302 lines
37 KiB
XML
302 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="85A8CA77A5799A26F0FA078956E72A37">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E996FF24E1817FBDAFE65592A3A82A8F">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="87BF7B95BF758FFC440B5E582313A4A9">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3EA7628B2DAB9515CE9417DE90B58CC4">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFF86A40FF809F241ACAB9A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403374" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628288" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403374" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFF86A40FF809F241ACAB9A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFF86A40FF809F241ACAB9A6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="762" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FF809F241E9BB299" box="[124,155,2429,2475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FF809F241E9BB299" blockId="3.[121,1252,2429,2553]" box="[124,155,2429,2475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<heading id="9F638192FFF86A47FF809F241E9BB299" box="[124,155,2429,2475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFF86A47FF809F241E9BB299" box="[124,155,2429,2475]" captionStart="Plate 55: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="3.[121,153,3361,3382]" captionTargetBox="[12,2741,18,3658]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="1. Desert Yellow Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus pallidus), 2. Dark-winged Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus hirundo), 3. Light-winged Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus albofuscus), 4. Ruppell’s Bat (Vansonia rueppellii), 5. Indochinese Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus bucephalus), 6. Dark Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus aquilus), 7. Common Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus tylopus), 8. Javan Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus javanus), 9. Dormer’s Bat (Scotozous dormeri), 10. Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi), 11. Bird-like Noctule (Nyctalus aviator), 12. Japanese Noctule (Nyctalus furvus), 13. Mountain Noctule (Nyctalus montanus), 14. Greater Noctule (Nyctalus lasiopterus), 15. Common Noctule (Nyctalus noctula), 16. Leisler’s Noctule (Nyctalus leisleri), 17. Azores Noctule (Nyctalus azoreum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398500/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">2.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FF519F241D2DB299" box="[173,813,2429,2475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FF519F241D2DB299" blockId="3.[121,1252,2429,2553]" box="[173,813,2429,2475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<heading id="9F638192FFF86A47FF519F241D2DB299" box="[173,813,2429,2475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF86A47FF519F241D2DB299" ID-CoL="79YJQ" baseAuthorityName="de Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[173,813,2429,2475]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">Dark-winged Lesser House Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FC8E9F241AB1B299" box="[882,1201,2429,2475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FC8E9F241AB1B299" blockId="3.[121,1252,2429,2553]" box="[882,1201,2429,2475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<heading id="9F638192FFF86A47FC8E9F241AB1B299" box="[882,1201,2429,2475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FC8E9F241AB1B299" ID-CoL="79YJQ" baseAuthorityName="de Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[882,1201,2429,2475]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FC8E9F241AB1B299" box="[882,1201,2429,2475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Scotoecus hirundo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FF879FE41DCAB2CB" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FF879FE41AE3B2E0" blockId="3.[121,1252,2429,2553]" box="[123,1251,2493,2514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<heading id="9F638192FFF86A47FF879FE41AE3B2E0" box="[123,1251,2493,2514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FF879FE41EC7B2E0" bold="true" box="[123,199,2493,2514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF86A47FF2C9FE41FC5B2E0" ID-CoL="79YJQ" baseAuthorityName="de Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[208,453,2493,2514]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">Scotoéque a ailes noires</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FE269FE41C34B2E0" bold="true" box="[474,564,2493,2514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF86A47FDC29FE41D74B2E0" ID-CoL="79YJQ" baseAuthorityName="de Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[574,884,2493,2514]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">Schwarzflligel-Hausfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FC759FE41DE5B2E0" bold="true" box="[905,997,2493,2514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF86A47FC129FE41AE3B2E0" ID-CoL="79YJQ" baseAuthorityName="de Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1006,1251,2493,2514]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF86A47FC129FE41A4BB2E0" ID-CoL="79YJQ" baseAuthorityName="de Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1006,1099,2493,2514]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">Scotoeco</vernacularName>
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de alas negras
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FF869FBD1DCAB2CB" blockId="3.[121,1252,2429,2553]" box="[122,970,2532,2553]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<heading id="9F638192FFF86A47FF869FBD1DCAB2CB" box="[122,970,2532,2553]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FF869FBD1F72B2CB" bold="true" box="[122,370,2532,2553]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF86A47FE859FBD1CB9B2CB" ID-CoL="79YJQ" baseAuthorityName="de Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[377,697,2532,2553]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">\\White-bellied Lesser House Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF86A47FD349FBD1DCAB2CB" ID-CoL="79YJQ" baseAuthorityName="de Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[712,970,2532,2553]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">Hinde's Lesser House Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FD1C9C7E1D6FB15D" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FD1C9C7E1D6FB15D" blockId="3.[736,1331,2599,3027]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FD1C9C7E1D7CB17A" bold="true" box="[736,892,2599,2632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FC6B9C7E1D6AB15D" ID-CoL="4VY5G" authority="de Winton, 1899" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">Scotophilus hirundo de Winton, 1899</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FC829C0B1D81B1A5" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FC829C0B1D81B1A5" blockId="3.[736,1331,2599,3027]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFF86A47FC829C0B1D81B1A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864656301" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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||
“Gambaga [
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47FBD59C0B1A8FB15D" box="[1065,1167,2642,2671]" name="Ghana" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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||
],
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||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFF86A47FB539C0B1B31B15D" box="[1199,1329,2642,2671]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9624" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" unit="ft" value="1300.0">1300 feet</quantity>
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||
[=
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFF86A47FCFD9C2F1D64B1A5" box="[769,868,2678,2711]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.96" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" unit="m" value="396.0">396 m</quantity>
|
||
].”
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FD1E9CC4141CB865" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="discussion">
|
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FD1E9CC4141CB865" blockId="3.[736,1331,2599,3027]" lastBlockId="3.[1398,2611,270,3272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FD1E9CC41D55B18C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[738,853,2717,2750]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scotoecus</taxonomicName>
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||
was considered a subgenus of Nycticetus by J. R. Ellerman and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott in 1951 but subsequently recognized as a distinct genus by D. R. Rosevear in 1965, a treatment followed by J. E. Hill in 1974. Taxonomy of dark-winged
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FAFE9D3A1D2CB099" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scotoecus</taxonomicName>
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has been much debated. In one of the first revisions of the genus in 1953, Ellerman and colleagues placed all dark-winged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FCCB9D801DAAB0C8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[823,938,3033,3066]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scotoecus</taxonomicName>
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||
in S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FBFD9D801A67B0C8" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1899" box="[1025,1127,3033,3066]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">hirundo</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In 1974, Hill divided them into S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FE5A9A581C0CB710" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1899" box="[422,524,3073,3106]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">hirundo</taxonomicName>
|
||
and S. hinder, the second including a subspecies albigula. After evidence of sympatry between hindei and albigula, the latter was raised to species level. However, differences previously recognized as useful for species distinction were subsequently attributed to secondary sexual dimorphism. Against this background, in 1994 K. F. Koopman placed all dark-winged forms in S.
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FC369AC71A30B78D" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1899" box="[970,1072,3230,3263]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">hirundo</taxonomicName>
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||
, recognizing four subspecies:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47F9E397571885BA1D" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1899" box="[1567,1669,270,303]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">hirundo</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F96497571906BA1D" box="[1688,1798,270,303]" name="Senegal" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F8CF97571988BA1D" box="[1843,1928,270,303]" name="Benin" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
, possibly to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F7CD975716AFBA1D" box="[2097,2223,270,303]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
); falabae (
|
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F6CA9757179FBA1D" box="[2358,2463,270,303]" name="Nigeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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||
and
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F61A97571BD3BA65" name="Cameroon" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
); hindei (
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F9A597631911BA65" box="[1625,1809,314,343]" name="South Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F89C976319CFBA65" box="[1888,1999,314,343]" name="Somalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to south-eastern
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F73097631769BA65" box="[2252,2409,314,343]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
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); and albigula (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47FA7A97041BDDBA4C" box="[1414,1501,349,382]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F9F29704187ABA4C" box="[1550,1658,349,382]" name="Angola" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
). In 1998, P. J. Taylor and M. van der Merwe tested Koopman’s arrangement using principal component analysis, which revealed that these forms were morphometrically distinguishable, and this was the basis for recognizing albigula and hinder as full species again. Although N. B. Simmons in 2005 treated albigula and hinde: as full species, in the absence of further evidence, M. Happold’s arrangement from 2013 for African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47F98D947B18E4B971" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[1649,1764,546,579]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scotoecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is followed here, which considers albigula and hindei to be synonyms of S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47F9AC941018B7B958" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1899" box="[1616,1719,585,618]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">hirundo</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, synonyms include albigula, artinu, falabae, and hindei. According to Happold in 2013, external measurements and those of teeth, measured by different authors indicate geographic variation, with increase in size from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F66E94C117F1B98B" box="[2450,2545,664,697]" name="Ghana" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F60094C11BA8B9D3" name="Benin" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47FA29949D182DB9D3" box="[1493,1581,708,737]" name="Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F9C6949D18BAB9D3" box="[1594,1722,708,737]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F911949D1949B9D3" box="[1773,1865,708,737]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F8AA949D19D7B9D3" box="[1878,2007,708,737]" name="Tanzania" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and on to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F788949D16D8B9D3" box="[2164,2264,708,737]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Pelage color also varies, with bicolored hairs in individuals from West Africa, and unicolored hairs in individuals from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47FA0F95571857B81D" box="[1523,1623,782,815]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Although no subspecies are recognized here, the taxonomic status of names currently included under S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47F892956F19D4B865" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1899" box="[1902,2004,822,855]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">hirundo</taxonomicName>
|
||
requires further clarification. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FA85950416A8B894" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="90EB6676FFF86A47FA85950416A8B894" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397762" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397762/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" startId="3.[1401,1574,861,894]" targetBox="[120,713,2608,3023]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FA85950416A8B894" blockId="3.[1398,2611,270,3272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FA8595041829B84C" bold="true" box="[1401,1577,861,894]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Patchily from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F8F595041978B84C" box="[1801,1912,861,894]" name="Senegal" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F871950419FDB84C" box="[1933,2045,861,894]" name="Gambia" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Gambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F7A99504171AB84C" box="[2133,2330,861,894]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Guinea-Bissau</collectingCountry>
|
||
E to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F688950417ECB84C" box="[2420,2540,861,894]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47FA8695D41BE9B894" box="[1402,1513,909,934]" name="Somalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and S to S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F97A95D418EDB894" box="[1670,1773,909,934]" name="Angola" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
, S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F8EB95D41982B894" box="[1815,1922,909,934]" name="Zambia" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F81695D416A5B894" box="[2026,2213,909,934]" name="Mozambique" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FA8595F516CDBCB3" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FA8595F516CDBCB3" blockId="3.[1398,2611,270,3272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FA8595F51876B8FF" bold="true" box="[1401,1654,940,973]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body ¢.49-65 mm, tail 28-40 mm, ear 9-14 mm, hindfoot 8-10 mm, forearm 31-40 mm (males) and 28-37 mm (females); weight 8-15 g. Males average larger than females in some external measurements, have more massive teeth, greater upper tooth row length and molar width. Penis of the Dark-winged Lesser House Bat is extremely long (14-16 mm). Pelage is soft. Wing and interfemoral membranes are blackish brown, slightly translucent. Dorsal pelage is chocolate brown or medium to pale sepia-brown, unicolored (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F82C92C01636BF88" box="[2000,2102,1177,1210]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
) or bicolored, with white bases and sepia-brown tips (West Africa). Ventral pelage varies from gray or grayish white to beige or pale beige, with chest sometimes paler than rest of venter. Head is fairly flattened; muzzle is broad, dark brown, and almost naked. Nostrils open to sides from small transverse pads. Eyes are small. Ears are well separated, oval, rounded, and comparatively short for a vespertilionid. Tragus is short (4-6 mm), with anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin with smooth, obtuse angle above mid-height, and rounded tip. Skull is somewhat flattened but less flattened than in the Light-winged Lesser House Bat (S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47F956938C1933BEC4" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1706,1843,1493,1526]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albofuscus">albofuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). C!' has anterior surface flat and is lightly grooved. P? is usually present, displaced lingually, and minute. P* is pointed, and in contact with C'. M® has three ridges. P, is at least two-thirds the height of P,. Dental formula is as in congenersor 11/3, C1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Two distinct karyotypes have been recorded for specimens tentatively assigned to S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47F782902A17B6BDA6" authority=": D. Koubinova" authorityName="D. Koubinova" box="[2174,2486,1651,1684]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">hirundo: D. Koubinova</taxonomicName>
|
||
and colleagues in 2013 reported that a male from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F81D90C2164EBD8E" box="[2017,2126,1691,1724]" name="Senegal" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
had 2n = 30, FN = 50, and FNa = 46, with a metacentric X-chromosome, and a probably acrocentric Y-chromosome, whereas a female from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F90690B31997BC39" box="[1786,1943,1770,1803]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
reported by M. Volleth and colleagues in 2006 had 2n = 30, FN = 54, and FNa = 50. The specimen tentatively identified as S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47F6359148142FBC00" box="[2505,2607,1809,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirundo">hirundo</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47FA3791601838BC68" box="[1483,1592,1849,1882]" name="Senegal" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
differed 1:6% in the rag2 gene in comparison with a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47FA8491391BF9BCB3" box="[1400,1529,1888,1921]" name="Tanzania" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and may represent an undescribed cryptic species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FA8491C91845B35C" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FA8491C91845B35C" blockId="3.[1398,2611,270,3272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FA8491C91BE8BC9B" bold="true" box="[1400,1512,1936,1961]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Open woodlands in West Africa, woodlands and deciduous thicket and bushland in the east of its range, and both wetter and drier miombo woodlands in the south of its range. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F9A4918E18BCBCCA" box="[1624,1724,2007,2040]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Dark-winged Lesser House Bat occurs in miombo woodland,relict rainforest, and riverine woodland, gardens,villages and towns. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F6419E5F1426B32D" box="[2493,2598,2054,2079]" name="Nigeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it occurs in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F9AB9E7F18BDB375" box="[1623,1725,2086,2119]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
savanna zone, especially on the Jos Plateau. Elevational range is 100-1500 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FA849E2C196BB3D6" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FA849E2C196BB3D6" blockId="3.[1398,2611,270,3272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FA849E2C187CB3A4" bold="true" box="[1400,1660,2165,2198]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Dark-winged Lesser House Bats forage by moderately fast hawking, in open spaces, above the canopy, or over grassland, usually 5-25 m aboveground. There 1s no information about diet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FA849EB21806B112" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FA849EB21806B112" blockId="3.[1398,2611,270,3272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FA849EB21BFFB23E" bold="true" box="[1400,1535,2283,2316]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F9CB9EB2189BB23E" box="[1591,1691,2283,2316]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, restricted seasonal monoestry with early pregnancy in September, pregnancy in October, parturition in November, adult females lactating from November to January, volant young with unfused epiphyses from January to March, adult females post-lactating from February to March, and adults not palpably pregnant from April to June. From September to January, most adult males had abdominal testes; from February to May, most had large scrotal testes. Mating seems to occur around May, followed by sperm storage or reproductive delay until about late August. Litter size 1S two.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A47FA8A9C7E1703B77B" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FA8A9C7E1703B77B" blockId="3.[1398,2611,270,3272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FA8A9C7E1863B17A" bold="true" box="[1398,1635,2599,2632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Natural day roosts are not known, but the species is known to roost under corrugated iron roofs of huts and houses. Search-phase call shape of seven Malawian individuals flying in open space after release was very shallow linear FM, occasionally alternated with a curvilinear steep/shallow FM. For very shallow linear FM calls, intensity was high, end frequencies were 30-34 kHz, bandwidths were 2—4 kHz, and call durations were ¢.5-6 milliseconds. For curvilinear steep/shallow FM calls, intensity was high, end frequencies were 32-34 kHz, bandwidths were ¢.6-7 kHz, and call durations were ¢.5—6 milliseconds. When calls were alternated, end frequency was often lower in very shallow linear FM than in curvilinear steep/shallow FM. Approach-phase calls were firstly curvilinear steep/shallow FM sweeps of bandwidth up to 15 kHz, and then steep FM/QCF of greater bandwidth. Calls emitted close to the ground in cluttered areas were steep FM/QCF sweeps, intensity was high, with start frequency up to 70 kHz, and end frequencies of 33-40 kHz. Reflecting the differences in skull size, males echolocate at lower frequencies than females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF86A40FA8B9A161FEABAE2" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="762" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A40FA8B9A161FEABAE2" blockId="3.[1398,2611,270,3272]" lastBlockId="4.[171,1378,272,663]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="762" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF86A47FA8B9A16164BB742" bold="true" box="[1399,2123,3151,3184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In Masalani, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF86A47F65A9A1617FDB742" box="[2470,2557,3151,3184]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in 1980, T. J. O’Shea and T. A. Vaughan observed that the abundance of the Dark-winged Lesser House Bat was comparatively low during the long dry season (May-October), and this was preceded by a buildup of subcutaneous fat. These observations led the authors to speculate on emigration from Masalanito places that receive rainfall during May-October (e.g. highlands of western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFF6A40FD0B97061D4CBAB2" box="[759,844,351,384]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="762">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
or the coast). The bedbug
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFF6A40FB1E97061B62BAB2" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1873" box="[1250,1378,351,384]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cacodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="762" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cacodmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sparsilis (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFF6A40FED497DF1FC4BA95" box="[296,452,390,423]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="762" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the flea Echidnophaga aethiops (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFF6A40FC3697DF1A8BBA95" box="[970,1163,390,423]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="762" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Siphonaptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have been recorded on this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="90EB6676FFF86A47FF859B7817FFB6B5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398500/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" startId="3.[121,153,3361,3382]" targetBox="[12,2741,18,3658]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF86A47FF859B7817FFB6B5" blockId="3.[121,2567,3361,3466]" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">
|
||
On following pages 3 ught-wınged Lesser House Bat (Sooroecus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FCC29B7B1DAEB604" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[830,942,3362,3382]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albofuscus">albofuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) 4 Rupee s Bat (Vansoma meppeln) 5 7 CommonThıd<thumbed Bat (G sdıropus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FDB19B131C96B653" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[589,662,3402,3425]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glischropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tylopus">tylopus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) B JavanThıd<thumbed Bat (G sdvropuspvanus) 9 Dormers
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FAC39B131ECBB6B7" authority="Noctule" authorityName="Noctule" class="Pisoniviricetes" family="Coronaviridae" genus="Bat" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Orthornavirae" order="Nidovirales" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Pisuviricota" rank="genus">Bat Noctule</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FF259B281F7DB6B7" authorityName="Imaizumi & Yoshiyuki" authorityYear="1968" box="[217,381,3441,3465]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furvus">Nyctalus furvus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 13 Mounts n Noctule (Nycralus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47FD199B2D1D4FB6B7" baseAuthorityName="Philippi & Landbeck" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[741,847,3444,3461]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Histiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montanus">montanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). 14 Greater Noctule (Nycta us lasıopteıuá '15 Common Indodı neseThıdı thumbed Bat (G sdvropus buoeplıs us) 6 DarkThıd<thumbed Bat (G sdrmpus equ us) (Scorozvus dormen) 10 Ch nese Noctu e (Nycra us plancyr) B rd-I ke Noctule (Nycta us avıaron 12 Japanese Noctule (Nycraus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF86A47F98B9B2B18C0B6B7" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[1655,1728,3442,3461]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctula">noctula</taxonomicName>
|
||
) 16 Leıslers Noctule (Nyctaus lens/on) 17
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFF86A47F7729B2B16D6B6B4" box="[2190,2262,3442,3462]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="3" pageNumber="761">Azores</collectingRegion>
|
||
Noctule (Nwtaus azoreunl)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFF6A40FF50978C1B35B92C" pageId="4" pageNumber="762" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFF6A40FF50978C1B35B92C" blockId="4.[171,1378,272,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="762">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFF6A40FF50978C1C0ABAC4" bold="true" box="[172,522,469,502]" pageId="4" pageNumber="762">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Darkwinged Lesser House Bat is apparently rare in West Africa, but common in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFF6A40FB3197A41B31B92C" box="[1229,1329,509,542]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="762">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFF6A40FF5194751ACAB9A6" pageId="4" pageNumber="762" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFF6A40FF5194751ACAB9A6" blockId="4.[171,1378,272,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="762">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFF6A40FF5194751F46B977" bold="true" box="[173,326,556,581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="762">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ansell & Dowsett (1988), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Ellerman et al. (1953), Happold, M. (2013bh), Hill (1974a), Hill & Harrison (1987), Koopman (1993, 1994), Koubinové etal. (2013), O'Shea & Vaughan (1980), Simmons (2005), Taylor & van der Merwe (1998), Taylor et al. (2005), Volleth et al. (2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |