235 lines
30 KiB
XML
235 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="061925653F84DAA83CC528E95E4C5C7E">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AFC510A135389447A4F49A84109D1C1C">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="81B66C8452F3FD10F01CA8B37735D449">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8CF8BEA511FFCF869CD2D2C2FC6FF22F">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF7F6AC1FA969CB41A0DB02E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403667" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628428" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403667" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF7F6AC1FA969CB41A0DB02E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF7F6AC1FA969CB41A0DB02E" lastPageId="133" lastPageNumber="892" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FA969CB41BBCB029" box="[1386,1468,2797,2843]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FA969CB41BBCB029" blockId="132.[1384,2528,2797,2926]" box="[1386,1468,2797,2843]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0FA969CB41BBCB029" box="[1386,1468,2797,2843]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF7F6AC0FA969CB41BBCB029" box="[1386,1468,2797,2843]" captionStart="Plate 66: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="126.[130,160,3295,3320]" captionTargetBox="[11,2762,17,3657]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="269. Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat (Scotophilus kuhlii), 270. Sody’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus collinus), 271. Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat (Scotophilus heathii), 272. Sulawesi Yellow Bat (Scotophilus celebensis), 273. Nut-colored Yellow Bat (Scotophilus nux), 274. Malagasy Yellow Bat (Scotophilus tandrefana), 275. Marovaza Yellow Bat (Scotophilus marovaza), 276. White-bellied Yellow Bat (Scotophilus leucogaster), 277. East African Yellow Bat (Scotophilus altilis), 278. Robust Yellow Bat (Scotophilus robustus), 279. Lesser Yellow Bat (Scotophilus borbonicus), 280. Eastern Greenish Yellow Bat (Scotophilus viridis), 281. Ejeta’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus ejetai), 282. Schreber’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus nigrita), 283. Robbins’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus nucella), 284. Andrew Rebori’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus andrewreborii), 285. Western Greenish Yellow Bat (Scotophilus nigritellus), 286. Livingstone’s Yellow Bat (Scotophilus livingstonii), 287. Trujillo's Yellow Bat (Scotophilus trujilloi), 288. African Yellow Bat (Scotophilus dinganii), 289. Eritrean Yellow Bat (Scotophilus colias), 290. North American Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis), 291. Cuban Evening Bat (Nycticeius cubanus), 292. Temminck’s Mysterious Bat (Nycticetus aenobarbus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398541/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">290.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FA319CB4162FB029" box="[1485,2095,2797,2843]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FA319CB4162FB029" blockId="132.[1384,2528,2797,2926]" box="[1485,2095,2797,2843]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0FA319CB4162FB029" box="[1485,2095,2797,2843]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0FA319CB4162FB029" ID-CoL="485K4" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1485,2095,2797,2843]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">North American Evening Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0F79D9CB417E0B029" box="[2145,2528,2797,2843]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0F79D9CB417E0B029" blockId="132.[1384,2528,2797,2926]" box="[2145,2528,2797,2843]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0F79D9CB417E0B029" box="[2145,2528,2797,2843]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F79D9CB417E0B029" ID-CoL="485K4" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[2145,2528,2797,2843]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0F79D9CB417E0B029" box="[2145,2528,2797,2843]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Nycticeius humeralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0FA959D7519BBB05A" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FA959D7516F5B073" blockId="132.[1384,2528,2797,2926]" box="[1385,2293,2860,2881]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0FA959D7516F5B073" box="[1385,2293,2860,2881]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FA959D751BB5B073" bold="true" box="[1385,1461,2860,2881]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0FA429D75187BB073" ID-CoL="485K4" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1470,1659,2860,2881]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">Nycticée vespérale</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0F96C9D7518EAB073" bold="true" box="[1680,1770,2860,2881]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0F9099D7519C5B073" ID-CoL="485K4" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1781,1989,2860,2881]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">Neuweltabendsegler</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0F8259D751634B073" bold="true" box="[2009,2100,2860,2881]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0F7C29D7516F5B073" ID-CoL="485K4" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[2110,2293,2860,2881]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0F7C29D75168EB073" ID-CoL="485K4" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[2110,2190,2860,2881]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">Nicticeo</vernacularName>
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vesperino
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0FA959D0A19BBB05A" blockId="132.[1384,2528,2797,2926]" box="[1385,1979,2899,2920]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<heading id="9F638192FF7F6AC0FA959D0A19BBB05A" box="[1385,1979,2899,2920]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0FA959D0A1860B05A" bold="true" box="[1385,1632,2899,2920]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0F9969D0A193DB05A" ID-CoL="485K4" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1642,1853,2899,2920]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">Black-shouldered Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF7F6AC0F8BB9D0A19BBB05A" ID-CoL="485K4" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1863,1979,2899,2920]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">Twilight Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0F8319DC21678B0ED" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0F8319DC21678B0ED" blockId="132.[1997,2590,2971,3393]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0F8319DC21668B08A" bold="true" box="[1997,2152,2971,3000]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F76D9DC21673B0ED" ID-CoL="b7e9200e-2fba-4fd8-95c6-93e2da65957b" authority="Rafinesque, 1818" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">Vespertilio humeralis Rafinesque, 1818</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0F7789D9F175BB0ED" box="[2180,2395,3014,3039]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0F7789D9F175BB0ED" blockId="132.[1997,2590,2971,3393]" box="[2180,2395,3014,3039]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF7F6AC0F7789D9F1757B0ED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319477" box="[2180,2391,3014,3039]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF7F6AC0F7789D9F1706B0ED" box="[2180,2310,3014,3039]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF7F6AC0F6EA9D9F1757B0ED" box="[2326,2391,3014,3039]" name="United States of America" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">USA</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC0F8329DBC17BCB628" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0F8329DBC17BCB628" blockId="132.[1997,2590,2971,3393]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F8329DBC16B9B734" baseAuthorityName="Gundlach" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1998,2233,3045,3078]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cubanus">Nycticerus cubanus</taxonomicName>
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has been treated as a subspecies of N.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F7659A551712B71F" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" box="[2201,2322,3084,3117]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">humeralis</taxonomicName>
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, but smaller body size (total length less than
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0F6C79A6517A0B767" box="[2363,2464,3132,3157]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
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||
), smaller forearm (less than 32:
|
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0F6FF9A39175DB74F" box="[2307,2397,3168,3197]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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), and smaller condylo-basal length (less than 13-
|
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7F6AC0F6459ADA140FB796" box="[2489,2575,3203,3236]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) of N.
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0F7D89AF3168CB7F9" baseAuthorityName="Gundlach" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[2084,2188,3242,3275]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cubanus">cubanus</taxonomicName>
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separate both species; their distributions are also very distinct. Three subspecies are currently recognized.
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7F6AC1F8319B791D21BABF" lastPageId="133" lastPageNumber="892" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF7F6AC1F8319B791D21BABF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398426" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398426" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398426/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="133" lastPageNumber="892" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" targetBox="[1382,1973,2979,3394]" targetPageId="132">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7F6AC0F8319B79141BB6A2" blockId="132.[1997,2590,2971,3393]" lastBlockId="132.[1385,2588,3400,3472]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7F6AC0F8319B79175DB673" bold="true" box="[1997,2397,3360,3393]" pageId="132" pageNumber="891">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7F6AC0FA969B11141BB6A2" authority="Rafinesque, 1818" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="891" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="humeralis" subSpecies="humeralis">N.h.humeralisRafinesque,1818—fromSOntarioinCanada,andMichiganinUSASacrossmostEUSA,extendingWtoSENebraska,CKansas,COklahoma,andETexas.</taxonomicName>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF4297441F72BA54" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FF4297441F72BA54" authority="W. B. Davis, 1944" authorityName="Davis" authorityYear="1944" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="humeralis" subSpecies="mexicanus">N.h.mexicanusW.B.Davis,1944—EMexico(fromTamaulipasSalongtheGulfcoasttoVeracruz).</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF4297351D21BABF" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" box="[190,801,364,397]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FF4297351C78BABF" authority="Schwartz, 1951" authorityName="Schwartz" authorityYear="1951" box="[190,632,364,397]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="humeralis" subSpecies="subtropicalis">N. h. subtropicalis Schwartz, 1951</taxonomicName>
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— S
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF7E6AC1FD4B97351D1DBABF" box="[695,797,364,397]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7E6AC1FF4097C51AF9B8EF" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF4097C51AF9B8EF" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7E6AC1FF4097C51FBDBA87" bold="true" box="[188,445,412,437]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FD6997C51D02BA87" box="[661,770,412,437]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="56.0">56 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FCA997C51DEFBA87" box="[853,1007,412,437]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="38.0" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="35.0">35-41 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FBB997C51ADFBA87" box="[1093,1247,412,437]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="11.0">11-14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 8-10-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FEF597E51F62BAEF" box="[265,354,444,477]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FE0597E51C92BAEF" box="[505,658,444,477]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="36.0" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="33.0">33-39 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight 6-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FCD397E51D90BAEF" box="[815,912,444,477]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="g" value="9.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="4.0">4-14 g</quantity>
|
||
. Females are slightly larger than males. The North American Evening Bat is similar to the Big Brown Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FB0197BA1F12B919" baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">Eptesicus fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which is distinguished by its larger size and presence of two pairs of upper incisors, and some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FDAB946B1CABB961" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[599,683,562,595]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which it can be separated by short and blunt tragus and presence of only one pair of upper incisors. Dorsal hairs are bicolored, with dark brown bases and light ash-gray tips. Venter is similar to dorsum, but contrastis more conspicuous between hair bases and tips, and tips are paler, sometimes tawny. Muzzle and membranes are hairless, and tail extends less than
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FBBA94961A96B9C2" box="[1094,1174,719,752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
beyond uropatagium. Ears are also naked, small, and dark. Tragus is short, broad, and blunt. Facial glands are pronounced. Skull is robust, short, broad, and low. Lower teeth are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FE9F951F1FD7B855" box="[355,471,838,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eptesicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; teeth are relatively small; I* is simple, unicuspid, and separated from C' by small gap; area of crown of M? is one-halfthe size of crowns M' and M?, with mesostyle, metacone, and three commissures evident. Dental formulais 11/3, C 1/1, P1/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 24 and FN = 48.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7E6AC1FF4095BA1CB7BF66" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF4095BA1CB7BF66" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7E6AC1FF4095BA1F2BBF36" bold="true" box="[188,299,995,1028]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Deciduous forests, gallery forests of sabinos (7axodium mucronatum,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FAF995BA1F17BF1E" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and sycamore (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FDFB92561C7CBF1E" box="[519,636,1039,1068]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Platanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FD7292561D3ABF1E" box="[654,826,1039,1068]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Platanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and river corridors and wetlands from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FDAB926A1CB4BF66" box="[599,692,1075,1108]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7E6AC1FF4092031AD5BEEC" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF4092031AD5BEEC" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7E6AC1FF4092031FC2BF49" bold="true" box="[188,450,1114,1147]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Fecal analysis of North American Evening Bats indicated that beetles were one of the most abundant items on their diets, constituting ¢.50% of total volume ingested by some individuals. Moths and leathoppers are also abundant items; less frequent items are bedbugs, cicadas, true bugs, caddisflies, and flying ants. They have a slow and steady flight, foraging at heights of
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FC5E92AE1A18BE2A" box="[930,1048,1271,1304]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="12.0">12-23 m</quantity>
|
||
in the beginning of the night and much closer to the ground after dark. Foraging takes place over clearings, farm ponds, and openings in trees along watercourses. Tails and wing membranes are used to capture prey in flight during feeding maneuvers. Individuals from the same roost apparently share information about location of foraging patches, and unsuccessful individuals foraging alone might follow groups to better foraging areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7E6AC1FF4093BD1AC3BDC0" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF4093BD1AC3BDC0" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7E6AC1FF4093BD1F42BD37" bold="true" box="[188,322,1508,1541]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Male North American Evening Bats can mate with up to 20 females, probably in late summer and early autumn. Females store sperm until spring when ovulation and fertilization occur. Females then usually give birth to twins, but one or three young were also recorded; births occur in May-July. Newborns are pink and naked. Exudates produced in the submaxillary glands of females are used to mark and locate individual offspring by odor. After six weeks, young males leave colonies, and females stay. Males and females will reproduce in the year following to their birth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7E6AC1FF4590A11A9EBCED" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF4590A11A9EBCED" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7E6AC1FF4590A11FA8BC2B" bold="true" box="[185,424,1784,1817]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
North American Evening Bats are crepuscular and nocturnal, and they fly shortly after sunset and before dawn. They are rarely found in caves, preferring to roost in hollow trees, under bark, in buildings, in hay (7illandsia,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FB6591151B5FBC5B" box="[1177,1375,1868,1897]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and under palms. Echolocation calls sweep from 50-80 kHz to 20 kHz at 60-65 dB. Pulses of 0-4-2 milliseconds sweep from 85 kHz to 40 kHz in a pulse rate of 30-35 seconds. Predators include snakes, raccoons, hawks, and domestic cats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7E6AC1FF4691B31C48B28A" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF4691B31C48B28A" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7E6AC1FF4691B31D9EB335" bold="true" box="[186,926,2026,2055]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
North American Evening Bats are social and form colonies with ¢.30 individuals. During winter, they are absent in the northern parts of the distribution and migrate southward. An individual was recovered
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FEC99E021F9DB34E" box="[309,413,2139,2172]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.47" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="km" value="547.0">547 km</quantity>
|
||
south of the place it was banded. During autumn, they accumulate large reserves of fat to perform long migrations or hibernate. Migrant females arrive at maternity colonies in late April to early May, and usually all individuals have already left colonies by mid-October. During migrations, sexes segregate, with males remaining south throughout the year and females migrating northward to congregate in maternity colonies of less than a dozen up to 950 individuals. Homing distances of
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF7E6AC1FF479F111F55B25B" box="[187,341,2376,2409]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" metricValueMax="1.53" metricValueMin="0.61" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" unit="km" value="107.0" valueMax="153.0" valueMin="61.0">61-153 km</quantity>
|
||
were reported. North American Evening Bats will occupy buildings with Brazilian Free-tailed Bats (7adarida
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF7E6AC1FD4C9F2D1D40B2A3" box="[688,832,2420,2449]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Eplesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); single adult male Big Brown Bats were found in maternity colonies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7E6AC1FF469FE61A45B197" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF469FE61A45B197" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7E6AC1FF469FE61C15B2D2" bold="true" box="[186,533,2495,2528]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trends of North American Evening Bats have not been monitored, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service do notlist it as a species of concern. It is considered threatened in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF7E6AC1FF239C6C1F4DB164" box="[223,333,2613,2646]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, where it has been better monitored. One of the major threats might be the loss of roosting and forage habitats. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF7E6AC1FD1F9C051D4CB14F" box="[739,844,2652,2685]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, it is probably affected by construction of dams along rivers in the north-east that destroy gallery forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF7E6AC1FF479CED1A0DB02E" pageId="133" pageNumber="892" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF7E6AC1FF479CED1A0DB02E" blockId="133.[184,1395,285,2845]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF7E6AC1FF479CED1F54B1FF" bold="true" box="[187,340,2740,2765]" pageId="133" pageNumber="892">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Agee (1969), Baker & Patton (1967), Barbour & Davis (1974), Cope & Humphrey (1967), Hall (1981), Kurta (2001), Linzey & Brecht (2005), Moreno (2014), Neely (2003), Simmons (2005), Solari (2019¢c), Varona (1974), Watkins, (1972), Whitaker & Clem (1992), Wilson & Ruff (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |