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<document id="77D31749FB1D2EAED140C3CC5A8F3D6D" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFFD6A43FA4E952F1D9FBCA2" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Nyctalus plancyi" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="765" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="764" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D45295FEC618BF6A880096191CCFA1A5">
<mods:title id="BAA9D774FF74F605ABD548D7E825183B">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F56EA8DA03AEF298A97E108BB26E6F39">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3F8005EBF3037A7918EDF5CC6C280CEB">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher id="84F073F0FCCBAE405313D5FA988AFCAA">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="8B8EB179DDD28A22C76BBE64CE208E9D">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFFD6A43FA4E952F1D9FBCA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403380" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403380" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFFD6A43FA4E952F1D9FBCA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFFD6A43FA4E952F1D9FBCA2" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="765" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42FA4E952F1BE8B896" box="[1458,1512,886,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA4E952F1BE8B896" blockId="6.[1453,2388,886,1010]" box="[1458,1512,886,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<heading id="9F638192FFFD6A42FA4E952F1BE8B896" box="[1458,1512,886,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFFD6A42FA4E952F1BE8B896" box="[1458,1512,886,932]" captionStart="Plate 55: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="3.[121,153,3361,3382]" captionTargetBox="[12,2741,18,3658]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="1. Desert Yellow Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus pallidus), 2. Dark-winged Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus hirundo), 3. Light-winged Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus albofuscus), 4. Ruppell’s Bat (Vansonia rueppellii), 5. Indochinese Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus bucephalus), 6. Dark Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus aquilus), 7. Common Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus tylopus), 8. Javan Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus javanus), 9. Dormer’s Bat (Scotozous dormeri), 10. Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi), 11. Bird-like Noctule (Nyctalus aviator), 12. Japanese Noctule (Nyctalus furvus), 13. Mountain Noctule (Nyctalus montanus), 14. Greater Noctule (Nyctalus lasiopterus), 15. Common Noctule (Nyctalus noctula), 16. Leisler’s Noctule (Nyctalus leisleri), 17. Azores Noctule (Nyctalus azoreum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398500/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">10.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42FA06952F1954B896" box="[1530,1876,886,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA06952F1954B896" blockId="6.[1453,2388,886,1010]" box="[1530,1876,886,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<heading id="9F638192FFFD6A42FA06952F1954B896" box="[1530,1876,886,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42FA06952F1954B896" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1530,1876,886,932]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">Chinese Noctule</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42F866952F16C0B896" box="[1946,2240,886,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42F866952F16C0B896" blockId="6.[1453,2388,886,1010]" box="[1946,2240,886,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<heading id="9F638192FFFD6A42F866952F16C0B896" box="[1946,2240,886,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F866952F16C0B896" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1946,2240,886,932]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFD6A42F866952F16C0B896" box="[1946,2240,886,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Nyctalus plancyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42FA5295EF1752B8C0" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA5295EF170AB8F9" blockId="6.[1453,2388,886,1010]" box="[1454,2314,950,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<heading id="9F638192FFFD6A42FA5295EF170AB8F9" box="[1454,2314,950,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFD6A42FA5295EF1BFAB8F9" bold="true" box="[1454,1530,950,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42F9F895EF18AFB8F9" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1540,1711,950,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">
Noctule de
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFD6A42F98B95EF18AFB8F9" box="[1655,1711,950,971]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Chine</collectingCountry>
</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFD6A42F93895EF191FB8F9" bold="true" box="[1732,1823,950,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42F8D495EF19E6B8F9" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1832,2022,950,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">China-Abendsegler</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFD6A42F80695EF1656B8F9" bold="true" box="[2042,2134,950,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42F79C95EF170AB8F9" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[2144,2314,950,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42F79C95EF16ABB8F9" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[2144,2219,950,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">Néctulo</vernacularName>
de
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFD6A42F72F95EF170AB8F9" box="[2259,2314,950,971]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">China</collectingCountry>
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA5295841752B8C0" blockId="6.[1453,2388,886,1010]" box="[1454,2386,989,1010]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<heading id="9F638192FFFD6A42FA5295841752B8C0" box="[1454,2386,989,1010]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFD6A42FA52958418A5B8C0" bold="true" box="[1454,1701,989,1010]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42F95395841990B8C0" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1711,1936,989,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">Chinese Mountain Bat</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42F86295841752B8C0" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1950,2386,989,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42F86295841652B8C0" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1950,2130,989,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">Mountain Noctule</vernacularName>
;
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42F7A1958416E5B8C0" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[2141,2277,989,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">Villus Noctule</vernacularName>
(
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFD6A42F7099584174DB8C0" ID-CoL="484XD" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[2293,2381,989,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">velutinus</vernacularName>
)
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42F7EF92461690BF5A" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42F7EF92461690BF5A" blockId="6.[2066,2661,1055,1483]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFD6A42F7EF924616AEBF72" bold="true" box="[2067,2222,1055,1088]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F7429246168CBF5A" authority="Gerbe, 1880" authorityName="Gerbe" authorityYear="1880" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vesperugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancy" subGenus="Noctula">Vesperugo (Noctula) plancy: Gerbe, 1880</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42F76792161769BF5A" box="[2203,2409,1103,1128]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42F76792161769BF5A" blockId="6.[2066,2661,1055,1483]" box="[2203,2409,1103,1128]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFFD6A42F76792161769BF5A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319766" box="[2203,2409,1103,1128]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F767921616FDBF5A" box="[2203,2301,1103,1128]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Peking</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFD6A42F6F292161764BF5A" box="[2318,2404,1103,1128]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">China</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42F7EF923718F4BC4D" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42F7EF923718F4BC4D" blockId="6.[2066,2661,1055,1483]" lastBlockId="6.[1450,2666,1490,3459]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F73F92371733BFBD" authorityName="Bowditch" authorityYear="1825" box="[2243,2355,1134,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctalus</taxonomicName>
seems to be nested well within Pipustrellus close to P. nathusuu, making
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F76C92E41720BFEC" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[2192,2336,1213,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pipistrellus</taxonomicName>
paraphyletic, and indicating that further studies into the relationships between the two genera are greatly needed. N.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F6DD936A1781BE66" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[2337,2433,1331,1364]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">plancyi</taxonomicName>
seems to be the most basal lineage within the genus. The species has generally been included in N.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F7BE93F716A2BEF9" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2114,2210,1454,1483]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctula">noctula</taxonomicName>
, which has led to some confusion over geographic limits, but this species is recognized here based on its genetic and morphological distinctions. Race velutinus has occasionally been treated as a distinct species.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F95C9078195BBD70" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[1696,1883,1569,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="plancyi" subSpecies="labiatus">Race labiatus</taxonomicName>
was previously considered a subspecies of N.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F5FB90781467BD70" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2567,2663,1569,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctula">noctula</taxonomicName>
but is morphologically very distinct from that species, according to unpublished data by G. Csorba and measurements from S. V. Kruskop and D. A. Vasenkov in 2016, which also compared them with N.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F7F490CE1668BD8A" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[2056,2152,1687,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">plancyi</taxonomicName>
(based on a few samples). To date,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42FA4C90E61861BDD2" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[1456,1633,1727,1760]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="plancyi" subSpecies="labiatus">race labiatus</taxonomicName>
has not been compared genetically with N.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F70A90E61756BDD2" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2294,2390,1727,1760]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctula">noctula</taxonomicName>
or N. p. plancy: in any published articles; for the present it is provisionally treated as a subspecies of N.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42FA2A91571836BC1D" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1494,1590,1806,1839]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plancyi">plancyi</taxonomicName>
, although it almost certainly represents a distinct species, as indicated by its morphological divergence. The species name is sometimes misspelled plancei. Three subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42FA4C91DC17F7B26A" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="distribution">
<caption id="90EB6676FFFD6A42FA4C91DC17F7B26A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397784/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" targetBox="[1452,2044,1068,1482]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA4C91DC1940BC94" blockId="6.[1450,2666,1490,3459]" box="[1456,1856,1925,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFD6A42FA4C91DC1940BC94" bold="true" box="[1456,1856,1925,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA4C91E9196FBCC7" blockId="6.[1450,2666,1490,3459]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42FA4C91E9196FBCC7" authority="Gerbe, 1880" authorityName="Gerbe" authorityYear="1880" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1880" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="plancyi" subSpecies="plancyi">N.p.plancyiGerbe,1880—NE&amp;ECChina(Gansu,Shaanxi,Shanxi,Henan,Beijing,Shandong,Liaoning,andJilin).</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA4C91A61464B359" blockId="6.[1450,2666,1490,3459]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42FA4C91A61464B359" authority="Hodgson, 1835" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1835" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="plancyi" subSpecies="labiatus">N.p.labiatusHodgson,1835—HimalayasfromNPakistan,NIndia,Nepal,SCChina,andNMyanmaralongwithNW&amp;SVietnam;mayoccurinThailand,NLaos,NEVietnam,andPeninsularMalaysia,buttherearenoconfirmedrecordsfromtheseregions.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA4D9E2C1967B3D0" blockId="6.[1450,2666,1490,3459]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42FA4D9E2C1981B3A0" authority="G. M. Allen, 1923" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1923" box="[1457,1921,2165,2194]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="plancyi" subSpecies="velutinus">N. p. velutinus G. M. Allen, 1923</taxonomicName>
— C &amp; SE
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFD6A42F7DD9E2C1676B3A0" box="[2081,2166,2165,2194]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F7739E2C1703B3A0" box="[2191,2307,2165,2194]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F6E89E2C1784B3A0" box="[2324,2436,2165,2194]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F6649E2C17F2B3A0" box="[2456,2546,2165,2194]" country="China" name="Hubei" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Hubei</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F5F89E2C145EB3A0" box="[2564,2654,2165,2194]" country="China" name="Anhui" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Anhui</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42FA569EC01817B388" box="[1450,1559,2201,2234]" country="China" name="Jiangsu" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Jiangsu</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F9D49EC018ADB388" box="[1576,1709,2201,2234]" country="China" name="Shanghai" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Shanghai</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F9429EC0193BB388" box="[1726,1851,2201,2234]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F8B09EC019C6B388" box="[1868,1990,2201,2234]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F8249EC01651B388" box="[2008,2129,2201,2234]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F79E9EC016C7B388" box="[2146,2247,2201,2234]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Hunan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F72E9EC0173AB388" box="[2258,2362,2201,2234]" country="China" name="Jiangxi" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Jiangxi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F6B79EC017A5B388" box="[2379,2469,2201,2234]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Fujian</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFD6A42F6499EC0145EB388" box="[2485,2654,2201,2234]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFD6A42FA139E981895B3D0" box="[1519,1685,2241,2274]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
) and
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFD6A42F9169E98194BB3D0" box="[1770,1867,2241,2274]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
I.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA4C9EB117F7B26A" blockId="6.[1450,2666,1490,3459]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
The subspecific status of recently collected specimens from the Central Cordillera of Luzon I in the
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFD6A42F96E9F561930B202" box="[1682,1840,2319,2352]" name="Philippines" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Philippines</collectingCountry>
is uncertain, although they may represent velutinus. Another specimen recently collected from Hainan I may also represent velutinus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42FA4C9F3E1834B75D" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="description">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA4C9F3E1834B75D" blockId="6.[1450,2666,1490,3459]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFD6A42FA4C9F3E18AFB2B2" bold="true" box="[1456,1711,2407,2432]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 65-87 mm, tail 36-59 mm, ear 15-18 mm, hindfoot 10-14 mm, forearm 47-50 mm; weight 19-29-1 g (weight only from Luzon and southern
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFD6A42F9C09FE818BDB2FC" box="[1596,1725,2481,2510]" name="Vietnam" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
). The Chinese Noctule is similar to the Common Noctule (
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F5D19FE81862B2C4" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctula">Nyctalus noctula</taxonomicName>
); its tail extends a few millimeters beyond uropatagium. Dorsal pelage is dark brown, sometimes with a deep reddish tint in bright light and a glossy sheen (individual hairs are bicolored). Ventral pelageis a little paler brown, with an orange tint. Fur extends only a small distance onto patagium. Dense fur extends to anterior elbow and posterior humerus, and sparse fur extends laterally from elbow to base of fingers. Face, ears, wings, and uropatagium are darkly pigmented and mostly naked, except for some fine hairs growing on lips. Muzzle is short, with large glands between nostrils and eyes; ears are short, broad, and triangular with 4-5 folds on outer edge. Tragus is short, broad, and sharply curved anteriorly on upper one-half. Calcar is well developed. Penis is large and pendulous. Skull is relatively short and robust; zygomatic arches are slender; lambdoidal crest is well developed and conspicuous; palate is broad; auditory bullae are large with a well-developed basioccipital pit medial to each bulla. P? is not visible in lateral view, as C' and P* contact laterally; molars are well developed; lower molars are nyctalodont. Specimens assigned to N. p. labiatus tend to be larger with no reddish tint. Dental formula for all species of
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F6869DA717E9B72D" authorityName="Bowditch" authorityYear="1825" box="[2426,2537,3070,3103]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctalus</taxonomicName>
is 1 2/3, C1l/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 34. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 50, 32, or 54.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFD6A42FA4D9A2D1894B6B1" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFD6A42FA4D9A2D1894B6B1" blockId="6.[1450,2666,1490,3459]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFD6A42FA4D9A2D1821B7A7" bold="true" box="[1457,1569,3188,3221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">Habitat.</emphasis>
A variety of forested habitats throughoutits distribution, from temperate regions (north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFD6A42F91D9AF91936B78F" box="[1761,1846,3232,3261]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="764">China</collectingCountry>
) to tropical remnant moist forest (Luzon). The Chinese Noctule is the most tropical species of
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFD6A42F8129A9A165CB7D6" authorityName="Bowditch" authorityYear="1825" box="[2030,2140,3267,3300]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctalus</taxonomicName>
, being the only one extending into South-east Asia. It is also common in urban environments. It is often found at elevations of 1000-2000 m but can be found as low as sea level. On Luzon, one specimen was captured at
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFFD6A42F9699B6018FBB668" box="[1685,1787,3385,3418]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.31" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" unit="m" value="2310.0">2310 m</quantity>
on Mount Data, while two others were captured at
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFFD6A42F6289B601437B668" box="[2516,2615,3385,3418]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.73" pageId="6" pageNumber="764" unit="m" value="1730.0">1730 m</quantity>
on Mount Amuyao.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF8997471F3EBAE9" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF8997471F3EBAE9" blockId="7.[110,1323,286,1940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF8997471F81BA0D" bold="true" box="[117,385,286,319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Chinese Noctules are insectivorous. Foraging occurs high in the canopy, primarily during evening and early morning; the species forages by aerialhawking. On
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFC6A43FEC697341FA3BABC" box="[314,419,365,398]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Hainan</collectingRegion>
, individuals ofthis species were found foraging around streetlights in an urban environment, although in most urban settings, they will forage in nearby forests.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF8897BD1F0DB825" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF8897BD1F0DB825" blockId="7.[110,1323,286,1940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF8897BD1EFBB937" bold="true" box="[116,251,484,517]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Breeding.</emphasis>
Delayed fertilization takes place in the Chinese Noctule. Mating occurs around October, and sperm is stored throughout hibernation. After exiting hibernation, ovulation begins around late March and early April. Gestation lasts ¢.50-60 days, and births usually occur from late Mayto late June. During breeding season, females create maternal colonies while males depart, leaving the females to raise the young. There are usually two young born, but one infant is also common. Young start learning to fly and hunt at c¢.5-6 weeks, and will reach sexual maturity during their first year oflife.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF8D95461DE0BF49" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF8D95461DE0BF49" blockId="7.[110,1323,286,1940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF8D95461F5FB872" bold="true" box="[113,351,799,832]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Chinese Noctule is nocturnal, and spends the day roosting in colonies, coming outin evening and early morning to forage. It roosts in temples, under rooftiles, and in various parts of buildings in urban environments, while it generally roosts in caves, hollow trees, and rock crevices in the wild. Throughout much ofits range,itis known to hibernate starting in early to mid-November and exit hibernation around late March to early April. It is not known if the Chinese Noctule hibernates in southernmost portions ofits range, such as Luzon. In
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFC6A43FC5F924D1DFABF1F" box="[931,1018,1044,1069]" country="China" name="Hubei" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Hubei</collectingRegion>
(central
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFC6A43FB7E924D1ADCBF1F" box="[1154,1244,1044,1069]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">China</collectingCountry>
), call frequency ranges from c.24-9 kHz to ¢.79-4 kHz with pulse durations of 1:3-1-9 milliseconds. Call shape seems to be a relatively flat FM/QCF call.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF8D92DB1A37BEEC" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF8D92DB1A37BEEC" blockId="7.[110,1323,286,1940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF8D92DB1D42BF91" bold="true" box="[113,834,1154,1187]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Roosts often number many individuals in a large colony, and the Chinese Noctule will occasionally roost with other species, such as the Japanese Pipistrelle (
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43FD4D92881DBCBFC0" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[689,956,1233,1266]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">Pipistrellus abramus</taxonomicName>
). Chinese Noctules hibernate in colonies during winter, and then partition into maternal colonies during summer; females and young are in these maternal colonies together whereas males stay separate in their own roosts (often alone). The species is semi-migratory, moving short distances between summer breeding and foraging areas and winter hibernating areas. Its capacity of detecting weak magnetic fields may play a role in its ability to locate the breeding and hibernating grounds when migrating between the two.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF8D93BC1F71BD90" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF8D93BC1F71BD90" blockId="7.[110,1323,286,1940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF8D93BC1FD1BD34" bold="true" box="[113,465,1509,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chinese Noctule is widespread and common throughout much of its range; no major threats are known. However, bioaccumulation of mercury and cadmium may be a threat to the species because ofits habit of foraging around plantations; further investigation is needed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF8C90EA1D9FBCA2" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF8C90EA1D9FBCA2" blockId="7.[110,1323,286,1940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF8C90EA1F09BDFE" bold="true" box="[112,265,1715,1740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Ao Lei et al. (2006), Bates et al. (2000), Francis (2008a), Heaney et al. (2012), Heiker et al. (2018), Jiang Lichun etal. (2019), Kruskop &amp; Vasenkov (2016), Liang Renji &amp; Dong Yongwen (1985), Lin Liangkong et al. (2002a), Liu Sha et al. (2018), Miller et al. (2006), Salgueiro et al. (2007), Shi Hongyan, Liu Hao et al. (2008), Shi Hongyan, Wu Yi &amp; Hu Jingchu (2003), Shi Hongyan, Wu Yi, Hu Jinchu &amp; Li Yanhong (2001), Smith &amp; Johnston (2008a), Smith &amp; Xie Yan (2008), Tian Lanxiang, Lin Wei et al. (2010), Tian Lanxiang, Pan Yongxin et al. (2015), Wu Yi, Harada &amp; Li Yanhong (2004), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zhang Weidao (1990).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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