7BFB08" blockId="8.[827,1029,1133,1181]" box="[855,1001,1133,1154]" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">
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<heading id="D0F04B291824FFFCFCE1FBE3FC7BFB08" box="[855,1001,1133,1154]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="624" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B97320571824FFFCFCE1FBE3FC7BFB08" bold="true" box="[855,1001,1133,1154]" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">Mature Instar</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31DAFCE1824FFFEFC8DFB09FCC8FD08" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="626" pageId="8" pageNumber="624" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB8FC451824FFFCFC8DFB09FB97FB17" blockId="8.[827,1029,1133,1181]" box="[827,1029,1159,1181]" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">
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(
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01824FFFCFCF4FB09FC01FB17" box="[834,915,1159,1181]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[197,236,1774,1793]" captionTargetBox="[175,1193,195,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[173,1193,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Larval habitus. 17) Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 18) I. takaraensis. A–F show the locations of glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251333/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">Figs. 18</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01824FFFCFC2BFB06FC6CFB17" box="[925,1022,1159,1181]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[176,215,1656,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 19–25. Larval structures. 19) Head in dorsal view of Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 20) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 21) Head in ventral view of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 22) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 23) Left antenna of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 24) Labrum of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 25) Left mandible of I. takaraensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251335/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">20, 22, 25</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8FC451824FFFCFD73FB3CFB01FA17" blockId="8.[685,1172,1202,1731]" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">
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<emphasis id="B97320571824FFFCFD73FB3CFC1BFB42" bold="true" box="[709,905,1202,1224]" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">Larval Coloration.</emphasis>
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Head capsule light brown except black posterior half and black around stemmata, mandibles light brown except dark brown anterior margin, antennae and mouthparts light brown; legs translucent except black lateral and posterior margin of femora; thoracic tergites and abdominal tergites IV, V, VI, and VIII white with dark purple markings in middle, tergites I, II, III, and VII dark purple; urogomphi black (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01824FFFCFBAEFA09FBF7FA17" box="[1048,1125,1415,1437]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[176,215,1664,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 8–16. Larval development of Intybia takaraensis. 8–9) Precopulatory behavior; 10) Mating; 11) Eggs oviposited between the leaf veins of dead leaf; 12) Ditto, pellicle removed; 13) Second instar larvae; 14) Sixth instar larva; 15) Sixth instar larva on sand grains; 16) Pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251331/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01824FFFCFBD8FA06FB1AFA17" box="[1134,1160,1416,1437]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[197,236,1774,1793]" captionTargetBox="[175,1193,195,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[173,1193,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Larval habitus. 17) Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 18) I. takaraensis. A–F show the locations of glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251333/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">18</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8FC451824FFFDFD73FA2CFDC9FDBB" blockId="8.[685,1172,1202,1731]" lastBlockId="9.[172,660,194,1736]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="625" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">
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<emphasis id="B97320571824FFFCFD73FA2CFC13FA32" bold="true" box="[709,897,1442,1464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">Larval Structure.</emphasis>
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Head capsule suboblong; frons with about 18 pairs of setae; epicranial plate with about 14 pairs of setae and 13 pores (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01824FFFCFBF6FA59FB1AFA67" box="[1088,1160,1495,1517]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[176,215,1656,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 19–25. Larval structures. 19) Head in dorsal view of Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 20) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 21) Head in ventral view of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 22) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 23) Left antenna of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 24) Labrum of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 25) Left mandible of I. takaraensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251335/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
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). Clypeus transverse, weakly pigmented. Labrum about 3.3 times as broad as long, 4 median and 4 thick short setae along labro-epipharyngeal margin arranged as figured and 10 setae and 6 pores on antero-median region (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01824FFFCFC3BF9D3FC45F9F8" box="[909,983,1629,1651]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[176,215,1656,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 19–25. Larval structures. 19) Head in dorsal view of Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 20) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 21) Head in ventral view of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 22) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 23) Left antenna of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 24) Labrum of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 25) Left mandible of I. takaraensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251335/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="624">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
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). Number of stemmata 4; anterior 3 arranged in transverse row. Antenna 3-segmented; antennomere II with conical sensorium and 3 setae; III with 3 short setae, 1 long seta and pore (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFE85FF4CFEEAFF5D" box="[307,376,194,216]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[176,215,1656,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 19–25. Larval structures. 19) Head in dorsal view of Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 20) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 21) Head in ventral view of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 22) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 23) Left antenna of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 24) Labrum of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 25) Left mandible of I. takaraensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251335/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
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). Mandibles each with distinct teeth on cutting edge; ventral margin ridged and provided with a single tooth, which is cleft at apex; external face with 3 long setae and 1 short seta (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFDFEFE9CFD1BFEAD" box="[584,649,273,296]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[176,215,1656,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 19–25. Larval structures. 19) Head in dorsal view of Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 20) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 21) Head in ventral view of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 22) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 23) Left antenna of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 24) Labrum of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 25) Left mandible of I. takaraensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251335/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig.25</figureCitation>
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). Maxillary palpi 3-segmented, palpomere II with 3 short setae along apical margin, III slightly longer than preceding, with 1 pore on middle (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFD8BFEECFD1AFEFD" box="[573,648,354,376]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[176,215,1656,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 19–25. Larval structures. 19) Head in dorsal view of Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 20) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 21) Head in ventral view of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 22) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 23) Left antenna of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 24) Labrum of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 25) Left mandible of I. takaraensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251335/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
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). Labial palpi 2-segmented, palpomeres subequal in length; palpomere II with 1 pore at middle (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFDF5FE19FD1BFE26" box="[579,649,407,429]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[176,215,1656,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 19–25. Larval structures. 19) Head in dorsal view of Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 20) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 21) Head in ventral view of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 22) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 23) Left antenna of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 24) Labrum of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 25) Left mandible of I. takaraensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251335/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
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). Maxillary stipes and postmentum distinctly visible, the former bearing 17 setae, the latter 5 pairs of setae and 2 pairs of setae on peripheral membrane (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFDDDFE69FF5AFD9D" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[176,215,1656,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 19–25. Larval structures. 19) Head in dorsal view of Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 20) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 21) Head in ventral view of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 22) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 23) Left antenna of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 24) Labrum of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 25) Left mandible of I. takaraensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251335/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
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). Cardo invaginated behind stipes, only basal border with a seta visible ventrally (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFDB1FD92FDDDFDBB" box="[519,591,540,562]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[176,215,1656,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1171,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 19–25. Larval structures. 19) Head in dorsal view of Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 20) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 21) Head in ventral view of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 22) Ditto of I. takaraensis; 23) Left antenna of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 24) Labrum of I. pelegrini pelegrini; 25) Left mandible of I. takaraensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251335/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8FC451825FFFDFF73FDB9FDB5FBA6" blockId="9.[172,660,194,1736]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">
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Thorax smooth and covered with short setae over entire surface, with 1 pair of glands with short duct and balloon-like sac on each segment (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFD8DFDE2FD15FD0B" box="[571,647,620,642]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[197,236,1774,1793]" captionTargetBox="[175,1193,195,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[173,1193,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Larval habitus. 17) Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 18) I. takaraensis. A–F show the locations of glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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). Pronotum about 1.5 times as broad as long, about 1.3 times as broad as head, with 1 large medusoid-shaped strongly pigmented area on the middle, bearing 4 pairs of long setae on the antero-lateral portions, 2 pairs of long setae on the basal portion, 5 pairs of long setae and 1 pair of glands on the middle (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFF48FCA9FED7FCB6" box="[254,325,807,829]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[197,236,1774,1793]" captionTargetBox="[175,1193,195,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[173,1193,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Larval habitus. 17) Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 18) I. takaraensis. A–F show the locations of glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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). Meso- and metanota subequal in width, with 1 or 2 pairs of strongly pigmented areas on the antero-lateral portion toward middle portion (
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<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFF02FCF9FF6EFC06" box="[180,252,887,909]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[197,236,1774,1793]" captionTargetBox="[175,1193,195,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[173,1193,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Larval habitus. 17) Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 18) I. takaraensis. A–F show the locations of glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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). Mesonotum bearing 1 pair of long setae on the antero-lateral portions, 6 pairs of long setae on the basal portion, and 1 pair of setae and glands at the middle. Metanotum bearing 2 pairs of long setae on the antero-lateral portions, 2 pairs of long setae on the basal portion, 2 pairs of long setae and 1 pair of glands at the middle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFE62FB99FD89FBA6" box="[468,539,1047,1069]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[197,236,1774,1793]" captionTargetBox="[175,1193,195,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[173,1193,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Larval habitus. 17) Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 18) I. takaraensis. A–F show the locations of glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451825FFFDFF73FBBCFE4BFABD" blockId="9.[172,660,194,1736]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">
|
||
Abdomen smooth and covered with short setae over entire surface, 9-segmented, widest at segments IV and V, thence slightly narrowed posteriorly; each segment with 1 pair of long setae and glands with short duct and balloon-like sac at the middle, with 2 pairs of long setae and 1 pair of glands on lateral portions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFE77FB5CFD9FFB6D" box="[449,525,1234,1256]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[197,236,1774,1793]" captionTargetBox="[175,1193,195,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[173,1193,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Larval habitus. 17) Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 18) I. takaraensis. A–F show the locations of glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Urogomphi subparallel, strongly curved upwards, bearing numerous long setae and 1 pair of glands on the antero-lateral portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFE30FAACFE5FFABD" box="[390,461,1314,1336]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[197,236,1774,1793]" captionTargetBox="[175,1193,195,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[173,1193,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Larval habitus. 17) Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 18) I. takaraensis. A–F show the locations of glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451825FFFDFF73FAB3FEA0FAE6" blockId="9.[172,660,194,1736]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">
|
||
Legs elongate, slender. Claw slender, with a short seta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFF69FAD9FEB7FAE6" box="[223,293,1367,1389]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[197,236,1774,1793]" captionTargetBox="[175,1193,195,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[173,1193,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Larval habitus. 17) Intybia pelegrini pelegrini; 18) I. takaraensis. A–F show the locations of glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451825FFFDFF73FAFCFED0FA37" blockId="9.[172,660,194,1736]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFF73FAFCFE35FA0D" bold="true" box="[197,423,1393,1415]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Measurements in mm</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFE00FAFCFE50FA0D" box="[438,450,1394,1415]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 1). BL: 4.55; BW: 0.90; HL; 0.58; HW; 0.50; PL: 0.43; PW: 0.65; TL: 0.30; UL: 0.53.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451825FFFDFF73FA4CFD88F987" blockId="9.[172,660,194,1736]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFF73FA4CFE96FA5D" bold="true" box="[197,260,1474,1495]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Notes.</emphasis>
|
||
The body coloration is a patchy pattern of dark purple and white in dorsal view and is well camouflaged on sand grains (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFE71FA79FD9CF987" box="[455,526,1527,1549]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[176,215,1664,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 8–16. Larval development of Intybia takaraensis. 8–9) Precopulatory behavior; 10) Mating; 11) Eggs oviposited between the leaf veins of dead leaf; 12) Ditto, pellicle removed; 13) Second instar larvae; 14) Sixth instar larva; 15) Sixth instar larva on sand grains; 16) Pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451825FFFDFF73F99CFCE0FECB" blockId="9.[172,660,194,1736]" lastBlockId="9.[705,1194,194,1736]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">
|
||
Within the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFED0F99CFE72F9A2" authorityName="Mulsant & Rey" authorityYear="1867" box="[358,480,1554,1576]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" rank="tribe" tribe="Apalochrini">Apalochrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the mature larval morphology of members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFDF3F9A2FED5F9D6" authority="Erichson, 1840" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Collops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFDF3F9A2FD01F9CB" box="[581,659,1580,1601]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Collops</emphasis>
|
||
Erichson, 1840
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFE5CF9C6FDB3F9D7" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1830" box="[490,545,1608,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Laius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFE5CF9C6FDB3F9D7" box="[490,545,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Laius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described thus far. The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFE55F9ECFE8EF91B" authority="(Say, 1823)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Collops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFE55F9ECFD00F9FD" box="[483,658,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Collops nigriceps</emphasis>
|
||
(Say, 1823)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from those of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFDF8F9F2FD01F91B" authorityName="Pascoe" authorityYear="1866" box="[590,659,1660,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFDF8F9F2FD01F91B" box="[590,659,1660,1681]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Intybia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the bifid apices of the urogomphal rami (Böving and Craighead 1931) and those of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFCB7FF4CFCA5FF5D" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1830" box="[769,823,194,215]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Laius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFCB7FF4CFCA5FF5D" box="[769,823,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Laius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ in the monochrome dark brown head capsule and the strongly pigmented thorax and abdomen with short, dense setae in the mature instar (Asano and Kojima 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9681B41825FFFDFB85FE9CFB31FEA2" author="Sato, M." box="[1075,1187,274,296]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref7366" refString="Sato, M. 1964. Studies on the marine beetles in Japan, IV: Some remarks on the fauna of marine beetles in Japan. Journal of the Nagoya Jogakuin College 10: 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1964">Satô 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9681B41825FFFDFD75FEA2FCF4FECB" author="Yoshitomi, H." box="[707,870,300,322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" pagination="1 - 29" refId="ref7594" refString="Yoshitomi, H. 2014. Comparative morphology of the endophallic structures of the genus Laius (Coleoptera, Melyridae), with the descriptions of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 97: 1 - 29. doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2014.97." type="journal article" year="2014">Yoshitomi 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451825FFFEFD6DFEC9FE06FC07" blockId="9.[705,1194,194,1736]" lastBlockId="10.[150,640,647,1709]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="626" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFD6DFEC9FBCFFED7" bold="true" box="[731,1117,327,349]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Larval Development and Bionomics.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults were collected mainly from the leaves and ears of cogon grass, green foxtail, murainagrass, and rarely from reeds in the estuary and coast using a sweep net. Mating behavior was observed during the month of May, during which the male mounted on the back of the female. When disturbed by the author’s presence, the female became active and dragged the male behind her (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFC68FD92FBB4FDBB" box="[990,1062,540,562]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[176,215,1664,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 8–16. Larval development of Intybia takaraensis. 8–9) Precopulatory behavior; 10) Mating; 11) Eggs oviposited between the leaf veins of dead leaf; 12) Ditto, pellicle removed; 13) Second instar larvae; 14) Sixth instar larva; 15) Sixth instar larva on sand grains; 16) Pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In captivity, an interesting mating behavior was observed. When a male located a female, he remained still, waiting for the female and repeatedly inflating and deflating the small protuberances of his third antennomeres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFD7CFD2CFC91FD3D" box="[714,771,674,696]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[176,215,1664,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 8–16. Larval development of Intybia takaraensis. 8–9) Precopulatory behavior; 10) Mating; 11) Eggs oviposited between the leaf veins of dead leaf; 12) Ditto, pellicle removed; 13) Second instar larvae; 14) Sixth instar larva; 15) Sixth instar larva on sand grains; 16) Pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). He oriented and thrust his third antennomeres forward upon approach of the female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFBD7FD32FB0EFD5B" box="[1121,1180,700,722]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[176,215,1664,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 8–16. Larval development of Intybia takaraensis. 8–9) Precopulatory behavior; 10) Mating; 11) Eggs oviposited between the leaf veins of dead leaf; 12) Ditto, pellicle removed; 13) Second instar larvae; 14) Sixth instar larva; 15) Sixth instar larva on sand grains; 16) Pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sometimes the females made contact with these antennomeres using their mouthparts and other times they left without interaction. This is perhaps a form of precopulatory behavior, wherein the males secrete a substance from their antennomeres or even imitate a small arthropod. Adults lived particularly long lives, reaching a maximum of 142 days in captivity, feeding only on dead chironomid larvae. Oviposition was observed throughout June and on a single occasion during September. During each oviposition, 5–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0137CC1825FFFDFCE2FC6FFC09FC7D" box="[852,923,993,1015]" count="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" type="egg">11 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
were laid. In captivity, each egg was inserted under the leaf epidermis, between the leaf veins of dead or wilted leaves of cogon grass (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFD7EFBBCFCAEFBCD" box="[712,828,1074,1096]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[176,215,1664,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 8–16. Larval development of Intybia takaraensis. 8–9) Precopulatory behavior; 10) Mating; 11) Eggs oviposited between the leaf veins of dead leaf; 12) Ditto, pellicle removed; 13) Second instar larvae; 14) Sixth instar larva; 15) Sixth instar larva on sand grains; 16) Pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Figs. 11, 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The eggs hatched about six or seven days after oviposition, and underwent two instars of foetomorphic larval stages similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFB8FFBE6FB30FBF6" box="[1081,1186,1127,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pelegrini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFB8FFBE6FBD3FBF7" box="[1081,1089,1128,1149]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">I</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571825FFFDFBFAFBE9FB30FBF6" box="[1100,1186,1127,1148]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">pelegrini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The first molt generally began one day after hatching. Second instar larvae were also foetomorph, being inactive and non-feeding, and they remained between the leaf veins for three days (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFB9DFB5CFBE0FB6D" box="[1067,1138,1234,1256]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[176,215,1664,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 8–16. Larval development of Intybia takaraensis. 8–9) Precopulatory behavior; 10) Mating; 11) Eggs oviposited between the leaf veins of dead leaf; 12) Ditto, pellicle removed; 13) Second instar larvae; 14) Sixth instar larva; 15) Sixth instar larva on sand grains; 16) Pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first larval cuticles that were shed contracted at the bottom of the chorion. The second molt generally began four days after hatching. Once the third instar larvae emerged from the chorion completely, they began walking and feeding, and these larvae consumed dead chironomid larvae that were provided for them; it is believed that they feed on small cohabiting arthropods in nature. Thrips (Thysanoptera) and larvae of flies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFCCBFA4CFC5AFA52" box="[893,968,1474,1496]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and of skipper butterflies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFD4FFA52FCE0FA78" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[761,882,1500,1522]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61825FFFDFCCAFA52FC62FA78" box="[892,1008,1500,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were found in the vicinity of the roots of cogon grasses growing in the study area. Larvae that hatched during the middle of July became final instar on 3 September and pupated on 14 September.An adult female that eclosed on 20 September lived for 142 days in captivity. A middle instar larva was collected in the field on
|
||
<date id="FFB9DA851825FFFDFB26F9F2FCBBF926" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" value="2019-05-24">24 May 2019</date>
|
||
. It pupated on
|
||
<date id="FFB9DA851825FFFDFC08F919FBA0F926" box="[958,1074,1687,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" value="2019-07-06">
|
||
6 July
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF51A01825FFFDFBB4F919FBA0F926" box="[1026,1074,1687,1708]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.12826" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" unit="in" value="2019.0">2019</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in captivity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01825FFFDFD7CF93CFC82F942" box="[714,784,1714,1736]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[176,215,1664,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 8–16. Larval development of Intybia takaraensis. 8–9) Precopulatory behavior; 10) Mating; 11) Eggs oviposited between the leaf veins of dead leaf; 12) Ditto, pellicle removed; 13) Second instar larvae; 14) Sixth instar larva; 15) Sixth instar larva on sand grains; 16) Pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="625">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) and emerged as an adult male on
|
||
<date id="FFB9DA851825FFFEFBD7F93CFF58FD16" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="626" pageId="9" pageNumber="625" value="2019-07-13">13 July 2019</date>
|
||
. However, another specimen of a middle instar larva that was collected on
|
||
<date id="FFB9DA851826FFFEFE29FD2CFDA6FD3D" box="[415,564,674,696]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" value="2019-10-07">7 October 2019</date>
|
||
(which probably hatched in late summer) grew into a final instar until December and then passed the winter in this state, pupated on
|
||
<date id="FFB9DA851826FFFEFED5FD7CFE46FC8D" box="[355,468,754,776]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" value="2020-05-06">6 May 2020</date>
|
||
and eclosed as an adult male on
|
||
<date id="FFB9DA851826FFFEFE91FC82FE22FCA8" box="[295,432,780,802]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" value="2020-05-16">16 May 2020</date>
|
||
. In addition to these specimens, further middle instar larvae were collected from a nearby container port terminal. In this area,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFF7BFCD3FEC3FCFB" baseAuthorityName="Nakane" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[205,337,860,882]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takaraensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFF7BFCD3FEC3FCFB" box="[205,337,860,882]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">I. takaraensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits green foxtail growing in cracks in the pavement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78ACCD1826FFFEFF19FF4CFE47FF67" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" startId="10.[175,225,194,213]" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451826FFFEFF19FF4CFDD9FF5F" blockId="10.[152,587,193,239]" box="[175,587,193,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFF19FF4CFF64FF5E" bold="true" box="[175,246,193,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Table 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Seasonal occurrence in the estuary of
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451826FFFEFF2EFF54FE47FF67" blockId="10.[152,587,193,239]" box="[152,469,218,239]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
Ôigawa River of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFE9AFF54FE5DFF67" baseAuthorityName="Nakane" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[300,463,218,237]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takaraensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFE9AFF54FE5DFF67" box="[300,463,218,237]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Intybia takaraensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451826FFFEFF2EFE9AFDDEFDC9" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<table id="F9070EE51826000BFF2EFE9CFDF5FDC9" box="[152,615,274,579]" gridcols="4" gridrows="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFE9CFDF5FEAD" box="[152,615,274,295]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFE9CFE98FEAD" box="[152,266,274,295]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFF2EFE9AFF51FEAD" bold="true" box="[152,195,276,295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Date</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FE9CFE1DFEAD" box="[303,399,274,295]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFE99FE9AFE1DFEAD" bold="true" box="[303,399,274,295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Adults (♂)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FE9CFD96FEAD" box="[421,516,274,295]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFE13FE9AFD96FEAD" bold="true" box="[421,516,274,295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Adults (♀)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FE9CFDF5FEAD" box="[550,615,274,295]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFD90FE9AFDF5FEAD" bold="true" box="[550,615,276,295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Larvae</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFEB8FDF5FEC3" box="[152,615,310,329]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFEB8FE98FEC3" box="[152,266,310,329]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">24 May 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FEB8FE1DFEC3" box="[303,399,310,329]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FEB8FD96FEC3" box="[421,516,310,329]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">2</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FEB8FDF5FEC3" box="[550,615,310,329]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFEC2FDF5FEEA" box="[152,615,332,352]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFEC2FE98FEEA" box="[152,266,332,352]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">26 May 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FEC2FE1DFEEA" box="[303,399,332,352]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FEC2FD96FEEA" box="[421,516,332,352]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FEC2FDF5FEEA" box="[550,615,332,352]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFEEDFDF5FEFD" box="[152,615,355,375]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFEEDFE98FEFD" box="[152,266,355,375]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">3 Jun 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FEEDFE1DFEFD" box="[303,399,355,375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">4</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FEEDFD96FEFD" box="[421,516,355,375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">15</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FEEDFDF5FEFD" box="[550,615,355,375]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFEF4FDF5FE07" box="[152,615,378,397]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFEF4FE98FE07" box="[152,266,378,397]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">26 Jun 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FEF4FE1DFE07" box="[303,399,378,397]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FEF4FD96FE07" box="[421,516,378,397]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">3</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FEF4FDF5FE07" box="[550,615,378,397]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFE1FFDF5FE2E" box="[152,615,401,420]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFE1FFE98FE2E" box="[152,266,401,420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">3 Jul 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FE1FFE1DFE2E" box="[303,399,401,420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FE1FFD96FE2E" box="[421,516,401,420]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FE1FFDF5FE2E" box="[550,615,401,420]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFE26FDF5FE31" box="[152,615,424,443]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFE26FE98FE31" box="[152,266,424,443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">19 Jul 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FE26FE1DFE31" box="[303,399,424,443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FE26FD96FE31" box="[421,516,424,443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">2</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FE26FDF5FE31" box="[550,615,424,443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFE31FDF5FE58" box="[152,615,447,466]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFE31FE98FE58" box="[152,266,447,466]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">29 Aug 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FE31FE1DFE58" box="[303,399,447,466]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FE31FD96FE58" box="[421,516,447,466]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">3</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FE31FDF5FE58" box="[550,615,447,466]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFE5BFDF5FE63" box="[152,615,469,489]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFE5BFE98FE63" box="[152,266,469,489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">20 Sep 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FE5BFE1DFE63" box="[303,399,469,489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FE5BFD96FE63" box="[421,516,469,489]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">7</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FE5BFDF5FE63" box="[550,615,469,489]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFE62FDF5FE75" box="[152,615,492,511]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFE62FE98FE75" box="[152,266,492,511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">7 Oct 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FE62FE1DFE75" box="[303,399,492,511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FE62FD96FE75" box="[421,516,492,511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FE62FDF5FE75" box="[550,615,492,511]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFD8DFDF5FD9C" box="[152,615,515,534]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFD8DFE98FD9C" box="[152,266,515,534]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">23 Oct 2019</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FD8DFE1DFD9C" box="[303,399,515,534]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FD8DFD96FD9C" box="[421,516,515,534]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FD8DFDF5FD9C" box="[550,615,515,534]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFD97FDF5FDA7" box="[152,615,537,557]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFD97FE98FDA7" box="[152,266,537,557]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">25 Mar 2020</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FD97FE1DFDA7" box="[303,399,537,557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FD97FD96FDA7" box="[421,516,537,557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FD97FDF5FDA7" box="[550,615,537,557]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3537FE071826000BFF2EFDBEFDF5FDC9" box="[152,615,560,579]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<th id="76E6977B1826000BFF2EFDBEFE98FDC9" box="[152,266,560,579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">17 Apr 2020</th>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE99FDBEFE1DFDC9" box="[303,399,560,579]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFE13FDBEFD96FDC9" box="[421,516,560,579]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
<td id="76E6977B1826000BFD90FDBEFDF5FDC9" box="[550,615,560,579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451826FFFEFF06FC1CFEFAFA97" blockId="10.[150,640,647,1709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFF06FC1CFE01FC22" bold="true" box="[176,403,914,936]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Seasonal Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults were collected from 24 May to 20 September in the field (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C685C9FE1826FFFEFD9EFC22FDE3FC48" box="[552,625,940,962]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="10.[175,225,194,213]" captionText="Table 3. Seasonal occurrence in the estuary of Ôigawa River of Intybia takaraensis." pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). However, warm conditions appropriate for collection occurred only between 11:00am and 1:00pm during early summer. Mating was observed on 27 May. Oviposition was observed throughout the period between 5 June and 3 July, along with a single oviposition on 26 September. Larvae were collected from 24 May to 23 October in the field (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133CE0C01826FFFEFD90FBE9FF20FB12" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[176,215,1664,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[151,1171,193,1637]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 8–16. Larval development of Intybia takaraensis. 8–9) Precopulatory behavior; 10) Mating; 11) Eggs oviposited between the leaf veins of dead leaf; 12) Ditto, pellicle removed; 13) Second instar larvae; 14) Sixth instar larva; 15) Sixth instar larva on sand grains; 16) Pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13251331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13251331/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Figs. 14, 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). In captivity, the larvae that hatched during early summer could become adults during the summer up to early fall of the same year; however, the larvae hatched during late summer passed the winter in the larval state, then pupated and eclosed during May of the following year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451826FFFEFF06FAACFE03FA0D" blockId="10.[150,640,647,1709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFF06FAACFF7DFABD" bold="true" box="[176,239,1314,1335]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Notes.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFF48FAACFE37FABD" baseAuthorityName="Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[254,421,1314,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niponica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFF48FAACFE37FABD" box="[254,421,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Intybia niponica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFE50FAACFE8CFAD8" authority="Nakane, 1955" authorityName="Nakane" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Laius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asahinai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFE50FAACFDECFABD" box="[486,638,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Laius asahinai</emphasis>
|
||
Nakane, 1955
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have two foetomorphic instars, which have already been described (Asano 2013; Asano and Kojima 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451826FFFEFF06FA03FC3CFF78" blockId="10.[150,640,647,1709]" lastBlockId="10.[684,1172,194,642]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
In general, adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFEDDFA02FE61FA28" box="[363,499,1420,1442]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFEDDFA02FE3EFA2B" box="[363,428,1420,1441]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Intybia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are long-lived, with a maximum longevity of over four months in captivity. The specimens which eclosed in captivity were given only dead chironomid larvae. The adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFF2EFA76FF59F987" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1830" box="[152,203,1528,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Laius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFF2EFA76FF59F987" box="[152,203,1528,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">Laius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, belonging to the same tribe (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFE6EFA79FDD9F987" authorityName="Mulsant & Rey" authorityYear="1867" box="[472,587,1527,1549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="625" rank="tribe" tribe="Apalochrini">Apalochrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
), was also reported to be carnivorous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9681B41826FFFEFE02F99CFDE7F9AD" author="Setoyama, C." box="[436,629,1554,1575]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" pagination="24 - 25" refId="ref7405" refString="Setoyama, C., H. Kojima, and M. Asano. 2020. Record of Laius miyamotoi Nakane from Ogami Island of the Miyako Islands, Japan. Sayabane (New Series), Tokyo (40): 24 - 25. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Setoyama
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFDA5F99CFDABF9AD" box="[531,569,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9681B41826FFFEFF20F9A3FE85F9C8" author="Mayor, A. J." box="[150,279,1581,1602]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" pagination="281 - 304" refId="ref7284" refString="Mayor, A. J. 2002. Chapter 74. Melyridae Leach 1815 [pp. 281 - 304]. In: American Beetles, Volume 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculion- oidea (R. H. Arnett, Jr., M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skel- ley, and J. H. Frank, editors). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, xiv + 861 pp." type="book chapter" year="2002">Mayor (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned “Most adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFE40F9A2FDC7F9C8" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[502,597,1580,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Melyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are, at least potentially, polyphagous, feeding on both plant and animal material.Many feed preferentially on pollen of various cone bearing and/or flowering plants, gathering in rather large, inconspicuous aggregations”; however, plant material might not be the primary food source for these two genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8FC451826FFFEFD73FF79FCC8FD08" blockId="10.[684,1172,194,642]" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">
|
||
Most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFD4DFF76FCEEFE86" baseAuthorityName="Nakane" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[763,892,247,269]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takaraensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFD4DFF76FC91FE87" box="[763,771,248,269]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">I</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFCB8FF79FCEEFE86" box="[782,892,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">takaraensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected from communities of mid-sized grasses, which consisted almost entirely of cogon grass and green foxtail. In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFD1BFEC6FC87FED6" box="[685,789,327,349]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pelegrini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFD1BFEC6FD27FED7" box="[685,693,328,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">I</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFD76FEC9FC87FED6" box="[704,789,327,348]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">pelegrini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be highly dependent on tall grasses. The mid-sized grasses are smaller in size and inhabit drier areas compared with the tall grasses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9681B41826FFFEFBFAFEF2FC81FE26" author="Hattori, T." pageId="10" pageNumber="626" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref7149" refString="Hattori, T., K. Asami, and H. Akamatsu. 1994. Ap- plication of Imperata cylindrica community for conservation and creation of the environment. Humans and Nature 4: 1 - 25. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Hattori
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFD18FE16FD4FFE26" box="[686,733,407,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kamata and Ogura 2006). Nevertheless, it is thus assumed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFC35FE3CFB97FE4D" baseAuthorityName="Nakane" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[899,1029,434,455]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takaraensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFC35FE3CFC19FE4D" box="[899,907,434,455]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">I</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFC20FE3CFB97FE4D" box="[918,1029,434,455]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">takaraensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to prefer mid-sized grasses since they lay eggs through a peculiar ovipositing behavior on these plants, and all the larvae of this species were collected from these grasses. It is assumed that this preference has eased competition with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0787C61826FFFEFCE0FDB6FC53FDC6" box="[854,961,567,589]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Intybia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pelegrini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFCE0FDB6FCCCFDC7" box="[854,862,568,589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">I</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97320571826FFFEFCDCFDB9FC53FDC6" box="[874,961,567,588]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="626">pelegrini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This presumed niche partitioning of these species needs to be examined in detail in future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |