223 lines
26 KiB
XML
223 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2295A0EDBD912C5A093865C1D6B38035">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BA1C74577BAD2F5454100CEB481BB9E7">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A1220C2C01FF2593FB6254CBDDA97CEE">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="784A8BDD9187E62E8248D713F84EA1A8">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:title id="EEC59231C20FD2CBA9D82C79BBB06817">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="5C84EDD4270E14F261CA456C789E325B">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF476AF8FF5390CF1664B9DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403749" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628148" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403749" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF476AF8FF5390CF1664B9DC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF476AF8FF5390CF1664B9DC" lastPageNumber="950" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FF5390CF1F03BDFA" box="[175,259,1686,1736]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF5390CF1F03BDFA" blockId="188.[174,1142,1686,1820]" box="[175,259,1686,1736]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8FF5390CF1F03BDFA" box="[175,259,1686,1736]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF476AF8FF5390CF1F03BDFA" box="[175,259,1686,1736]" captionStart="Plate 72: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="187.[130,160,3289,3314]" captionTargetBox="[13,2763,20,3661]" captionTargetPageId="186" captionText="420. Herman's Myotis (Myotis hermani), 421. Bartels’s Myotis (Myotis bartelii), 422. Weber’s Myotis (Myotis weberi), 423. Orange-fingered Myotis (Myotis rufopictus), 424. Black-and-orange Myotis (Myotis formosus), 425. Geoftroy’s Myotis (Myotis emarginatus), 426. Temminck's. 3 Myotis (Myotis tricolor), 427. Welwitsch’s Myotis (Myotis welwitschii), 428. Reddish-black Myotis (Myotis rufoniger), 429. Scott's Myotis (Myotis scotti), 430. Morris's Myotis (Myotis morrisi), 431. Bocage’ Myotis (Myotis bocagii), 432. Malagasy Myotis (Myotis goudotii), 433. Anjouan Myotis (Myotis anjouanensis), 434. Kock’s Myotis (Myotis dieteri), 435. Alcathoe Whiskered Myotis (Myotis alcathoe), 436. Hyrcanian Myotis (Myotis hyrcanicus), 437. Pond Myotis (Myotis dasycneme), 438. Ikonnikov’ ' s Myotis (Myotis tkonnikovi), 439. Sichuan Myous (Myotis altarium), 440. Common Whiskered Myotis (Myotis mystacinus), 441. David’s Myotis (Myotis davidii), 442. Valley Myotis (Myotis ancricola), 443. Anna Tess’s Myotis (Myotis annatessae), 444. Gomantong Myotis (Myotis gomantongensis), 445. Peters’s Myotis (Myotis ater), 446. Nepalese Whiskered Myotis (Myotis muricola), 447. Brown’s Whiskered Myotis (Myotis browni), 448. Insular Myotis (Myotis insularum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398946/files/figure.png" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">424.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FEEF90CF1D13BDFA" box="[275,787,1686,1736]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FEEF90CF1D13BDFA" blockId="188.[174,1142,1686,1820]" box="[275,787,1686,1736]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8FEEF90CF1D13BDFA" box="[275,787,1686,1736]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8FEEF90CF1D13BDFA" ID-CoL="8LZT2" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[275,787,1686,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Black-and-orange Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FCBB90CF1A75BDFA" box="[839,1141,1686,1736]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FCBB90CF1A75BDFA" blockId="188.[174,1142,1686,1820]" box="[839,1141,1686,1736]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8FCBB90CF1A75BDFA" box="[839,1141,1686,1736]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FCBB90CF1A75BDFA" ID-CoL="8LZT2" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[839,1141,1686,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FCBB90CF1A75BDFA" box="[839,1141,1686,1736]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Myotis formosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FF5390831D01BC25" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF5390831A46BDDD" blockId="188.[174,1142,1686,1820]" box="[175,1094,1754,1775]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8FF5390831A46BDDD" box="[175,1094,1754,1775]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FF5390831EFBBDDD" bold="true" box="[175,251,1754,1775]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8FEF890831FBEBDDD" ID-CoL="8LZT2" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[260,446,1754,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Murin de Hodgson</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FE2890831C2EBDDD" bold="true" box="[468,558,1754,1775]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8FDC490831CF2BDDD" ID-CoL="8LZT2" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[568,754,1754,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Hodgson-Mausohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FCFA90831D62BDDD" bold="true" box="[774,866,1754,1775]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8FC9090831A46BDDD" ID-CoL="8LZT2" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[876,1094,1754,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Ratonero de Hodgson</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF53915B1D01BC25" blockId="188.[174,1142,1686,1820]" box="[175,769,1794,1815]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<heading id="9F638192FF476AF8FF53915B1D01BC25" box="[175,769,1794,1815]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FF53915B1FA6BC25" bold="true" box="[175,422,1794,1815]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8FE4C915B1C41BC25" ID-CoL="8LZT2" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[432,577,1794,1815]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Hodgson's Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF476AF8FDB3915B1D01BC25" ID-CoL="8LZT2" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[591,769,1794,1815]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Hodgson’s Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FCE9911D1DA1BCBF" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FCE9911D1DA1BCBF" blockId="188.[789,1382,1860,2288]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FCE9911D1DB1BC57" bold="true" box="[789,945,1860,1893]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FC39911D1D9CBCBF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosa">Vespertilio formosa [sic] Hodgson, 1835</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FC5191291AACBCBF" box="[941,1196,1904,1933]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FC5191291AACBCBF" blockId="188.[789,1382,1860,2288]" box="[941,1196,1904,1933]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF476AF8FC5191291AACBCBF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319588" box="[941,1196,1904,1933]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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“Nipal [=
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8FBCA91291A94BCBF" box="[1078,1172,1904,1933]" name="Nepal" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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].”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FCEA91CA1A9DB20D" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FCEA91CA1A9DB20D" blockId="188.[789,1382,1860,2288]" lastBlockId="188.[168,1381,2294,3472]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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Subgenus Chrysopteron. See
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FB6F91CA1B19BC86" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1832" box="[1171,1305,1939,1972]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricolor">M. tricolor</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FADB91CA1DB2BCEE" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Myotis formosus</taxonomicName>
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was previously considered to include as races or synonyms M.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FB0991BB1B5EB331" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1923" box="[1269,1374,2018,2051]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hermani">hermani</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FCEA9E571DB0B319" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[790,944,2062,2091]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bartelsii">M. bartelsii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FC3B9E571A4BB319" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[967,1099,2062,2091]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weberi">M. weberi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FB9E9E571B18B319" baseAuthorityName="Waterhouse" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1122,1304,2062,2091]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufopictus">M. rufopictus</taxonomicName>
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, and M. rufoniger, all now split based on morphology and genetics. Race flavus has been considered a separate species; the form watasei, likewise from
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8FB449EE91B1DB3FB" box="[1208,1309,2224,2249]" name="Taiwan" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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, was also included in
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FBE99E961ABAB3C2" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[1045,1210,2255,2288]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">M. formosus</taxonomicName>
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but is now considered a synonym of M. rufoniger;, the precise ranges of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FC079EAF1A99B225" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[1019,1177,2294,2327]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">M. formosus</taxonomicName>
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and M. rufoniger in south-east
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8FE699F471FEAB20D" box="[405,490,2334,2367]" name="China" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">China</collectingCountry>
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require clarification. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FF539F1C1C97B136" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF476AF8FF539F1C1C97B136" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398827/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" targetBox="[173,765,1871,2286]" targetPageId="188">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF539F1C1C0CB2EF" blockId="188.[168,1381,2294,3472]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FF539F1C1C3FB254" bold="true" box="[175,575,2373,2406]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FF539F341C0CB2EF" authority="Hodgson, 1835" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1835" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="formosus" subSpecies="formosus">M.f.formosusHodgson,1835—NEAfghanistan,NPakistan,N&CIndia(includingSikkim),Nepal,Bhutan,NBangladesh,SW&SEChina(confirmedfromXizangandJiangxi),andNVietnam.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF539FBA1C97B136" blockId="188.[168,1381,2294,3472]" box="[175,663,2531,2564]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF476AF8FF539FBA1C0DB136" authority="Shamel, 1944" authorityName="Shamel" authorityYear="1944" box="[175,525,2531,2564]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="formosus" subSpecies="flavus">M. f. flavus Shamel, 1944</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8FDD29FBA1C93B136" box="[558,659,2531,2564]" name="Taiwan" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FF529C561DB1B749" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF529C561DB1B749" blockId="188.[168,1381,2294,3472]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FF529C561FA7B11E" bold="true" box="[174,423,2575,2604]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—-body 50-56-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8FD459C561D05B11E" box="[697,773,2575,2604]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
,tail 36-57-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8FC509C561DFDB11E" box="[940,1021,2575,2604]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 12-8-20-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8FB4B9C561B0BB11E" box="[1207,1291,2575,2604]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 10-2-13-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8FE9A9C6B1FBDB161" box="[358,445,2610,2643]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 44-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8FD849C6B1CF9B161" box="[632,761,2610,2643]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="29.0" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="5.0">5-53 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight 13-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8FC659C6B1DC7B161" box="[921,967,2610,2643]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="g" value="4.0">4 g</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal pelage is light yellowish brown or ginger brown (hairs with mid-brown base, then pale yellow to tip, with mid-brown tip to some hairs) blending into ventral pelage, which is paler yellowish (hairs either with dark base and pale yellow to the tip or completely pale yellow). Ears are faintly edged black; thumbs and feet brown. Uropatagium is orange, wings orange along bones, with black in gaps between fingers; black portion of wing may be dotted or streaked with orange; wings attach at base offirst toe. Baculum is bluntly pointed to bifurcated at tip, and slightly to very bifurcated basally; in lateral view, it is saddleshaped, rising higher at base; ventral surface is deeply concave, while dorsal surface is convex with two concavities along either side. Skull has distinctly elevated frontal region; braincase is globose; sagittal crest is absent or very weakly developed; lambdoidal crests weakly developed. C' is moderately robust; P° is at most half the basal area of P* and completely or mostly displaced from tooth row (occasionally missing); P,is about half the basal area of P, and usually within tooth row. Dental formula is the usual of 38 teeth for the genus or only 36 teeth when P° is missing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FF539ADB1DF6B7F9" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF539ADB1DF6B7F9" blockId="188.[168,1381,2294,3472]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FF539ADB1F1EB791" bold="true" box="[175,286,3202,3235]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
[Lowland and montane primary and secondary forests; exclusively lowland in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8FF539AF71F14B7F9" box="[175,276,3246,3275]" name="Taiwan" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF476AF8FC769AF71DF2B7F9" box="[906,1010,3246,3275]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FF539A8C1CA3B7C0" box="[175,675,3285,3314]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF539A8C1CA3B7C0" blockId="188.[168,1381,2294,3472]" box="[175,675,3285,3314]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FF539A8C1FB4B7C0" bold="true" box="[175,436,3285,3314]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FF529AA11DF5B62B" box="[174,1013,3320,3353]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF529AA11DF5B62B" blockId="188.[168,1381,2294,3472]" box="[174,1013,3320,3353]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FF529AA11F35B62B" bold="true" box="[174,309,3320,3353]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding colonies are known from March to July.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FF519B79192CBA50" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FF519B79192CBA50" blockId="188.[168,1381,2294,3472]" lastBlockId="188.[1450,2657,282,753]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FF519B791F9FB673" bold="true" box="[173,415,3360,3393]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Reported roosting in caves, tree foliage, and houses. When roosting, it tends to be fully exposed to light, and relies on camouflage to avoid predation. It hibernates through winter, at least in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8FCBA9B2E1DACB6A2" box="[838,940,3447,3472]" name="Taiwan" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, although localities unknown. Calls are a steep FM sweep with average peak frequency of 43-9 kHz (41-46-2 kHz) reported in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF476AF8F9A9971818BFBA50" box="[1621,1727,321,354]" country="China" name="Jiangxi" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Jiangxi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8F92C97181928BA50" box="[1744,1832,321,354]" name="China" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA50973417F1BA83" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA50973417F1BA83" blockId="188.[1450,2657,282,753]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA5097341665BAB8" bold="true" box="[1452,2149,365,394]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
During breeding (March—July), the species occupies large breeding colonies of up to several hundred individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA5097E518F5B97D" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA5097E518F5B97D" blockId="188.[1450,2657,282,753]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA5097E51910BAEB" bold="true" box="[1452,1808,444,473]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Due to recent separation of several species previously included herein, range is now more restricted and reassessment ofstatus is needed; rare in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8F7539453175BB915" box="[2223,2395,522,551]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8F697945317E1B915" box="[2411,2529,522,551]" name="Pakistan" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF476AF8F5D294531BE5B97D" name="Taiwan" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. No known threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF476AF8FA5194071664B9DC" pageId="188" pageNumber="950" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF476AF8FA5194071664B9DC" blockId="188.[1450,2657,282,753]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF476AF8FA5194071846B945" bold="true" box="[1453,1606,606,631]" pageId="188" pageNumber="950">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bates & Harrison (1997), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Cheng Hsichi et al. (2017), Csorba, Chou Cheng-Han et al. (2014), Das (2003), Findley (1972), Francis, Bates, Csorba et al. (2008), Jiang Tinglei, Sun Keping et al. (2010), Khan (2001), Lin Liangkong et al. (2004), Mahmood-ul-Hassan & Salim (2015), Patterson etal. (2019), Ruedi et al. (2015), Sinha (1986), Smith & Xie Yan (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |