240 lines
33 KiB
XML
240 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="72C0361A7A2B9FA4383D25ABFB4E496B" ID-CLB-Dataset="30571" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="87f27ca8-5527-45a3-a570-0db3f60f7d9f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1195157" ID-ZooBank="5BE4121B-EAEB-4450-8E3C-451F9F58AD8B" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1520672523125" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan" docDate="2018" docId="03898781FFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FD79DBD6" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4392.1.5.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4392 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Problepsis Lederer 1853" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="102" masterDocId="FFB0FFF9FFC3FFBB7159F553FFFCDC0C" masterDocTitle="A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="127" masterPageNumber="101" pageNumber="102" updateTime="1698529227088" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6DD708C22CE6987EEC6B5E826E63F80D">A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C3C88469DF8942A4B7FC7B6D3EAACC86">Xue, Dayong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="40A900634278415DFB0490AB8FFE2CD6">Cui, Le</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DB5E99D1B5556FA4C4201C37B6F075E6">Jiang, Nan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5BE230C3FB9583909BA00AE67A675FAA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="61EA47765F9C94A1B99784F4174B4114">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03898781FFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FD79DBD6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5960636" ID-GBIF-Taxon="142211696" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5960636" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03898781FFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FD79DBD6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03898781FFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FD79DBD6" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<subSubSection id="C33A651CFFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FE3ADDA2" box="[151,454,404,430]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FE3ADDA2" blockId="1.[151,454,404,430]" box="[151,454,404,430]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<heading id="D0D781FBFFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FE3ADDA2" bold="true" box="[151,454,404,430]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FE3ADDA2" ID-CoL="92KLJ" authority="Lederer, 1853" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,454,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FE3ADDA2" bold="true" box="[151,454,404,430]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA71CEF4C7FEE8DDA2" bold="true" box="[151,276,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Problepsis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7045F4C7FE3ADDA2" author="Lederer" box="[284,454,404,430]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24308" refString="Lederer, J. (1853) II. Abtheilung " Die Heteroceren ". Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 2 (Abhandlungen), 65 - 126." type="journal article" year="1853">Lederer, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33A651CFFC2FFBA71CEF489FD46DE40" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA71CEF489FD20DE03" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,711]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA71CEF489FE5DDDFC" ID-CoL="92KLJ" authority="Lederer, 1853" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,417,474,496]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA71CEF489FEFFDDFC" box="[151,259,474,496]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Problepsis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7055F489FE5DDDFC" author="Lederer" box="[268,417,474,496]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24308" refString="Lederer, J. (1853) II. Abtheilung " Die Heteroceren ". Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 2 (Abhandlungen), 65 - 126." type="journal article" year="1853">Lederer, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA70F6F489FD38DDFC" box="[431,708,474,496]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien</emphasis>
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, 2: 74. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA72EFF489FABDDDFC" ID-CoL="959SV" authority="Frivaldszky, 1845" authorityName="Frivaldszky" authorityYear="1845" box="[950,1345,474,496]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Caloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA72EFF489FB86DDFC" box="[950,1146,474,496]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Caloptera ocellata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA75DDF489FABDDDFC" author="Frivaldszky" box="[1156,1345,474,496]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref23895" refString="Frivaldszky, I. (1845) Rovid attekintese egy termeszetrajzi utazasnak, az europai Torobirodalomban, egyszersmind nehany a kozben ujdonnat folfedezett allatnak leirasa. [Brief overview of a natural history journey taken in the European part of the Ottoman Empire, supplemented with the description of some newly discovered animals.]. A Kiralyi Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat evkonyvei. Elso kotet. Pesten, nyomatott Beimel Jozsefnel, 1, 163 - 187, pls. I - III." type="journal article" year="1845">Frivaldszky, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Turkey. Replacement name for
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA70EBF4AAFDE5DE03" box="[434,537,505,527]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Caloptera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7346F4AAFD24DE03" author="Frivaldszky" box="[543,728,505,527]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref23895" refString="Frivaldszky, I. (1845) Rovid attekintese egy termeszetrajzi utazasnak, az europai Torobirodalomban, egyszersmind nehany a kozben ujdonnat folfedezett allatnak leirasa. [Brief overview of a natural history journey taken in the European part of the Ottoman Empire, supplemented with the description of some newly discovered animals.]. A Kiralyi Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat evkonyvei. Elso kotet. Pesten, nyomatott Beimel Jozsefnel, 1, 163 - 187, pls. I - III." type="journal article" year="1845">Frivaldszky, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA71CEF74BFD46DE40" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,711]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA71CEF74BFF02DE22" box="[151,254,536,558]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Caloptera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA705AF74BFE46DE22" author="Frivaldszky" box="[259,442,536,558]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref23895" refString="Frivaldszky, I. (1845) Rovid attekintese egy termeszetrajzi utazasnak, az europai Torobirodalomban, egyszersmind nehany a kozben ujdonnat folfedezett allatnak leirasa. [Brief overview of a natural history journey taken in the European part of the Ottoman Empire, supplemented with the description of some newly discovered animals.]. A Kiralyi Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat evkonyvei. Elso kotet. Pesten, nyomatott Beimel Jozsefnel, 1, 163 - 187, pls. I - III." type="journal article" year="1845">Frivaldszky, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA709DF74BFD0EDE22" box="[452,754,536,558]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Evk. Királ. Magy. Term. Társ.</emphasis>
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, 1: 185. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA728EF74BFAAFDE22" ID-CoL="959SV" authority="Frivaldszky, 1845" authorityName="Frivaldszky" authorityYear="1845" box="[983,1363,536,558]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Caloptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA728EF74BFB6ADE22" box="[983,1174,536,558]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Caloptera ocellata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA75C2F74BFAAFDE22" author="Frivaldszky" box="[1179,1363,536,558]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref23895" refString="Frivaldszky, I. (1845) Rovid attekintese egy termeszetrajzi utazasnak, az europai Torobirodalomban, egyszersmind nehany a kozben ujdonnat folfedezett allatnak leirasa. [Brief overview of a natural history journey taken in the European part of the Ottoman Empire, supplemented with the description of some newly discovered animals.]. A Kiralyi Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat evkonyvei. Elso kotet. Pesten, nyomatott Beimel Jozsefnel, 1, 163 - 187, pls. I - III." type="journal article" year="1845">Frivaldszky, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Junior homonym of
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA7016F765FE4ADE40" box="[335,438,566,588]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Caloptera</emphasis>
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Gistl, 1834 (Coleoptera).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33A651CFFC2FFBA71CEF705FD8EDE86" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA71CEF705FD8EDE86" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,711]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA71CEF705FF1FDE67" box="[151,227,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Argyris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA71B7F706FE78DE67" author="Guenee" box="[238,388,597,619]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref23979" refString="Guenee, M. A. (1858) Boisduval, J. B. A. D. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Species General des Lepidopteres). Vol. 10. Roret, Paris, 584 pp., 22. pls" type="book" year="1858">Guenée, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA70CCF705FE55DE67" box="[405,425,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">in</emphasis>
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Boisduval & Guenée,
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA73F3F705FC91DE67" box="[682,877,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Hist. nat. Insectes</emphasis>
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(Spec. gén. Lépid.), 10: 12. Type species:
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA7408F705FE8FDE86" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Argyris ommatophoraria</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7020F727FDF5DE86" author="Guenee" box="[377,521,628,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref23979" refString="Guenee, M. A. (1858) Boisduval, J. B. A. D. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Species General des Lepidopteres). Vol. 10. Roret, Paris, 584 pp., 22. pls" type="book" year="1858">Guenée, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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. Lebanon.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33A651CFFC2FFBA71CEF7C1FB17DECB" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA71CEF7C1FB0ADEA4" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,711]" box="[151,1270,658,680]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA71CEF7C1FE2DDEA4" ID-CoL="94MZC" authority="Gumppenberg, 1887" authorityName="Gumppenberg" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,465,658,680]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Euephyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA71CEF7C1FF06DEA4" box="[151,250,658,680]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Euephyra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7059F7C1FE2DDEA4" author="Gumppenberg" box="[256,465,658,680]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24032" refString="Gumppenberg, C. V. (1887) Systema Geometrarum zonae temperatioris septentrionalis. Erster Theil. Nova Acta Academiae Leopoldino Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum, 49, 229 - 400, pls. 8 - 10." type="journal article" year="1887">Gumppenberg, 1887</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA7085F7C0FC9CDEA4" box="[476,864,658,680]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Nova Acta Acad. Caesar. Leop. Carol.</emphasis>
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, 49: 328, 342. No type species is given.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA71CEF7E2FB17DECB" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,711]" box="[151,1259,689,711]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA71CEF7E2FEDBDECB" box="[151,295,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Problepsiodes</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7074F7E1FE38DECB" author="Warren" box="[301,452,689,711]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25391" refString="Warren, W. (1899 b) New Drepanulidae, Epiplemidae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae from the Oriental and Palaearctic Regions. Novitates Zoologicae, 6, 313 - 359." type="journal article" year="1899" yearSuffix="b">Warren, 1899b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA7096F7E1FDB8DECB" box="[463,580,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Novit. zool.</emphasis>
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, 6: 336. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA7275F7E2FB5ADECB" ID-CoL="6VYDS" authority="Warren, 1893" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[812,1190,689,711]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conjunctiva">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA7275F7E2FBEFDECB" box="[812,1043,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Problepsis conjunctiva</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7543F7E1FB5ADECB" author="Warren" box="[1050,1190,689,711]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25253" refString="Warren, W. (1893) On new genera and species of moths of the family Geometridae from India, in the collection of H. J. Elwes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893 (2), 341 - 434, pls. 30 - 32." type="journal article" year="1893">Warren, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. India.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33A651CFFC2FFBA71CEF7A7FB58DA42" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA71CEF7A7FBFED8CE" blockId="1.[151,1437,756,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA71CEF7A7FE75DF01" bold="true" box="[151,393,756,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Generic characters:</emphasis>
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Head: Male antennae bipectinate or dentate, with fascicles of cilia (often bipectinate in African species); female antennae often filiform, sometimes dentate, ciliated. Frons not protruding. Labial palpus extending beyond frons distally. Thorax. Ventral surface of thorax and fore femora hairy. Male hind tibia dilated, with hair-pencil, without spurs; tarsus abbreviated; female hind tibia normal, with two pairs of spurs. Venation: Forewing often with one single areole, but variable in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA7252F6D6FBADDF90" authority="Warren, 1893" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[779,1105,900,924]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conjunctiva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA7252F6D6FC57DF90" box="[779,939,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">P. conjunctiva</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA72EDF6D6FBADDF90" author="Warren" box="[948,1105,900,924]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25253" refString="Warren, W. (1893) On new genera and species of moths of the family Geometridae from India, in the collection of H. J. Elwes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893 (2), 341 - 434, pls. 30 - 32." type="journal article" year="1893">Warren, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (see its remarks). R1 arising from or before apex of areole; R5 usually long stalked with R2-4. Hind wing with Rs and M1 separate, M3 and CuA1 separate. Forewing with apex almost quadrate, outer margin arched; hind wing with apex rounded, outer margin slightly wavy. Wings ground colour white or greyish white or light ochre-brown or light grey. Each wing usually with a ocellus at end of cell, sometimes invisible on both wings (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA728AF149FB37D83E" authority="Prout, 1932" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1932" box="[979,1227,1049,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rorida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA728AF149FBC9D83D" box="[979,1077,1049,1073]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">P. rorida</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA751DF149FB37D83E" author="Prout" box="[1092,1227,1050,1074]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24551" refString="Prout, L. B. (1932) New genera and species of Sterrhinae (Fam. Geometridae). Novitates Zoologicae, 37, 229 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 13263" type="journal article" year="1932">Prout, 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA7450F149FED3D85A" authority="Warren, 1901" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochripicta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA7450F149FA60D83D" box="[1289,1436,1049,1073]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">P. ochripicta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA71CEF16DFED3D85A" author="Warren" box="[151,303,1086,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25424" refString="Warren, W. (1901) New Thyrididae, Epiplemidae and Geometridae from the Ethiopian region. Novitates Zoologicae, 8, 6 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 22168" type="journal article" year="1901">Warren, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or indistinct on hind wing (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA73F5F16DFBA2D85A" authority="Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875" authorityName="Felder & Rogenhofer" authorityYear="1875" box="[684,1118,1085,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA73F5F16DFCDFD859" box="[684,803,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">P. aegretta</emphasis>
|
||
Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA75CDF16DFF2FD876" authority="Swinhoe, 1904" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavistigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA75CDF16DFAD0D859" box="[1172,1324,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">P. flavistigma</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA746AF16EFF2FD876" author="Swinhoe" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25128" refString="Swinhoe, C. (1904) On the Geometridae of tropical Africa in the National Collection. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, 1904 (3), 497 - 590." type="journal article" year="1904">Swinhoe, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); ocellus usually containing silvery scales, projecting from surface, sometimes containing dark patches and white stripe-like discal spot inside, submarginal line often composed of two rows of spots. Underside often with weakly expressed wing patterns, sometimes different from those of upperside.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA719EF19EFEA2D9B2" blockId="1.[151,1437,756,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Male genitalia: Uncus not developed. Internal margin of tegumen dentate or smooth. Socii fused at apex, ventral of tuba analis, setose, sometimes with lateral or central lobes. Valvula and sacculus separate, symmetrical, long, tapering towards apex. Juxta forming an inverted triangular or tongue-like lobe, anterior margin concaved centrally, fused to sacculus, sometimes free. Saccus broad. Aedeagus strongly sclerotized, with one or several teeth at apex, coecum penis dilated; vesica often with partly sclerotized and crinkled, sometimes with cornuti. Male eighth sternite elongated and anterior margin bifurcate, often with one process centrally, forming a head-shaped posterior dilation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA719EF09AFB58DA42" blockId="1.[151,1437,756,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Female genitalia: Papillae anales stout and short. Lamella postvaginalis often well developed; lamella antevaginalis often absent, sometimes weakly developed. Ductus bursae often sclerotized. Corpus bursae large, spherical or oval, membranous; signum sometimes absent, often composed of an oval patch of small spines, arranged in longitudinal rows, medial spines often fused to a sclerite along longitudinal axis.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A651CFFC2FFBA719EF30AFADFDA7E" box="[199,1315,1625,1650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA719EF30AFADFDA7E" blockId="1.[151,1437,756,2010]" box="[199,1315,1625,1650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA719EF30AFEBDDA7E" bold="true" box="[199,321,1625,1650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The genus is unique in the ocellus of the wings and the fused socii of the male genitalia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A651CFFC2FFBA719EF32EFF1CDB2A" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA719EF32EFF1CDB2A" blockId="1.[151,1437,756,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA719EF32EFEDBDA9A" bold="true" box="[199,295,1661,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
The host-plant records are mainly from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA7244F32EFC78DA9A" authorityName="" authorityYear="1809" box="[797,900,1661,1686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA72CDF32EFBE6DA9A" author="Singh" box="[916,1050,1661,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24998" refString="Singh, B. (1957) Some more Indian geometrid larvae (Lepidoptera) with a notes on the identity of components of various groups of setae. Indian Forest Records, 9 (6), 131 - 162." type="journal article" year="1957">Singh 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA757EF32EFB61DA9A" author="Sugi, S." bookContentInfo="453 pp." box="[1063,1181,1661,1686]" journalOrPublisher="Kodansha, Tokyo" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25543" refString="Sugi, S. (Ed.) (1987) Larvae of Larger Moths in Japan. Kodansha, Tokyo, 453 pp." title="Larvae of Larger Moths in Japan" type="book" year="1987">Sugi 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA75F3F32EFAA0DA9A" author="Holloway" box="[1194,1372,1661,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24148" refString="Holloway, J. D. (1997) The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Sterrhinae, Larentiinae, Adding to other subfailies. Malayan Nature Journal, 10, 1 - 242." type="journal article" year="1997">Holloway 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The habitat preferences of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA708FF3F2FDB1DAB5" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1853" box="[470,589,1697,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA708FF3F2FDB1DAB5" box="[470,589,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Problepsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA723CF3F2FBDADAB6" author="Holloway" box="[869,1062,1697,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24148" refString="Holloway, J. D. (1997) The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Sterrhinae, Larentiinae, Adding to other subfailies. Malayan Nature Journal, 10, 1 - 242." type="journal article" year="1997">Holloway (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7507F3F2FA99DAB6" author="Stadie" box="[1118,1381,1697,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25040" refString="Stadie, D. & Stadie, Ph. (2016) The Problepsis ocellata Frivaldszky, 1845 species lineage - an integrative survey of their morphology, species radiation, distribution and ecology (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Esperiana, 20 (2), 381 - 429." type="journal article" year="2016">Stadie & Stadie (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The larvae are long and slender, tapered anteriorly and often without any pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA755AF396FB07DAD2" author="Stadie" box="[1027,1275,1733,1758]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25040" refString="Stadie, D. & Stadie, Ph. (2016) The Problepsis ocellata Frivaldszky, 1845 species lineage - an integrative survey of their morphology, species radiation, distribution and ecology (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Esperiana, 20 (2), 381 - 429." type="journal article" year="2016">Stadie & Stadie 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They rest on straight position, and are able to produce a silk thread if they are disturbed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7541F3B9FB24DB0E" author="Hausmann" box="[1048,1240,1770,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24121" refString="Hausmann, A. (2004) The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Vol. 2. Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 600 pp." type="book" year="2004">Hausmann 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA75BFF3BAFF28DB2A" author="Stadie" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25040" refString="Stadie, D. & Stadie, Ph. (2016) The Problepsis ocellata Frivaldszky, 1845 species lineage - an integrative survey of their morphology, species radiation, distribution and ecology (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Esperiana, 20 (2), 381 - 429." type="journal article" year="2016">Stadie & Stadie 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A651CFFC2FFBA719EF262FC17DB46" box="[199,1003,1841,1866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA719EF262FC17DB46" blockId="1.[151,1437,756,2010]" box="[199,1003,1841,1866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA719EF262FE9CDB46" bold="true" box="[199,352,1841,1866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Palearctic, Oriental, Australian, and Afrotropical regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A651CFFC2FFBA719EF206FD79DBD6" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F3697FFC2FFBA719EF206FD79DBD6" blockId="1.[151,1437,756,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA719EF206FEC7DB62" bold="true" box="[199,315,1877,1902]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Considering the present study is a review of Chinese species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D14FFC2FFBA751DF206FB47DB61" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1853" box="[1092,1211,1877,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Problepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EA85FFC2FFBA751DF206FB47DB61" box="[1092,1211,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Problepsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the above generic characters are mainly summarized from Chinese species, and also from the studies of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7521F229FB03DB9E" author="Prout" box="[1144,1279,1913,1938]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24595" refString="Prout, L. B. (1912 - 1916) The Palaearctic Geometrae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Vol. 4. Verlag A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 479, pls. 1 - 25." type="book chapter" year="1912">
|
||
Prout (
|
||
<date id="FF9E1057FFC2FFBA759FF22AFB03DB9E" box="[1222,1279,1913,1938]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" value="1912" valueMax="1916">1912</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1916,
|
||
<date id="FF9E1057FFC2FFBA740FF229FF2EDBBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" value="1934" valueMax="1939">1934– 1939</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9E1057FFC2FFBA7184F2CDFEA1DBBA" box="[221,349,1950,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" value="1920" valueMax="1941">1920–1941</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9E1057FFC2FFBA7030F2CDFE17DBBA" box="[361,491,1950,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" value="1929" valueMax="1938">1929–1938</date>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA70A7F2CEFD3CDBBA" author="Holloway" box="[510,704,1949,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24148" refString="Holloway, J. D. (1997) The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Sterrhinae, Larentiinae, Adding to other subfailies. Malayan Nature Journal, 10, 1 - 242." type="journal article" year="1997">Holloway (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA7395F2CDFC64DBBA" author="Hausmann" box="[716,920,1950,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24121" refString="Hausmann, A. (2004) The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Vol. 2. Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 600 pp." type="book" year="2004">Hausmann (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA72FAF2CEFBA3DBBA" author="Sihvonen" box="[931,1119,1949,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref24947" refString="Sihvonen, P. (2005) Phylogeny and classification of the Scopulini moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143, 473 - 530." type="journal article" year="2005">Sihvonen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B66FFC2FFBA75CCF2CEFA64DBBA" author="Stadie" box="[1173,1432,1949,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref25040" refString="Stadie, D. & Stadie, Ph. (2016) The Problepsis ocellata Frivaldszky, 1845 species lineage - an integrative survey of their morphology, species radiation, distribution and ecology (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Esperiana, 20 (2), 381 - 429." type="journal article" year="2016">Stadie & Stadie (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The genus still awaits a worldwide revision.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |