269 lines
33 KiB
XML
269 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="713504FC399EA1F25644DEA2FE97F945" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF546AEBFF7F97501614B8E3" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Myotis grisescens A. H. Howell 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="937" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="937" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods id="C25ED0F012CBEAE882AFB3D0F467FF82" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9D6788929AD02FDCC0B48C58744328A1">
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<mods:title id="00127EAD057096362F54DB45295AE486">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="04E0D301CD29CC1C066D40ACD5ABABE9" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0E8B79C41995E11F9AAD4E5433E2BAD1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A7842AC2FEA4339FC77C28E564CBA668">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A8B642659A4AB8E0564DBDEC98D12976">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="058FE7B5075797FCEBA914E77AA37F0B">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="18AD6DAED91ACDC78E3493BAF78041A3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="B807A16F6434B8CD8B65F6300EA902FA">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="1608EF6B8C943D4E105CCDEBC59D39E2" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="222843CB781C6A9667090CAEF76C8BEF">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="41573FA345A3522BE605F489528EE9FB">
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<mods:placeTerm id="90A4ADEA07F445A93E19F7E9B60A105F">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo id="535C2C7E109E054863C3D8310870ECEA">
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<mods:title id="D481CFB89266D8DED8E059E9B2236304">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="F1388973955ED230F545D9F1132F8087">
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<mods:extent id="C635AB7EB4EAB89D155B526A6EFB4AFD" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="863B14C8262A478FA615C92CF280CA49">716</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="544277D113947A49DDC1B501ABDFDAE9">981</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="17DAB03170B898DE91A0A214848E9F55">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4B3246A9A648426D98FA1896560CB026" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0503147F2BEBFCBE5766F4BA58AB24C0" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF546AEBFF7F97501614B8E3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403727" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628140" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403727" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF546AEBFF7F97501614B8E3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF546AEBFF7F97501614B8E3" lastPageNumber="937" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFF7F97501ED5BA05" box="[131,213,265,311]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFF7F97501ED5BA05" blockId="175.[128,856,265,390]" box="[131,213,265,311]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<heading id="9F638192FF546AEBFF7F97501ED5BA05" box="[131,213,265,311]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF546AEBFF7F97501ED5BA05" box="[131,213,265,311]" captionStart="Plate 71: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="175.[135,165,3283,3308]" captionTargetBox="[14,2759,17,3659]" captionTargetPageId="174" captionText="394. Gray Myotis (Myotis grisescens), 395. South-eastern Myotis (Myotis austroriparius), 396. Yuma Myotis (Myotis yumanensis), 397. Cave Myotis (Myotis velifer), 398. Peninsular Myotis (Myotis peninsularis), 399. Guatemalan Myotis (Myotis cobanensis), 400. Chilean Myotis (Myotis chiloensis), 401. Silver-upped Myotis (Myotis albescens), 402. Yellowish Myotis (Myotis levis), 403. Dinelli’s Myotis (Myotis dinellu), 404. Izecksohn’s Myotis (Myotis izecksohni), 405. LaVal's Myotis (Myotis lavali), 406. Montane Myotis (Myotis oxyotus), 407. Clyde Jones's Myotis (Myotis clydejonesi), 408. Schwartz's Myotis (Myotis martiniquensis), 409. Dominican Myotis (Myotis dominicensis), 410. Barbados Myotis (Myotis nyctor), 411. Atacama Myotis (Myotis atacamensis), 412. Curacao Myotis (Myotis nesopolus), 413. Colombian Black Myotis (Myotis caucensis), 414. Sir David Attenborough’s Myotis (Myotis attenboroughi), 415. Handley’s Myotis (Myotis handleyi), 416. Diminutive Myotis (Myotis diminutus), 417. Common Black Myotis (Myotis nigricans), 418. Brandt's Myotis (Myotis brandtii), 419. Siberian Whiskered Myots (Myotis sibiricus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398942/files/figure.png" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">394.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFF1A97501FD9BA05" box="[230,473,265,311]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFF1A97501FD9BA05" blockId="175.[128,856,265,390]" box="[230,473,265,311]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<heading id="9F638192FF546AEBFF1A97501FD9BA05" box="[230,473,265,311]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF546AEBFF1A97501FD9BA05" ID-CoL="8LZJ5" authorityName="A. H. Howell" authorityYear="1909" box="[230,473,265,311]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisescens">Gray Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFDF297501D46BA05" box="[526,838,265,311]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFDF297501D46BA05" blockId="175.[128,856,265,390]" box="[526,838,265,311]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<heading id="9F638192FF546AEBFDF297501D46BA05" box="[526,838,265,311]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFDF297501D46BA05" ID-CoL="8LZJ5" authorityName="A. H. Howell" authorityYear="1909" box="[526,838,265,311]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisescens">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFDF297501D46BA05" box="[526,838,265,311]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Myotis grisescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFF7D97101FD6BAB7" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFF7D97101D58BA6C" blockId="175.[128,856,265,390]" box="[129,856,329,350]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<heading id="9F638192FF546AEBFF7D97101D58BA6C" box="[129,856,329,350]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFF7D97101ECDBA6C" bold="true" box="[129,205,329,350]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF546AEBFF2B97101F3BBA6C" ID-CoL="8LZJ5" authorityName="A. H. Howell" authorityYear="1909" box="[215,315,329,350]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisescens">Murin gris</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFEB397101FAABA6C" bold="true" box="[335,426,329,350]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF546AEBFE4F97101C5ABA6C" ID-CoL="8LZJ5" authorityName="A. H. Howell" authorityYear="1909" box="[435,602,329,350]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisescens">Graues Mausohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFD9297101CC9BA6C" bold="true" box="[622,713,329,350]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF546AEBFD2897101D58BA6C" ID-CoL="8LZJ5" authorityName="A. H. Howell" authorityYear="1909" box="[724,856,329,350]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisescens">Ratonero gris</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFF7D97291FD6BAB7" blockId="175.[128,856,265,390]" box="[129,470,368,389]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<heading id="9F638192FF546AEBFF7D97291FD6BAB7" box="[129,470,368,389]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFF7D97291F78BAB7" bold="true" box="[129,376,368,389]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF546AEBFE7E97291FD6BAB7" ID-CoL="8LZJ5" authorityName="A. H. Howell" authorityYear="1909" box="[386,470,368,389]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisescens">Gray Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFD1A97EB1D30BAC8" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFD1A97EB1D30BAC8" blockId="175.[742,1335,434,860]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFD1A97EB1D82BAE1" bold="true" box="[742,898,434,467]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFC6D97EB1D2CBAC8" ID-CoL="8LZJ5" authority="A. H. Howell, 1909" authorityName="A. H. Howell" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisescens">Myotis grisescens A. H. Howell, 1909</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFCC297B81AC1B913" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFCC297B81AC1B913" blockId="175.[742,1335,434,860]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF546AEBFCC297B81AC1B913" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319325" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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||
“Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound, Marion County,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFC30945D1A61B913" box="[972,1121,516,545]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
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,”
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF546AEBFB80945D1ABDB913" box="[1148,1213,516,545]" name="United States of America" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFD1494711A3EB943" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFD1494711A3EB943" blockId="175.[742,1335,434,860]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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Subgenus Pizonyx;
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFC0A94711A65B97B" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1014,1125,552,585]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albescens">albescens</taxonomicName>
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species group (24 species). Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFD1B94271A78B83C" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF546AEBFD1B94271A78B83C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398757/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" targetBox="[128,719,442,857]" targetPageId="175">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFD1B94271A78B83C" blockId="175.[742,1335,434,860]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFD1B94271D97B9A5" bold="true" box="[743,919,638,663]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SE
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF546AEBFC1C94271A21B9A5" box="[992,1057,638,663]" name="United States of America" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">USA</collectingCountry>
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, in
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFB9A94271ADFB9A5" box="[1126,1247,638,663]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Missouri</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFB0A94271D0FB98D" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Kansas</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFCDF94FB1DB9B98D" box="[803,953,674,703]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
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,
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||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFC3194FB1A2EB98D" box="[973,1070,674,703]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Illinois</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFB7894FB1AF0B98D" box="[1156,1264,674,703]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Indiana</collectingRegion>
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S to
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFD1A94901D63B9D4" box="[742,867,713,742]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Alabama</collectingRegion>
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and NW
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFC1594901A50B9D4" box="[1001,1104,713,742]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Idionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="florida">Florida</taxonomicName>
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||
, and E to W
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||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFAF894901D2DB83C" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Virginia</collectingRegion>
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and W
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||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFC6694B41A73B83C" box="[922,1139,749,782]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFD1B954D1A2FBE6D" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFD1B954D1A2FBE6D" blockId="175.[742,1335,434,860]" lastBlockId="175.[129,1339,867,3191]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFD1B954D1DFDB807" bold="true" box="[743,1021,788,821]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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||
Head-body c.47
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||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFAD0954D1D51B86E" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
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||
, tail
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFC5995661A40B86E" box="[933,1088,831,860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="mm" value="37.0" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="33.0">33-41 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
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||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFB6A95661B2FB86E" box="[1174,1327,831,860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="13.0">13-16 mm</quantity>
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||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFEF7953A1F92B8B6" box="[267,402,867,900]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8-10 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 40-6-45-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFD63953A1CF6B8B6" box="[671,758,867,900]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFC89953A1DD6B8B6" box="[885,982,867,900]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="g" value="11.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="7.0">7-16 g</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal fur ranges from slate-gray to russet brown; ventral fur is lighter than dorsum, with gray or buffy bases and slighter paler tips. Traditionally, two color morphs have been described: gray (most frequent in July-August) and russet (most frequent in females in May andJuly). Russet morph probably occurs when ammonia fumes in summer roosts fade slate-gray winter coat. Ears are comparatively short, extending forward halfway from eye to nostril, and tragus has bluntly pointed tip. Membranes are dark brown, and plagiopatagium is attached to foot at ankle. There is no keel on calcar. Skull is moderate in size (greatest length of skull 15-5-16-
|
||
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|
||
), long, and broad; palate is broad; upslope profile of forehead is less pronounced than in other North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFC2B929E1A2CBFDA" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[983,1068,1223,1256]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
; occipital region is rounded dorsally; and sagittal and lambdoidal crests are present and well developed. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with four submetacentric and 17 acrocentric autosomes. X- and Y-chromosomes are submetacentric.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
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|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFF7E933C1EF1BEB4" bold="true" box="[130,241,1381,1414]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Karst areas with limestone caves and deciduous forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFF7E93D51F69BDA9" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFF7E93D51F69BDA9" blockId="175.[129,1339,867,3191]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFF7E93D51F8BBE9F" bold="true" box="[130,395,1420,1453]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFE1A93D51C40BE9F" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[486,576,1420,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraged among trees in riparian vegetation and over waterways, catching insects in flight c¢.
|
||
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|
||
off the water or at ground surface. Diet consists of several genera and at least six species of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and other aquatic insects, such as caddisflies (Trichoptera) and midges (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFBA9905E1AC7BD16" box="[1109,1223,1543,1572]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Other prey includes lepidopterans, coleopterans, orthopterans, hemipterans, homopterans, mecopterans, neuropterans, odonatans, plecopterans, thysanopterans, hymenopterans, and spiders.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFF7F90F91B1AB3A9" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFF7F90F91B1AB3A9" blockId="175.[129,1339,867,3191]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFF7F90F91F09BDF3" bold="true" box="[131,265,1696,1729]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFEA390F91FB9BDF3" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[351,441,1696,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are polygynous, and mating occurs in autumn shortly after they enter hibernation caves. Females store sperm all winter, and fertilization is delayed until they emerge in spring. Implantation of one embryo almost always occurs in the right uterine horn, which is larger than the left horn. Pregnancy lasts ¢.50-60 days in April-May. During this period, females roost in maternity caves, and adult males and subadults of both sexes roost in bachelor caves. Females give birth in June. Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFB21913F1B37BCB5" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1245,1335,1894,1927]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are born completely naked, with their eyes closed, and weigh 2-4-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFBD591D41A73BC9C" box="[1065,1139,1933,1966]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="g" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3-4 g</quantity>
|
||
. Growth rates of young vary with temperature in maternity roosts; neonates in warmer roosts grow more rapidly. Weaning occurs at ¢.2 months old, but only a few females are still lactating at the end of July. Young begin to fly ¢.20-25 days after birth in August. Sexual maturity is late, and male and female reproductive cycles are asynchronous. Females do not mate until two years old. Spermatogenesis in males begins in May of their second year oflife and is completed by September, preceding ovulation by c¢.7 months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFF7E9EFB1FDBB021" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFF7E9EFB1FDBB021" blockId="175.[129,1339,867,3191]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFF7E9EFB1F6FB3F1" bold="true" box="[130,367,2210,2243]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFE369EFB1C24B3F1" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[458,548,2210,2243]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are emerge from diurnal roosts at dusk, concentrating activity in the first four hours after sunset. A second peak of activity can occur just before dawn. Annual activity can be separated into spring migration (late March to late May); summer period (late May to late August), including a subunit, the maternity period (early June to early July); fall migration (late August to late November); and hibernation or winter period (late November to late March). Except for occasional reports of some individuals in an abandoned mines and buildings, Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFB869FD61AD4B282" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1146,1236,2447,2480]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not generally roost in trees or man-made structures, which leads to extremely restricted roosting opportunities. Due to its requirements for specific cave types, it can use less than 5% of available caves—95% ofthe total population hibernates in only nine caves in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFF559C681F3CB17C" box="[169,316,2609,2638]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFEB79C681FC4B17C" box="[331,452,2609,2638]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFE2F9C681C55B17C" box="[467,597,2609,2638]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFD9F9C681CE1B17C" box="[611,737,2609,2638]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFCD09C681DADB17C" box="[812,941,2609,2638]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It is one of the few bats that roosts in caves in winter and summer and is highly selective for caves providing specific temperatures and roost conditions. It prefers humid and warm (14-25°C) summer caves, usually with large streams running through them. These caves are within
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFB2B9CFA1B39B1F6" box="[1239,1337,2723,2756]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="km" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1-2 km</quantity>
|
||
of a majorriver or lake. Winter caves often have multiple entrances, good airflow, and temperatures of 6-11°C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFF799D401862BAE3" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFF799D401862BAE3" blockId="175.[129,1339,867,3191]" lastBlockId="175.[1403,2614,273,978]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFF799D401D58B008" bold="true" box="[133,856,2841,2874]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBFC4B9D401A11B008" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[951,1041,2841,2874]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
move seasonally between summer and winter caves, and they make long movements between diurnal roosts and foraging areas. Individuals from a hibernaculum in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFBF39D311A92B0BB" box="[1039,1170,2920,2953]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
moved seasonally to ten caves in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFE249DC91C5AB083" box="[472,602,2960,2993]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFD8C9DC91CD1B083" box="[624,721,2960,2993]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFCD49DC91DBBB083" box="[808,955,2960,2993]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
, covering
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFBA59DC91AEAB083" box="[1113,1258,2960,2993]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6905" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="km" value="16.905">16,905 km</quantity>
|
||
* and moving at least
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFE939DE11FD9B0EB" box="[367,473,3000,3033]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="km" value="164.0">164 km</quantity>
|
||
. Individuals from hibernaculum in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFB8D9DE11B01B0EB" box="[1137,1281,3000,3033]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
migrated
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFF109DB91F54B733" box="[236,340,3040,3073]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="km" value="775.0">775 km</quantity>
|
||
to a summer roost in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF546AEBFD659DB91CFFB733" box="[665,767,3040,3073]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Reports for other regions indicate that average one-way migration is
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFDC99A5E1CA2B71A" box="[565,674,3079,3112]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="km" value="200.0">200 km</quantity>
|
||
. Transit or stopover caves are used along the way. Foraging individuals have been found as far as
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBFC9A9A771DBBB77D" box="[870,955,3118,3151]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
|
||
from their summer roosts. In general, females are relatively sedentary at maternity caves; males moved among caves as far as
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBF9B2974818A5BA00" box="[1614,1701,273,306]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
in the vicinity of maternity caves. Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBF71F9748173DBA00" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2275,2365,273,306]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are colonial and form aggregations of up to 250,000 individuals in winter caves. They hibernate during winter, and densities can reach more than 1500 ind/m?. Bachelor caves are
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF546AEBF640973D1431BAB3" box="[2492,2609,356,385]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" unit="km" value="18.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="1.0">1-35 km</quantity>
|
||
away from maternity caves. Populations are divided into discrete colonies with strong roost philopatry.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFA81978F1781B801" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFA81978F1781B801" blockId="175.[1403,2614,273,978]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFA81978F18E3BAC5" bold="true" box="[1405,1763,470,503]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Despite its large population size, the Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBF8CD97A7198BB92D" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1841,1931,510,543]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is vulnerable to potential massive mortality from White-nose Syndrome, caused by an exotic pathogenic fungus (Pseudogymnoascus destructans). Spread of this pathogen in eastern North America is threatening several species besides the Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF546AEBF925942D1936B9A7" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1753,1846,628,661]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Up to the 1990s, population decline was greater than 50%, and current scenarios are not favorable for many populations. Considering a time period of three generations (30 years), including the past twelve years and 18 years in the future,it is likely to decline by more than 30% across its distribution. There are several recovery programs, but long-term results are unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF546AEBFA8395181614B8E3" pageId="175" pageNumber="937" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF546AEBFA8395181614B8E3" blockId="175.[1403,2614,273,978]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF546AEBFA8395181818B868" bold="true" box="[1407,1560,833,858]" pageId="175" pageNumber="937">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baker & Patton (1967), Barbour & Davis (1969), Best, Milam et al. (1997), Decher & Choate (1995), Elder & Gunier (1978), Guthrie (1933a, 1933b), Hall, E.R. (1981), Hall, J.S. & Wilson (1966), Hoffmeister (1989), Howell (1909), Lacki et al. (1995), LaVal & LaVal (1980c), LaVal et al. (1977), Solari (2018l), Timmerman & McDaniel (1992), Tuttle (1975, 1976), Wilson & Ruff (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |